Tutorial for Deaf–Teaching Punjabi Alphabet Using Synthetic Animations
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An Animated Avatar to Interpret Signwriting Transcription
An Animated Avatar to Interpret SignWriting Transcription Yosra Bouzid Mohamed Jemni Research Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Research Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Communication & Electrical Engineering (LaTICE) Communication & Electrical Engineering (LaTICE) ESSTT, University of Tunis ESSTT, University of Tunis [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—People with hearing disability often face multiple To address this issue, different methods and technologies barriers when attempting to interact with hearing society. geared towards deaf communication have been suggested over The lower proficiency in reading, writing and understanding the the last decades. For instance, the use of sign language spoken language may be one of the most important reasons. interpreters is one of the most common ways to ensure a Certainly, if there were a commonly accepted notation system for successful communication between deaf and hearing persons in sign languages, signed information could be provided in written direct interaction. But according to a WFD survey in 2009, 13 form, but such a system does not exist yet. SignWriting seems at countries out of 93 do not have any sign language interpreters, present the best solution to the problem of SL representation as it and in many of those countries where there are interpreters, was intended as a practical writing system for everyday there are serious problems in finding qualified candidates. communication, but requires mastery of a set of conventions The digital technologies, particularly video and avatar-based different from those of the other transcriptions systems to become a proficient reader or writer. To provide additional systems, contribute, in turn, in bridging the communication support for deaf signers to learn and use such notation, we gap. -
A Human-Editable Sign Language Representation for Software Editing—And a Writing System?
A human-editable Sign Language representation for software editing—and a writing system? Michael Filhol [email protected] LIMSI, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay Orsay, France Abstract To equip SL with software properly, we need an input system to rep- resent and manipulate signed contents in the same way that every day software allows to process written text. Refuting the claim that video is good enough a medium to serve the purpose, we propose to build a repres- entation that is: editable, queryable, synthesisable and user-friendly—we define those terms upfront. The issue being functionally and conceptually linked to that of writing, we study existing writing systems, namely those in use for vocal languages, those designed and proposed for SLs, and more spontaneous ways in which SL users put their language in writing. Ob- serving each paradigm in turn, we move on to propose a new approach to satisfy our goals of integration in software. We finally open the prospect of our proposition being used outside of this restricted scope, as a writing system in itself, and compare its properties to the other writing systems presented. 1 Motivation and goals The main motivation here is to equip Sign Language (SL) with software and foster implementation as available tools for SL are paradoxically limited in such digital times. For example, translation assisting software would help respond arXiv:1811.01786v1 [cs.CL] 5 Nov 2018 to the high demand for accessible content and information. But equivalent text-to-text software relies on source and target written forms to work, whereas similar SL support seems impossible without major revision of the typical user interface. -
Expanding Information Access Through Data-Driven Design
©Copyright 2018 Danielle Bragg Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Richard Ladner, Chair Alan Borning Katharina Reinecke Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington Abstract Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Richard Ladner Computer Science & Engineering Computer scientists have made progress on many problems in information access: curating large datasets, developing machine learning and computer vision, building extensive networks, and designing powerful interfaces and graphics. However, we sometimes fail to fully leverage these modern techniques, especially when building systems inclusive of people with disabilities (who total a billion worldwide [168], and nearly one in five in the U.S. [26]). For example, visual graphics and small text may exclude people with visual impairments, and text-based resources like search engines and text editors may not fully support people using unwritten sign languages. In this dissertation, I argue that if we are willing to break with traditional modes of information access, we can leverage modern computing and design techniques from computer graphics, crowdsourcing, topic modeling, and participatory design to greatly improve and enrich access. This dissertation demonstrates this potential -
