Patient Name: Debbe Krause Requisition #: 504797

Requisition # Physician Name Patient Name Patient 2 Date of Collection Patient Age Time of Collection Sex Print Date **All positive results could be clinically significant MycoTox Profile

Results Metabolite (ng/g creatinine) Common Range of Positive Results M1 4.13 1.3 - 3

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the main metabolite of , which is a produced by the species Aspergillus. are some of the most carcinogenic substances in the environment. Aflatoxin susceptibility is dependent on multiple different factors such as age, sex, and diet. Aflatoxin can be found in beans, corn, rice, tree nuts, wheat, milk, eggs, and meat. In cases of lung aspergilloma, aflatoxin has been found in human tissue specimens. Aflatoxin can lead to liver damage, cancer, mental impairment, abdominal pain, hemorrhaging, coma, and death. Aflatoxin has been shown to inhibit leucocyte proliferation. Clinical signs of aflatoxicosis are non-pruritic macular rash, headache, gastrointestinal dysfunction (often extreme), lower extremity edema, anemia, and jaundice. Treatment should include fluid support to prevent dehydration. The toxicity of Aflotoxin is increased in the presence of and . The drug Oltipraz can increase glutathione conjugation of aflatoxin while inhibiting the toxic effect of P450 oxidation, reducing liver toxicity and promoting safer elimination. A diet of carrots, parsnips, celery, and parsley may reduce the carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin . Bentonite clay is reported to reduce the absorption of aflatoxins found in food. Supplementation with chlorophyllin, zinc, and vitamins A, E, and C has been used to treat aflatoxicosis. (PMID: 11724948, 12628519, 27017951, 26596546, 15027811, 15531656, 12573908, 20381597, 27470613, 18286403, 10050868, 7585637, 16762476, 16019795, 18286403)

Testing performed by The Great Plains Laboratory, Inc., Lenexa, Kansas. The Great Plains Laboratory has developed and determined the performance characteristics of this test. This test has not been evaluated by the U.S. FDA; the FDA does not currently regulate such testing.´

11813 West 77th Street Lenexa, KS 66214 | (913) 341-8949 | Fax: (913) 341-6207 | www.GPL4U.com

Page 1 of 4 Patient Name: Patient 2

Results Metabolite (ng/g creatinine) Common Range of Positive Results Ochratoxin A 8.73 1.2 - 5

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxin. This chemical is produced by in the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. Exposure is primarily through contaminated foods such as cereals, grape juices, dairy, spices, wine, dried vine fruit, and coffee. Exposure to OTA can also come from inhalation exposure in water-damaged buildings. OTA can lead to kidney disease and adverse neurological effects. Studies have shown that OTA can lead to significant oxidative damage to multiple brain regions and is highly nephrotoxic. levels in the brain of mice have been shown to be decreased after exposure to OTA. Some studies have hypothesized that OTA may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer¶s and Parkinson¶s. Treatment should be aimed at removing the source of exposure. Agents such as oral cholestyramine, charcoal, and phenylalanine can help prevent the absorption of these from food. such as vitamins A, E, C, NAC, rosmarinic acid, and liposomal glutathione alone or in combination have been shown to mitigate the oxidative effects of the . Bentonite or zeolite clay is reported to reduce the absorption of multiple found in food, including OTA. Studies have also shown that OTA is present in sweat, which supports the use of sauna as a treatment to increase the excretion of OTA. (PMID 17195275, 16621780, 16293235, 27521635, 22069626, 24792326, 22253638, 16140385, 2467220, 16844142, 19148691, 22069658, 16019795, 18286403, 15781206, 11439224, 17092826, 32710148)

Sterigmatocystin 0 0.1 - 2.25

Sterigmatocystin (STC) is a mycotoxin that is closely related to aflatoxin. STC is produced from several species of mold such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Bipolaris. STC is considered to be carcinogenic, particularly in the cells of the GI tract and liver. STC has been found in the dust from damp carpets. It is also a contaminant of many foods including grains, corn, bread, cheese, spices, coffee beans, soybeans, pistachio nuts, and animal feed. In cases of lung aspergilloma, STC has been found in human tissue specimens. The toxicity of STC affects the liver, kidneys, and immune system. Tumors have been found in the lungs of rodents that were exposed to STC. Oxidative stress becomes measurably elevated during STC exposure which causes a depletion of antioxidants such as glutathione, particularly in the liver. Because STC is structurally similarity to Aflatoxin, many of the same therapies will be effective. The drug Oltipraz can increase glutathione conjugation of aflatoxin while inhibiting the toxic effect of P450 oxidation, reducing liver toxicity and promoting safer elimination. A diet of carrots, parsnips, celery, and parsley may reduce the carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin. Bentonite or zeolite clay is reported to reduce the absorption of multiple mycotoxins found in food, including STC. Supplementation with chlorophyllin, zinc, and vitamins A,E, and C has been used to treat exposure to STC. (PMID: 10855723, 19998385, 21287681, 23705030, 24514428, 12147486, 15027811, 12244755, 11727790, 12725069, 18286403, 10050868, 7585637, 16762476, 16019795, 18286403, 15781206, 11439224, 17092826, 11724948, 12628519, 27017951, 25176419, 11727790)

