Universal Iconography in Writing Systems Evidence and Explanation in the Easter Island
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A Translation of the Malia Altar Stone
MATEC Web of Conferences 125, 05018 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201712505018 CSCC 2017 A Translation of the Malia Altar Stone Peter Z. Revesz1,a 1 Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA Abstract. This paper presents a translation of the Malia Altar Stone inscription (CHIC 328), which is one of the longest known Cretan Hieroglyph inscriptions. The translation uses a synoptic transliteration to several scripts that are related to the Malia Altar Stone script. The synoptic transliteration strengthens the derived phonetic values and allows avoiding certain errors that would result from reliance on just a single transliteration. The synoptic transliteration is similar to a multiple alignment of related genomes in bioinformatics in order to derive the genetic sequence of a putative common ancestor of all the aligned genomes. 1 Introduction symbols. These attempts so far were not successful in deciphering the later two scripts. Cretan Hieroglyph is a writing system that existed in Using ideas and methods from bioinformatics, eastern Crete c. 2100 – 1700 BC [13, 14, 25]. The full Revesz [20] analyzed the evolutionary relationships decipherment of Cretan Hieroglyphs requires a consistent within the Cretan script family, which includes the translation of all known Cretan Hieroglyph texts not just following scripts: Cretan Hieroglyph, Linear A, Linear B the translation of some examples. In particular, many [6], Cypriot, Greek, Phoenician, South Arabic, Old authors have suggested translations for the Phaistos Disk, Hungarian [9, 10], which is also called rovásírás in the most famous and longest Cretan Hieroglyph Hungarian and also written sometimes as Rovas in inscription, but in general they were unable to show that English language publications, and Tifinagh. -
Linguistic Study About the Origins of the Aegean Scripts
Anistoriton Journal, vol. 15 (2016-2017) Essays 1 Cretan Hieroglyphics The Ornamental and Ritual Version of the Cretan Protolinear Script The Cretan Hieroglyphic script is conventionally classified as one of the five Aegean scripts, along with Linear-A, Linear-B and the two Cypriot Syllabaries, namely the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Greek Syllabary, the latter ones being regarded as such because of their pictographic and phonetic similarities to the former ones. Cretan Hieroglyphics are encountered in the Aegean Sea area during the 2nd millennium BC. Their relationship to Linear-A is still in dispute, while the conveyed language (or languages) is still considered unknown. The authors argue herein that the Cretan Hieroglyphic script is simply a decorative version of Linear-A (or, more precisely, of the lost Cretan Protolinear script that is the ancestor of all the Aegean scripts) which was used mainly by the seal-makers or for ritual usage. The conveyed language must be a conservative form of Sumerian, as Cretan Hieroglyphic is strictly associated with the original and mainstream Minoan culture and religion – in contrast to Linear-A which was used for several other languages – while the phonetic values of signs have the same Sumerian origin as in Cretan Protolinear. Introduction The three syllabaries that were used in the Aegean area during the 2nd millennium BC were the Cretan Hieroglyphics, Linear-A and Linear-B. The latter conveys Mycenaean Greek, which is the oldest known written form of Greek, encountered after the 15th century BC. Linear-A is still regarded as a direct descendant of the Cretan Hieroglyphics, conveying the unknown language or languages of the Minoans (Davis 2010). -
Cretan Hieroglyphs Numerals: a Brief Information
Research & Reviews: Journal of Social Sciences www.rroij.com Cretan Hieroglyphs Numerals: A Brief Information Eka Ratna Acharya* Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *For Correspondence: Eka Ratna Acharya, Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel: +97714331076; E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: Jan 02, 2018; Accepted Date: Feb 01, 2018; Published Date: Feb 09, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Acharya ER et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Review Article ABSTRACT The term ‘hieroglyphs’ is mostly used in numeral notations. It is also related to languages, even though mathematics itself is a language. The Cretan Hieroglyphs script is one of the writing systems used on the Island of Crete between 2000-1650 BC. The symbols used in Cretan Hieroglyphs are found in many sources among them Phaistos disk is most popular. Cretan hieroglyphs were indigenous mathematical developments as the local writing systems. There may be the interrelationship among such notations or symbols of different civilizations. It was developed in the basis of culture, rituals, and indigenous practices distinctively. Similarly other local indigenous or antique phase’s hieroglyphs were found in different communities. We should care on such indigenous developments would be around in our surroundings too. Here the aim of this paper is to explore the development of Cretan Hieroglyphs numerals as the historical development in mathematical concern. The document analysis and historical approach is used here to conclude the theme of this paper. -