Hwaslpreview.Pdf
How to Write American Sign Language by Adrean Clark For all generations of signers. May the past be preserved and the future built. How to Write American Sign Language Copyright © 2012 by Adrean Clark. Published by ASLwrite in Burnsville, Minnesota. Si5s concept by Robert Arnold. Photographs by Julia Dameron and Erik Call. Models (in order of appearance): Julia Dameron, Montrell White, and Amber Zion. ISBN-13: 978-0-9858768-0-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012912030 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. t Table of Contents Acknowledgments . 4 Introduction . 5 Chapter One: The Digibet . 6 Chapter Two: Diacritics . 19 Chapter Three: Movement Marks . 29 Chapter Four: Locatives . 43 Chapter Five: Extramanual Marks . 53 Chapter Six: Indicators . 63 Chapter Seven: Composition . 73 Resources . 87 Answer Key . 94 a Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the vision of Robert Arnold (si5s.org). His hours spent tutoring me and our time working together on developing this amazing language are much appreciated. He also had valuable input on the contents of this book. I could not have become fluent without the help of Julia Dameron (juliadameron.com), who was instrumental in creating the early American Sign Language Writing Dictionary. Our days writing pushed the boundaries of the written language. -
22Hwaslebookfree.Pdf
How to Write American Sign Language by Adrean Clark For all generations of signers. May the past be preserved and the future built. How to Write American Sign Language Copyright © 2012 by Adrean Clark. Published by ASLwrite in Burnsville, Minnesota. www.aslwrite.com Si5s concept by Robert Arnold. Photographs by Julia Dameron and Erik Call. Models (in order of appearance): Julia Dameron, Montrell White, and Amber Zion. ISBN-13: 978-0-9858768-1-4 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. t Table of Contents Acknowledgments . 4 Introduction . 5 Chapter One: The Digibet . 6 Chapter Two: Diacritics . 19 Chapter Three: Movement Marks . 29 Chapter Four: Locatives . 43 Chapter Five: Extramanual Marks . 53 Chapter Six: Indicators . 63 Chapter Seven: Composition . 73 Resources . 87 Answer Key . 94 Author’s Note: This is a special ebook for free community and educational use. Please check the ASLwrite website for updated content -- and if you come up with something new that benefits written ASL, please do let me know at [email protected]! a Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the vision of Robert Arnold (si5s.org). His hours spent tutoring me and our time working together on developing this amazing language are much appreciated. He also had valuable input on the contents of this book. -
Analysis of Notation Systems for Machine Translation of Sign Languages
Analysis of Notation Systems for Machine Translation of Sign Languages Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) of Rhodes University Jessica Jeanne Hutchinson Grahamstown, South Africa November 2012 Abstract Machine translation of sign languages is complicated by the fact that there are few stan- dards for sign languages, both in terms of the actual languages used by signers within regions and dialogue groups, and also in terms of the notations with which sign languages are represented in written form. A standard textual representation of sign languages would aid in optimising the translation process. This area of research still needs to determine the best, most efficient and scalable tech- niques for translation of sign languages. Being a young field of research, there is still great scope for introducing new techniques, or greatly improving on previous techniques, which makes comparing and evaluating the techniques difficult to do. The methods used are factors which contribute to the process of translation and need to be considered in an evaluation of optimising translation systems. This project analyses sign language notation systems; what systems exists, what data is currently available, and which of them might be best suited for machine translation purposes. The question being asked is how using a textual representation of signs could aid machine translation, and which notation would best suit the task. A small corpus of SignWriting data was built and this notation was shown to be the most accessible. The data was cleaned and run through a statistical machine translation system. The results had limitations, but overall are comparable to other translation systems, showing that translation using a notation is possible, but can be greatly improved upon. -
Automated Sign Language Translation: the Role of Artificial Intelligence Now and in the Future