11813 West 77th Street Lenexa, KS 66214 | (913) 341-8949 | Fax: (913) 341-6207 | www.GPL4U.com

Page 2 of 4 Patient Name: Patient 2

Results Metabolite (ng/g creatinine) Common Range of Positive Results Zearalenone 0 0.5 - 2

Zearalenone (ZEA) is mycotoxin that is produced by the mold species , and has been shown to be hepatotoxic, haematotoxic, immunotoxic, and genotoxic. ZEA is commonly found on several foods in the US, , , and . The foods known to be contaminated with ZEA include wheat, barley, rice, and maize. ZEA has estrogenic activity and exposure to ZEA can lead to reproductive changes. ZEA estrogenic activity is higher than that of other non-steroidal isoflavones (compounds that have estrogen-like effects) such as soy and clover. ZEA exposure can result in thymus atrophy and alter spleen lymphocyte production, as well as impaired lymphocyte immune response, which leads to patients being susceptible to disease. ZEA is deactivated primarily through glucuronidation; individuals with impairments to this pathway will be much more susceptible to this compound even at very low levels. Treatment with the antioxidants lycopene and resveratrol has been beneficial in negating the harmful effects of ZEA in several studies. Bentonite or zeolite clay is reported to reduce the absorption of multiple mycotoxins, including ZEA. (PMID: 17045381, 19330061, 11384734, 1387742, 698923, 1599403, 2276698, 22645433, 24632555, 6239410, 6235161, 24503513, 25682699, 27489133, 15781206, 11439224, 17092826, 16095665, 16782537, 17561436, 11245394)

Roridin E 0 0.75 - 2.25

Roridin E (ROE) is a macrocyclic trichothecene produced by the mold species Fusarium, Myrothecium, and (i.e. black mold). Trichothecenes are frequently found in buildings with water damage but can also be found in contaminated grain. This is a very toxic compound, which inhibits protein biosynthesis by preventing activity. Trichothecenes are considered extremely toxic and have been used as agents. Even low levels of exposure to macrocyclic trichothecenes can cause severe neurological damage, immunosuppression, endocrine disruption, cardiovascular problems, and gastrointestinal distress. Treatment measures are often aimed at the prevention of their absorption. Nebulized and intranasal glutathione is beneficial for those exposed to inhaled toxin. Transdermal and liposomal glutathione may also be helpful, especially in combination with sequestrants. Sequestrants bind to toxins in the GI tract making them unavailable for reabsorption. These agents are not absorbed and work best for patients with GI symptoms or those whose toxin exposure is coming from food. (PMID: 18007011, 23710148, 15342078, 19333439, 20549560, 3376149)

11813 West 77th Street Lenexa, KS 66214 | (913) 341-8949 | Fax: (913) 341-6207 | www.GPL4U.com

Page 3 of 4 Patient Name: Patient 2

Results Metabolite (ng/g creatinine) Common Range of Positive Results Verrucarin A 0 0.5 - 1.2

Verrucarin A (VRA) is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced from Stachybotrys, Fusarium, and Myrothecium. Trichothecenes are frequently found in buildings with water damage but can also be found in contaminated grain. VRA is a small, amphipathic molecule that can move passively across cell membranes. The primary tissues affected by VRA are intestinal and gastric mucosa, , and spleen. VRA causes damage to human cells by inhibiting protein and DNA synthesis, disrupting mitochondrial functions, and by producing oxidative stress (due to generation of free radicals). Exposure to VRA can cause immunological problems, vomiting, skin dermatitis, and hemorrhagic lesions. Nebulized and intranasal glutathione is beneficial for those exposed to inhaled toxin. Transdermal and liposomal glutathione may also be helpful, especially in combination with sequestrants. Sequestrants bind to toxins in the GI tract making them unavailable for reabsorption. These agents are not absorbed and work best for patients with GI symptoms or those whose toxin exposure is coming from food. Activated charcoal, clay, chlorophyll, and cholestyramine have all been shown to bind mycotoxins. (PMID: 23710148, 18007011, 15342078, 19333439, 20549560, 3376149)