The Cretan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln CSE Journal Articles Computer Science and Engineering, Department of 2017 The rC etan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet Peter Z. Revesz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/csearticles Revesz, Peter Z., "The rC etan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet" (2017). CSE Journal Articles. 196. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/csearticles/196 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CSE Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MATEC Web of Conferences 125, 05019 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201712505019 CSCC 2017 The Cretan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet Peter Z. Revesz1,a 1 Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA Abstract. The Cretan Script Family is a set of related writing systems that have a putative origin in Crete. Recently, Revesz [11] identified the Cretan Hieroglyphs, Linear A, Linear B, the Cypriot syllabary, and the Greek, Old Hungarian, Phoenician, South Arabic and Tifinagh alphabets as members of this script family and using bioinformatics algorithms gave a hypothetical evolutionary tree for their development and presented a map for their likely spread in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas. The evolutionary tree and the map indicated some unknown writing system in western Anatolia to be the common origin of the Cypriot syllabary and the Old Hungarian alphabet. -
Encoding Diversity for All the World's Languages
Encoding Diversity for All the World’s Languages The Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Michael Everson, Evertype Westport, Co. Mayo, Ireland Bamako, Mali • 6 May 2005 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard: New Script Additions Unicode 4.1 (31 March 2005): For Unicode 5.0 (2006): Buginese N’Ko Coptic Balinese Glagolitic Phags-pa New Tai Lue Phoenician Nuskhuri (extends Georgian) Syloti Nagri Cuneiform Tifinagh Kharoshthi Old Persian Cuneiform 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (many of which are used for languages with over 5 million speakers) 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (often used for languages with over 5 million speakers) • Unicode enables millions of users worldwide to view web pages, send e-mails, converse in chat-rooms, and share text documents in their native script 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (often used for languages with over 5 million speakers) • Unicode enables millions of users worldwide to view web pages, send e-mails, converse in chat- rooms, and share text documents in their native script • Unicode is widely supported by current fonts and operating systems, but… Over 80 scripts are missing! Missing Modern Minority Scripts India, Nepal, Southeast Asia China: -
Translation Rights / Fall 2020
Translation Rights / Fall 2020 Simonetta Agnello Hornby / Sibilla Aleramo / Eleonora Marangoni / Agnese Codignola / Paolo Settis / Franco Baresi / Guido Tonelli / Paolo Sorrentino / Silvia Ferrara / Giovanni Testori / Giuseppina Torregrossa / Boris Pasternak / Tomasi Di Lampedusa / Luce D’Eramo / Alessandro Vanoli / Gad Lerner / Barbara Fiorio / Stefano Benni / Francesco Stoppa / Arianna Cecconi / Marco D’Eramo / Massimo Recalcati / Federica Brunini SIMONETTA AGNELLO HORNBY Fiction © Dario Canova SIMONETTA AGNELLO HORNBY Piano nobile / Piano nobile was born in Palermo but has been living Palermo, summer 1942. On his deathbed, the Baron Enrico Sorci in London since 1972 where she worked sees the recent history of his family pass before his eyes, as in a lucid as a solicitor for the community legal delirium. He sees the devotion of his wife, his daughters (Maria aid firm specialized in domestic violence Teresa, Anna and Lia) and his sons (Cola, Ludovico, Filippo and that she co-founded in 1979. She has Andrea), at the same time he sees the destiny of a city that, at the been lecturing for many years, and was a turn of the century, is full of opportunities and new wealth and of part-time judge at the Special Educational trains passing by loaded with goods. Needs and Disability Tribunal for eight Before dying, the baron orders to wait before announcing his passing. years. Her novels: La zia marchesa (2004), His relatives therefore gather around the large table in the dining Boccamurata (2007), Vento scomposto room for a crowed symposium held amidst silence, twinkles, tensions, (2009), La Monaca (2010), La cucina del squabbles, ancient rivalries and new ambitions. -
