The Design and Implementation of Aida: Ancient Inscription Database and Analytics System
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A Translation of the Malia Altar Stone
MATEC Web of Conferences 125, 05018 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201712505018 CSCC 2017 A Translation of the Malia Altar Stone Peter Z. Revesz1,a 1 Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA Abstract. This paper presents a translation of the Malia Altar Stone inscription (CHIC 328), which is one of the longest known Cretan Hieroglyph inscriptions. The translation uses a synoptic transliteration to several scripts that are related to the Malia Altar Stone script. The synoptic transliteration strengthens the derived phonetic values and allows avoiding certain errors that would result from reliance on just a single transliteration. The synoptic transliteration is similar to a multiple alignment of related genomes in bioinformatics in order to derive the genetic sequence of a putative common ancestor of all the aligned genomes. 1 Introduction symbols. These attempts so far were not successful in deciphering the later two scripts. Cretan Hieroglyph is a writing system that existed in Using ideas and methods from bioinformatics, eastern Crete c. 2100 – 1700 BC [13, 14, 25]. The full Revesz [20] analyzed the evolutionary relationships decipherment of Cretan Hieroglyphs requires a consistent within the Cretan script family, which includes the translation of all known Cretan Hieroglyph texts not just following scripts: Cretan Hieroglyph, Linear A, Linear B the translation of some examples. In particular, many [6], Cypriot, Greek, Phoenician, South Arabic, Old authors have suggested translations for the Phaistos Disk, Hungarian [9, 10], which is also called rovásírás in the most famous and longest Cretan Hieroglyph Hungarian and also written sometimes as Rovas in inscription, but in general they were unable to show that English language publications, and Tifinagh. -
History of Minoan Crete Perhaps the Most Sophisticated Bronze Age
History of Minoan Crete Perhaps the most sophisticated Bronze Age civilization of the Mediterranean world was that of the Minoans. The Minoan civilization developed on and ruled the island of Crete from about 3,600 -1,400 BC. The Minoans established a great trading empire centered on Crete, which is conveniently located midway between Egypt, Greece, Anatolia, and the Middle East. Background to the Minoans The Minoan language, written in the script known as Linear A, remains undeciphered, so there remains much that we do not know about the ancient Minoans. For example, we do not even know what they called themselves. The term “Minoan” is a modern name and comes from the legendary King Minos. According to Greek mythology, King Minos ruled the island of Crete. He supposedly kept a Minotaur in a maze on the island and sacrificed young Greeks to feed it until it was killed by the hero Theseus. There are various legends about a King of Crete named Minos, and the ancient Greeks decided that all of them could not refer to the same man; thus, they assumed that there were many kings named Minos who had ruled Crete. When the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans rediscovered the civilization, he renamed them the Minoans, because he believed they were related to these ancient rulers of the island from Greek myth. Still, the lack of written evidence can be somewhat compensated for through the use of archaeology. We can make up a bit for our lack of knowledge from texts with information gleaned from archaeology. The Minoan civilization was forgotten until it was rediscovered by the British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans in the first decade of the twentieth century. -
Linguistic Study About the Origins of the Aegean Scripts
Anistoriton Journal, vol. 15 (2016-2017) Essays 1 Cretan Hieroglyphics The Ornamental and Ritual Version of the Cretan Protolinear Script The Cretan Hieroglyphic script is conventionally classified as one of the five Aegean scripts, along with Linear-A, Linear-B and the two Cypriot Syllabaries, namely the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Greek Syllabary, the latter ones being regarded as such because of their pictographic and phonetic similarities to the former ones. Cretan Hieroglyphics are encountered in the Aegean Sea area during the 2nd millennium BC. Their relationship to Linear-A is still in dispute, while the conveyed language (or languages) is still considered unknown. The authors argue herein that the Cretan Hieroglyphic script is simply a decorative version of Linear-A (or, more precisely, of the lost Cretan Protolinear script that is the ancestor of all the Aegean scripts) which was used mainly by the seal-makers or for ritual usage. The conveyed language must be a conservative form of Sumerian, as Cretan Hieroglyphic is strictly associated with the original and mainstream Minoan culture and religion – in contrast to Linear-A which was used for several other languages – while the phonetic values of signs have the same Sumerian origin as in Cretan Protolinear. Introduction The three syllabaries that were used in the Aegean area during the 2nd millennium BC were the Cretan Hieroglyphics, Linear-A and Linear-B. The latter conveys Mycenaean Greek, which is the oldest known written form of Greek, encountered after the 15th century BC. Linear-A is still regarded as a direct descendant of the Cretan Hieroglyphics, conveying the unknown language or languages of the Minoans (Davis 2010). -