Enniatin B 0 0.09 - 0.45

Enniatin B (ENB) is a fungal metabolite categorized as cyclohexa depsipeptides toxin produced by the Fusarium. This strain of fungus is one of the most common cereal contaminants. Grains in many different countries have recently been contaminated with high levels of enniatins The toxic effects of Enniatin are caused by the inhibition of the acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, depolarization of mitochondria, and inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption. Enniatin has antibiotic properties and chronic exposure may lead to weight loss, fatigue, and liver disease. Sequestrants bind to mycotoxins in the GI tract making them unavailable for reabsorption. These agents are not absorbed and work best for patients with GI symptoms or those whose toxin exposure is coming from food. Activated charcoal, clay, chlorophyll, and cholestyramine have all been shown to bind mycotoxins. (PMID: 18274964, 16730043, 21622627, 23710148)

11813 West 77th Street Lenexa, KS 66214 | (913) 341-8949 | Fax: (913) 341-6207 | www.GPL4U.com

Page 4 of 4 5112/2017

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8 �.�.�61!.r;,.f; RealTime Laboratories, Inc 4100 Fairway Drive, Ste 600 Carrollton, TX 75010 Phone: 1-972-492-0419 MYCOTOXIN PANEL REPORT Fax: 1-972- 243-7759 FORM Website: www. realLimelab.com Email: [email protected] 05/1112017 CUA#: 45D1051736 CAP#: 7210193 Taxld#: 45-0669342 Patient: Patient 2

Procedure Type: Semi-quantitative

Ochratoxm A - Procedure by ELISA AflatoxinGroup (B1 .B2,G1 .G2)- Procedure by ELISA TrichotheceneGroup (Macrocyclic) - Procedure by ELISA Glioloxin Derivative - Procedure by ELISA

Results:

Code Test Specimen Value Result Not Present if less than Equivocal if between Present if greater or equal E8501 Ochratoxin A Urine 7.20700 ppb Present 1.8 ppb 1.8-2.0 ppb 2.0 ppb E8502 AflatoxinGroup (81 ,B2.G1.G2) Urine 0.96000 ppb Equivocal 0.8 ppb 0.8-1.0 ppb 1.0 ppb E8503 Tnchothecene Group (Macrocyclic) Urine 2.25900 ppb Present 0.18 ppb 0.18-0.2 ppb 0.2 ppb E8510 Derivative Urine 9.61200 ppb Present 0.5 ppb 0.5-1.0 ppb 1.0 ppb

Comment: Effective September 23. 2016. Gliotoxin Derivative analytic Result Ranges have changed. Please review as your Result may have changed.

Director S,gnature Tests such as this should be used only in conjunctionwith other medically estabfished diagnostic elements (e.g.,symptoms, history, clinical impressions. results from other tests, etc). Physicians should use al the information available to them to dSclgnose and determile appropnate treatment for their patients. D,sclaimcc Th,s lost was developed and ,ts performance characteristics dotcrminc� by Rcarnmc Lab. It has not boon doared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determned that such dearanco ?r approval is not necessary. This k1boratory ,s certified under the Cfinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments or 1988 (CLIA�8) as quafifMld to pcrfonnhigh comclex�v clinicallaboratorv test11a. OCHRATOXIN - AFLATOXIN - TRICHOTHECENE - GLIOTOXIN - 8 6 3 12.5 co -207 rn 0) 3 a. 5� a. 2.259 a. 9.612 a. � a. a. O,p a. '8,1._1 - _E,% /·;;--. 0 I I 0 I " I 0 I I 0 I � � :::- :::, :::, :::, � :: :: I f R � �R R <.-3-R ff; R � i::, cyR � � c � 5Y � �,,,- � � <:::i,6 � <:::i$ � � <:::i� � � � <:::i$ Collecbon Date Collection Date Collection Date CollectionDate hi-,'! l11rt: ,(:M '"il(l'11"!'·1rt� om �..,, '" requestld Collection Date Ochra Result AflaResult Tricho Result Gliotoxin Result 195166 04/30/2017 7.20700 - Present 0.96000 - Equivocal 2.25900 - Present 9.61200 - Presenl 1filQQ1 10/21/2015 0.00000 - Not Present 0.71000 - Not Present 2.78000 - Present 155979 0611512015 3.86000 - Present 5.4 3000 - Present 0.67000 - Present

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