The Origins of Writing
Sandstone sphinx found in Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai, with Proto- Sinaitic signs on the left base, some of which resemble Egyptian hieroglyphs (inscribed on the sphinx’s right shoulder and base – not shown), 1800–1500 BC. The Proto-Sinaitic signs are thought to be part of the world’s first alphabet, inspired by Egyptian hieroglyphs. When and how did people first begin to write down ideas? Andrew Robinson investigates The origins of writing Writing is generally agreed to be among from its frequent appearance in pictorial quality, whereas the second the greatest inventions in human history, exquisite hieroglyphic inscriptions on frequently retained it. Furthermore, in perhaps the greatest invention, since objects in the tomb. both of these neighbouring cultures, it made history possible – as well as So where, when and how did writing the representation of ideas, words and today’s digital world. When H. G. Wells come into existence? Wells hazarded the syllables that could not be directly published A Short History of the World in following explanation, again perceptive, pictured was made possible through the 1922 he concisely expressed writing’s if inevitably far more speculative: ‘At use of rebuses (Latin for ‘by things’). significance to civilisation as follows: first writing was merely an abbreviated For example, according to Wells the two ‘The command of the priest or king and method of pictorial record. Even before syllables (so to speak) of the familiar his seal could go far beyond his sight Neolithic times men were beginning to Scottish name ‘Campbell’ might be and voice and could survive his death’, write.’ Thus, in certain Palaeolithic cave represented in rebus writing by a picture citing the artistically carved sealstones paintings of Europe, the artists created of a camp with tents beside a picture of of early Mesopotamia impressed in full human figures but also abbreviated a bell. -
Comparison Between Rongorongo and the Syllable Sequence of Ancient Chants from the Easter Island
Comparison between Rongorongo and the syllable sequence of ancient chants from the Easter Island Fumihiko Yamaguchi Keio University Department of Information and Computer Science Hiyoshi, Kanagawa, 3-14-1, JAPAN [email protected] Abstract. Rongorongo is sequence of symbols engraved on the surface of wooden artifacts made in the Easter Island. Rongorongo is considered to be script, but has not yet been deciphered. As Rongorongo is assumed to be the record of chant, we syntactically compare Rongorongo with chants in the Easter Island. A simple exhaustive search method is ap- plied to find correspondence between the order of symbols in Rongorongo and that of syllables in the chants. However, the correct correspondence is unknown. Therefore, the proposed method is adapted to a similar problem of matching kanji-hiragana mixed text with katakana text in order to characterize the method. After confirming that the method pro- duces higher precision when there are more kind of frequent symbols. As a result, some correspondences are found, whereas no correspondence is found in most pairs of Rongorongo lines and verses of the chants. 1 Introduction In the Easter Island, sequence of symbols engraved in wooden artifacts are remained which is called Rongorongo. Rongorongo is considered that may be scripts, however it has not yet been deciphered. The first European visitors to the Easter Island is Roggeveen, who is a Dutch explorer, arrived on Easter Day 1722. But they made no mention of written characters. The second European is Don Felipe arrived in 1770. There is a record that Easter Island people signed on the Spanish document with local symbols. -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. -
Writing Systems • 1 1 Writing Systems Andrew Robinson