Journal of Eurasian Studies
JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES _____________________________________________________________________________________ Journal of the Gábor Bálint de Szentkatolna Society Founded: 2009. Internet: www.federatio.org/joes.html _____________________________________________________________________________________ Volume I., Issue 4. / October — December 2009 ____________________ ISSN 1877-4199 October-December 2009 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume I., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Publisher Foundation 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL', established in The Hague, Holland. Account: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The periodical can be downloaded from the following Internet-address: http://www.federatio.org/joes.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: [email protected] The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland Individual authors are responsible for facts included and views expressed in their articles. _____________________________________ ISSN 1877-4199 © Mikes International, 2001-2009, All Rights Reserved _____________________________________________________________________________________ -
150506-Woudhuizen Bw.Ps, Page 1-168 @ Normalize ( Microsoft
The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1 2 THE ETHNICITY OF THE SEA PEOPLES DE ETNICITEIT VAN DE ZEEVOLKEN Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. S.W.J. Lamberts en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op vrijdag 28 april 2006 om 13.30 uur door Frederik Christiaan Woudhuizen geboren te Zutphen 3 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr. W.M.J. van Binsbergen Overige leden: Prof.dr. R.F. Docter Prof.dr. J. de Mul Prof.dr. J. de Roos 4 To my parents “Dieser Befund legt somit die Auffassung nahe, daß zumindest für den Kern der ‘Seevölker’-Bewegung des 14.-12. Jh. v. Chr. mit Krieger-Stammesgruppen von ausgeprägter ethnischer Identität – und nicht lediglich mit einem diffus fluktuierenden Piratentum – zu rechnen ist.” (Lehmann 1985: 58) 5 CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................9 Note on the Transcription, especially of Proper Names....................................................................................................11 List of Figures...................................................................................................................................................................12 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................................13 -
The Evolution of Civilizations Singled out for National Awards by a National Committee Headed by George Gallup
The Evolution of Civilizations n this perceptive look at the factors behind the rise and fall of I civilizations, Professor Quigley seeks to establish the analytical tools necessary for understanding history. He examines the applica- tion of scientific method to the social sciences, then establishes his historical hypotheses. He poses a division of culture into six levels, from the more abstract to the more concrete—intellectual, religious, social, political, economic, and military—and he identifies seven stages of historical change for all civilizations: mixture, gestation, expansion, conflict, universal empire, decay, and invasion. Quigley tests these hypotheses by a detailed analysis of five major civilizations: the Mesopotamian, the Canaanite, the Minoan, the classical, and the Western. "He has reached sounder ground than has Arnold J. Toynbee" —Christian Science Monitor. "Studies of this nature, rare in American historiography, should be welcomed. Quigley's juxtaposition of facts in a novel order is often provocative, and his work yields a harvest of insights"—American Historical Review. "Extremely illuminating" —Kirkus Reviews. "This is an amazing book. Quigley avoids the lingo of expertise; indeed, the whole performance is sane, impres- sively analytical, and well balanced"—Library Journal. CARROLL QUIGLEY taught the history of civilization at the Georgetown School of Foreign Service, and was the author of Trag- edy and Hope: The World in Our Time. Contents Diagrams, Tables, and Maps .................................................... 11 Foreword, by Harry J. Hogan ................................................... 13 Preface to the First Edition ....................................................... 23 1. Scientific Method and the Social Sciences.......................... 31 2. Man and Culture.................................................................. 49 3. Groups, Societies, and Civilizations.................................... 67 4. Historical Analysis .............................................................. 85 5. -