Automated Sign Language Translation: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Now and in the Future Lea Baumgartner,¨ Stephanie Jauss, Johannes Maucher and Gottfried Zimmermann Hochschule der Medien, Nobelstraße 10, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Keywords: Sign Language Translation, Sign Language Recognition, Sign Language Generation, Artificial Intelligence. Abstract: Sign languages are the primary language of many people worldwide. To overcome communication barriers between the Deaf and the hearing community, artificial intelligence technologies have been employed, aiming to develop systems for automated sign language recognition and generation. Particularities of sign languages have to be considered - though sharing some characteristics of spoken languages - since they differ in others. After providing the linguistic foundations, this paper gives an overview of state-of-the-art machine learning approaches to develop sign language translation systems and outlines the challenges in this area that have yet to be overcome. Obstacles do not only include technological issues but also interdisciplinary considerations of development, evaluation and adoption of such technologies. Finally, opportunities and future visions of automated sign language translation systems are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION There are, however, differences in how sign lan- guages work in detail, some of which are mentioned A basic understanding of the particularities and no- using the example of American Sign Language (ASL) tation of sign language serves to better understand in the following. Since suffixes to verbs like in spoken the importance and challenges of automated sign lan- languages are not possible, ASL tenses are built by guage translation. We use both the terms deaf and adding words in the beginning or at the end of a sen- Deaf throughout this paper, the first referring solely tence. -
© 2013 Gabrielle Anastasia Jones
© 2013 Gabrielle Anastasia Jones A CROSS-CULTURAL AND CROSS-LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF DEAF READING PRACTICES IN CHINA: CASE STUDIES USING TEACHER INTERVIEWS AND CLASSROOM OBSERVATIONS BY GABRIELLE ANASTASIA JONES DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Psychology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Kiel Christianson, Chair Professor Jenny Singleton, Director of Research, Georgia Institute of Technology Professor Jerome Packard Professor Richard C. Anderson Professor Donna Mertens, Gallaudet University Abstract Longstanding beliefs about how children read accentuate the importance of phonological processing in mapping letters to sound. However, when one considers the nature of the script being read, the process can be far more complicated, particularly in the case of an alphabetic script like English (Share, 2008). Cross-cultural reading research reveals alternative modes of processing text that is not entirely phonological. Chinese is known for its non-alphabetic script and its greater reliance upon morphological processing (Anderson & Kuo, 2006), visual skills (Ho & Bryant, 1997; Huang & Hanley, 1995; McBride-Chang & Zhong, 2003), and radical awareness- all argued to be essential skills in deciphering the character-based script. Given the more visual and semantic structure of Chinese, would reading Chinese be easier for deaf students than a sound-based system like English? Deaf readers in China are nevertheless required to learn two very different scripts- one alphabetic (Pinyin) and another non-alphabetic (Simplified Chinese characters). Furthermore, we must consider the relationship between languages in the child’s environment (e.g. -
Writing Signed Languages: What For? What Form? Donald A
Writing Signed Languages: What For? What Form? Donald A. Grushkin American Annals of the Deaf, Volume 161, Number 5, Winter 2017, pp. 509-527 (Article) Published by Gallaudet University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2017.0001 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/648961 Access provided by University of Connecticut @ Storrs (9 Jun 2017 21:07 GMT) 18991-AAD161.5_Winter2017 2/9/17 2:54 PM Page 509 Grushkin, D. A. (2017). Writing signed languages: What for? What form? American Annals of the Deaf, 161 (5), 509–527. WRITING SIGNED LANGUAGES : W HAT FOR ? WHAT FORM ? IGNED LANGUAGES around the world have tended to maintain an “oral,” unwritten status. Despite the advantages of possessing a written form of their language, signed language communities typically resist and reject attempts to create such written forms. The present article ad - dresses many of the arguments against written forms of signed lan - guages, and presents the potential advantages of writing signed languages. Following a history of the development of writing in spoken as well as signed language populations, the effects of orthographic types upon literacy and biliteracy are explored. Attempts at writing signed lan - guages have followed two primary paths: “alphabetic” and “icono - graphic.” It is argued that for greatest congruency and ease in developing biliteracy strategies in societies where an alphabetic script is used for the spoken language, signed language communities within Sthese societies are best served by adoption of an alphabetic script for DONALD A. G RUSHKIN writing their signed language. Keywords: writing, written signed the development of a conventionally GRUSHKIN IS A PROFESSOR , D EAF STUDIES languages, biliteracy, Deaf education, accepted written system for signed lan - PROGRAM , C ALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY , orthography guages has yet to take place. -