9780198606536_essay01.indd 2 8/17/2009 2:19:03 PM writing systems • 1 1 Writing Systems Andrew Robinson 1 The emergence of writing 2 Development and diffusion of writing systems 3 Decipherment 4 Classification of writing systems 5 The origin of the alphabet 6 The family of alphabets 7 Chinese and Japanese writing 8 Electronic writing 1 The emergence of writing istrators and merchants. Still others think it was not an invention at all, but an accidental discovery. Many Without writing, there would be no recording, no regard it as the result of evolution over a long period, history, and of course no books. The creation of writ- rather than a flash of inspiration. One particularly ing permitted the command of a ruler and his seal to well-aired theory holds that writing grew out of a extend far beyond his sight and voice, and even to long-standing counting system of clay ‘tokens’. Such survive his death. If the Rosetta Stone did not exist, ‘tokens’—varying from simple, plain discs to more for example, the world would be virtually unaware of complex, incised shapes whose exact purpose is the nondescript Egyptian king Ptolemy V Epiphanes, unknown—have been found in many Middle Eastern whose priests promulgated his decree upon the stone archaeological sites, and have been dated from 8000 in three *scripts: hieroglyphic, demotic, and (Greek) to 1500 bc. The substitution of two-dimensional sym- alphabetic. bols in clay for these three-dimensional tokens was a How did writing begin? The favoured explanation, first step towards writing, according to this theory. -
Further Evidence for Cosmogonic Texts in the Rongorongo Inscriptions of Easter Island Steven R
Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation Volume 9 Article 1 Issue 4 Rapa Nui Journal 9#4, December 1995 1995 Further Evidence for Cosmogonic Texts in the Rongorongo Inscriptions of Easter Island Steven R. Fischer Follow this and additional works at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj Part of the History of the Pacific slI ands Commons, and the Pacific slI ands Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Fischer, Steven R. (1995) "Further Evidence for Cosmogonic Texts in the Rongorongo Inscriptions of Easter Island," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 9 : Iss. 4 , Article 1. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol9/iss4/1 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Hawai`i Press at Kahualike. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation by an authorized editor of Kahualike. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fischer: Further Evidence for Cosmogonic Texts in the Rongorongo Inscriptions of Easter Island Further Evidence for Cosmogonic Texts in the Rongorongo Inscriptions ofEaster Island Steven Roger Fi cher Auckland, New Zealand . l In the latest Issue of the Journal ofthe Polynesian Society 3629" and that earlier had enabled the identification of the I announce what is perhaps the first scientifically verifiable procreation triads in these three inscriptions. identification of the genre of three rongorongo inscriptions. The recent discovery of cosmogonies in the rongorongo The article detailing this announcement demonstrates that the inventory of Easter Island and its subsequent elaboration to rongorongo texts on the "Santiago Staff' (RR IO), the reverse include most of rongorongo's surviving inscriptions of the 'Small Santiago Tablet" (RR 8v), and "Honolulu 3629" constitute two significant breakthroughs in the archaeological (RR J I) appear to consist, either exclusively (RR 10 and 11) decipherment of Easter Island's rongorongo script. -
ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 47
ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 47 31 October 2019 DOI: 10.4400/akjh Go to latest Issue All ONIX standards and documentation – including this document – are copyright materials, made available free of charge for general use. A full license agreement (DOI: 10.4400/nwgj) that governs their use is available on the EDItEUR website. All ONIX users should note that this issue of the ONIX codelists does not include support for codelists used only with ONIX version 2.1. ONIX 2.1 remains fully usable, using Issue 36 of the codelists or earlier, and Issue 36 continues to be available via the archive section of the EDItEUR website (https://www.editeur.org/15/Archived-Previous-Releases). These codelists are also available within a multilingual online browser at https://ns.editeur.org/onix. Codelists are revised quarterly. Layout of codelists This document contains ONIX for Books codelists Issue 46, intended primarily for use with ONIX 3.0. The codelists are arranged in a single table for reference and printing. They may also be used as controlled vocabularies, independent of ONIX. This document does not differentiate explicitly between codelists for ONIX 3.0 and those that are used with earlier releases, but lists used only with earlier releases have been removed. For details of which code list to use with which data element in each version of ONIX, please consult the main Specification for the appropriate release. Occasionally, a handful of codes within a particular list are defined as either deprecated, or not valid for use in a particular version of ONIX or with a particular data element.