Universal Iconography in Writing Systems Evidence and Explanation in the Easter Island
Universal Iconography in Writing Systems Evidence and Explanation in the Easter Island and Indus Valley Scripts Richard E. McDorman © 2009 Summary Iconography has played a central role in the development of writing systems. That all independently derived ancient scripts began as arrangements of pictograms before evolving into their elaborated forms evinces the fundamental importance of iconography in the evolution of writing. Symbols of the earliest logographic writing systems are characterized by a number of iconographic principles. Elucidation of these iconographic principles provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of structural similarities in unrelated, independently evolved writing systems. Two such writing systems are the ancient Indus Valley and Easter Island scripts. Although separated by vast tracts of time and space, the two writing systems share between forty and fifty complex characters, a problem first identified by Hevesy in 1932. Previous attempts to explain the similarities between the Indus Valley script and the rongorongo of Easter Island, which have relied on notions of cultural contact or historical derivation, have proved unfruitful. In reconsidering the problem, a novel approach based on comparative iconographic principles can explain the resemblances between the two scripts as the product of the universal iconography displayed by all writing systems in their pictographic and logographic stages of development. The principle of iconography in writing systems It has been noted that graphically similar symbols have been employed to represent semantically cognate ideas in a number of early, unrelated writing systems. 1 One explanation for this phenomenon is that there exist universal iconographic principles that bear upon the minds of those creating these scripts, thereby influencing the graphical form of the glyphs 2 that comprise the newly created writing systems. -
Cretan Hieroglyphs Numerals: a Brief Information
Research & Reviews: Journal of Social Sciences www.rroij.com Cretan Hieroglyphs Numerals: A Brief Information Eka Ratna Acharya* Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *For Correspondence: Eka Ratna Acharya, Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel: +97714331076; E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: Jan 02, 2018; Accepted Date: Feb 01, 2018; Published Date: Feb 09, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Acharya ER et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Review Article ABSTRACT The term ‘hieroglyphs’ is mostly used in numeral notations. It is also related to languages, even though mathematics itself is a language. The Cretan Hieroglyphs script is one of the writing systems used on the Island of Crete between 2000-1650 BC. The symbols used in Cretan Hieroglyphs are found in many sources among them Phaistos disk is most popular. Cretan hieroglyphs were indigenous mathematical developments as the local writing systems. There may be the interrelationship among such notations or symbols of different civilizations. It was developed in the basis of culture, rituals, and indigenous practices distinctively. Similarly other local indigenous or antique phase’s hieroglyphs were found in different communities. We should care on such indigenous developments would be around in our surroundings too. Here the aim of this paper is to explore the development of Cretan Hieroglyphs numerals as the historical development in mathematical concern. The document analysis and historical approach is used here to conclude the theme of this paper. -
The Cretan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln CSE Journal Articles Computer Science and Engineering, Department of 2017 The rC etan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet Peter Z. Revesz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/csearticles Revesz, Peter Z., "The rC etan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet" (2017). CSE Journal Articles. 196. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/csearticles/196 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CSE Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MATEC Web of Conferences 125, 05019 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201712505019 CSCC 2017 The Cretan Script Family Includes the Carian Alphabet Peter Z. Revesz1,a 1 Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA Abstract. The Cretan Script Family is a set of related writing systems that have a putative origin in Crete. Recently, Revesz [11] identified the Cretan Hieroglyphs, Linear A, Linear B, the Cypriot syllabary, and the Greek, Old Hungarian, Phoenician, South Arabic and Tifinagh alphabets as members of this script family and using bioinformatics algorithms gave a hypothetical evolutionary tree for their development and presented a map for their likely spread in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas. The evolutionary tree and the map indicated some unknown writing system in western Anatolia to be the common origin of the Cypriot syllabary and the Old Hungarian alphabet. -
Unlocking the Secrets of Ancient Writing