Sign Language Recognition, Generation, And
Sign Language Recognition, Generation, and Translation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective Danielle Bragg1 Oscar Koller2 Mary Bellard2 Larwan Berke3 Patrick Boudreault4 Annelies Braffort5 Naomi Caselli6 Matt Huenerfauth3 Hernisa Kacorri7 Tessa Verhoef8 Christian Vogler4 Meredith Ringel Morris1 1Microsoft Research - Cambridge, MA USA & Redmond, WA USA {danielle.bragg,merrie}@microsoft.com 2Microsoft - Munich, Germany & Redmond, WA USA {oscar.koller,marybel}@microsoft.com 3Rochester Institute of Technology - Rochester, NY USA {larwan.berke,matt.huenerfauth}@rit.edu 4Gallaudet University - Washington, DC USA {patrick.boudreault,christian.vogler}@gallaudet.edu 5LIMSI-CNRS - Orsay Cedex, France [email protected] 6Boston University - Boston, MA USA [email protected] 7University of Maryland - College Park, MD USA [email protected] 8Leiden University - Leiden, Netherlands [email protected] ABSTRACT of the Deaf, there are over 300 sign languages used around Developing successful sign language recognition, generation, the world, and 70 million deaf people using them [89]. Sign and translation systems requires expertise in a wide range of languages, like all languages, are naturally evolved, highly felds, including computer vision, computer graphics, natural structured systems governed by a set of linguistic rules. They language processing, human-computer interaction, linguistics, are distinct from spoken languages – i.e., American Sign Lan- and Deaf culture. Despite the need for deep interdisciplinary guage (ASL) is not a manual form of English – and do not knowledge, existing research occurs in separate disciplinary have standard written forms. However, the vast majority of silos, and tackles separate portions of the sign language pro- communications technologies are designed to support spoken cessing pipeline. This leads to three key questions: 1) What or written language (which excludes sign languages), and most does an interdisciplinary view of the current landscape reveal? hearing people do not know a sign language. -
An Automatic Conversion of Punjabi Text to Indian Sign Language
EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems Research Article An Automatic Conversion of Punjabi Text to Indian Sign Language Amandeep Singh Dhanjal 1,* and Williamjeet Singh 2 1Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India Abstract An escalating focus worldwide on the development of persons with disabilities results in the disability-inclusive 2030 UN agenda for sustainable development. This paper discusses the development of Punjabi text to Indian Sign Language (ISL) conversion system aiming for the better communication and education of hearing-impaired people. The developed system accepts Punjabi text as input and deliver output as 3D animation. The currently created corpus involves more than 100 commonly used Punjabi words under various categories. This system has been tested on all the prepared words. Results of the developed system are very encouraging and the work is still going on with full enthusiasm. Since there is no universal or written form of sign language available, so generating synthetic sign animation is the best solution. In near future it can be implemented as a tutoring system to promote sign language education among common people of Punjab. Keywords: HamNoSys, Punjabi text, sign language, gesture animation. Received on 03 April 2020, accepted on 12 June 2020, published on 12 June 2020 Copyright © 2020 Amandeep Singh Dhanjal et al., licensed to EAI. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unlimited use, distribution and reproduction in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited. -
Deniz-Dissertation Full-OGS6-Jan23
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Literacies, Mobilities and Agencies of Deaf Youth in Turkey: Constraints and Opportunities in the 21st Century A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Deniz İlkbaşaran Committee in charge: Professor Carol A. Padden, Chair Professor Michael Davidson Professor Tom Humphries Professor Rachel Mayberry Professor Chandra Mukerji 2015 COPYRIGHT BY Deniz İlkbaşaran 2015 All Rights Reserved This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/ The Dissertation of Deniz İlkbaşaran is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2015 iii Table of Contents Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ..............................................................................................................