Figure 1: Left Cover Photograph Linear B tablet, Pylos Tn 316 Mycenaean, Late Helladic III B, 1200 B.C.E. Clay, accidental ly fired H 7.8 in. x W 5.0 in. x D 0.9 in. National Archaeological Museum, Athens Photograph © PASP slide archives OLM) On the front side of Pylos T n 3 16, the famous 'human sacrifice' tablet, the scribe experimented with the layout for entering information about ceremonial offerings made by the community of Pylos (pu-ro in large characters twice at left) to sanctuaries in the palatial territory of Bronze Age Messenia. Note the ideographic characters for golden vases and for human beings. Entries continue on the verso. It is debated whether the MAN and WOMAN entries j,,-, ,/ ; / were 'sacrificial victims' or 'sacristans' bringing the vases. The lower \11 part of the rectosurface has graffiti, possibly the Linear B abc's or y:L iroha, written by the scribe in testing the readiness of the clay. Cf. ~-- - ---.'.._ )/ /11:v T.G. Palaima, "Kn02-Tn 316," in S. Deger-Jalkoczy eta!. eds., FloreantStudia Mycenaea(Vienna 1999) Band II, 437-461. Figure 2: Drawing of the front of tablet PYTn 316. Line drawing by Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. Figure3: Right Cover Photograph Jade celt, the Leiden Plaque Maya, Early Classic period, C.E. 320 . Incised jade = H 8.5 in. x W 3.4 in. x D 0.4 in. Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, Holland Photograph © Justin Kerr, K2909 This incised jade, once used as a royal belt ornament , carries an inscription on the versothat tells of the accession (the "seating") of a Maya ruler which occurred on September 17, C.E. -
Talking Neolithic: the Case for Hatto-Minoan and Its Relationship to Sumerian
Talking Neolithic: The Case for Hatto-Minoan and its Relationship to Sumerian Peter Schrijver University of Utrecht It is argued that the Minoan language of second-millennium BC Crete stands a good chance of being descended from the language that was imported into Crete by the earliest farmers that colonized the Island in the 7th millennium BC. Evidence is presented that links Minoan to the Hattic language of second- millennium BC northern Anatolia. An analysis of the Hattic verbal system supports the hypothesis that in turn Hattic is related to Sumerian. The existence of a Hatto-Sumero-Minoan language family is posited, which predates the expansions of Semitic and Indo-European in the Near East and which is implicated in the spread of migrant farmers into Europe. A word for ’pig’ is reconstructed for that language family. 1. Language, genes and culture The expansion of a language across a geographical area takes place as a result of two mechanisms: the language is taken along by people who migrate into new territory, or the language is adopted by local populations beside or instead of their original language. Before the times of widespread formal education, mass media and the internet, language spread by acculturation always went hand in hand with spread by migration: only the presence of migrant native speakers in a new territory is capable of exposing the natives to the new language and of creating social pressure to adopt that language. Exposure and social pressure are what it takes for a population to trade its native language for a different one. -
Tile GODD~AND Tile SEA PEOPLE Department of Linguistics University
TIlE GODD~AND TIlE SEA PEOPLE The origins of the languages of the Minoan scripts Karen Woodman Department of Linguistics University of Victoria 1.0 INTRODUCTION It is ironic that although the world has known for millenia about the accomplishments of the "Ancient Greeks" through the writings of Homer and his contemporaries, it was only relatively recently that the evidence of the advanced civilization pre-dating Homer by almost a thousand years, that of the Minoans, has come to light. It was excavations by Sir Arthur Evans - most notably at the site of Knossos, on the island of Crete (Greece) in 1901 - which first gave notice of the existence of scripts used by the Bronze Age Aegean civilization discovered in the late nine teenth century by Heinrich Schliemann. Focussing on the similarities between Minoan Linear A, its precursor, Cretan-Pictographic Script, and the symbolic language of the Goddess religions described in Language of the Goddess (Marija Gimbutas, 1989), this paper will attempt to demonstrate a relationship between the writ ing and linguistic system of the Minoan civilization, and those systems of other earlier and con temporary Goddess-centered civilizations (e.g., those of Sumer, Egypt, Phoenicia). The "Language of the Goddess", which will be discussed in detail later, has been shown to include elements that have been consistently evident in the religious/historical artifacts of widespread cultures, spanning from the Paleolithic (ca. 60,000 B.C.) through to the last days of the Roman Empire (ca. 500 A.D.). By connecting the Minoan scripts to this historical religious tradition, I propose a connection between the Minoans as a people and a larger religious-cultural tradition, to begin to identify not only their ancestry and linguistic roots, but also to settle the issue of the origins of their writing systems.