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Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds (FM 3-11.9)

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Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds (FM 3-11.9) ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE POTENTIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND COMPOUNDS FM 3-11.9 MCRP 3-37.1B NTRP 3-11.32 AFTTP(I) 3-2.55 JANUARY 2005 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOREWORD This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate. STANLEY H. LILLIE EDWARD HANLON, JR. Brigadier General, USA Lieutenant General, USMC Commandant Deputy Commandant US Army Chemical School for Combat Development JOHN M. KELLY BENTLEY B. RAYBURN Rear Admiral, USN Major General, USAF Commander Commander Navy Warfare Development Command Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online <www.us.army.mil>. PREFACE 1. Scope This document provides commanders and staffs with general information and technical data concerning chemical/biological (CB) agents and other compounds of military interest such as toxic industrial chemicals (TIC). It explains the use; classification; and physical, chemical, and physiological properties of these agents and compounds. Users of this manual are nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC)/chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) staff officers, NBC noncommissioned officers (NCOs), staff weather officers (SWOs), NBC medical defense officers, medical readiness officers, medical intelligence officers, field medical treatment officers, and others involved in planning battlefield operations in an NBC environment. 2. Purpose This publication provides a technical reference for CB agents and related compounds. The technical information furnished provides data that can be used to support operational assessments based on intelligence preparation of the battlespace (IPB). 3. Application The audience for this publication is NBC/CBR staff personnel and commanders tasked with planning, preparing for, and conducting military operations. 4. Implementation Plan Participating service command offices of primary responsibility (OPRs) will review this publication, validate the information, and reference and incorporate it in service and command manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows: Army. The United States Army (USA) will incorporate this publication in USA training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance with Department of the Army (DA) Form 12-99-R (Initial Distribution Requirements for Publications). Marine Corps. The United States Marine Corps (USMC) will incorporate the procedures in this publication in USMC training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commanding General (CG), United States Marine Corps Combat i Development Command (MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with Marine Corps Publication Distribution System (MCPDS). Navy. The United States Navy (USN) will incorporate these procedures in USN training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC). Distribution is according to the military standard requisitioning and issue procedures (MILSTRIP). Air Force. The United States Air Force (USAF) will validate and incorporate appropriate procedures according to applicable governing directives. 5. User Information a. The United States Army Chemical School (USACMLS) developed this publication with the joint participation of the approving service commands. b. We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication. Please reference the specific page and paragraph, and provide a rationale for each recommendation. Send comments and recommendations directly to— ii Army Commandant US Army Chemical School ATTN: ATSN-CM-DD 401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 1029 Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473-8926 COMM (573) 596-0131, extension 3-7364 Marine Corps Commanding General US Marine Corps Combat Development Command ATTN: C42 (Director) 3300 Russell Road Quantico, VA 22134-5001 DSN 278-6234; COMM (703) 784-6234 Navy Commander Navy Warfare Development Command ATTN: N5 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 DSN 948-4201; COMM (401) 841-4201 Air Force HQ Air Force Doctrine Center ATTN: DJ 155 North Twining Street Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112 DSN 493-7224; COMM (334) 953-7224 iii *FM 3-11.9 MCRP 3-37.1B NTRP 3-11.32 AFTTP(I) 3-2.55 FM 3-11.9 US Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia MCRP 3-37.1B Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virginia NTRP 3-11.32 Naval Warfare Development Command Newport, Rhode Island AFTTP(I) 3-2.55 Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 10 January 2005 POTENTIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND COMPOUNDS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background................................................................................................I-1 Threat ........................................................................................................I-2 Militarily Significant Aspects of Toxic Chemical Agents........................I-4 Militarily Significant Aspects of Biological Agents.................................I-7 Militarily Significant Aspects of Toxic Industrial Chemicals...............I-11 CHAPTER II CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Background...............................................................................................II-1 Definitions of Selected Physical and Chemical Properties ....................II-1 Definitions of Toxicity-Related Terms ....................................................II-4 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 3-9, 12 December 1990. iv Choking Agents ........................................................................................II-9 Nerve Agents ..........................................................................................II-13 Blood Agents...........................................................................................II-31 Blister Agents (Vesicants) .....................................................................II-37 Incapacitating Agents............................................................................II-64 Chemical Warfare Agent Precursors ....................................................II-68 Other Chemical Warfare Agents...........................................................II-76 CHAPTER III MILITARY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Background..............................................................................................III-1 Riot Control Agents (Tear-Producing Compounds)...............................III-1 Respiratory Irritants...............................................................................III-7 Obsolete Riot Control Agents ..............................................................III-14 Smokes, Obscurants, and Incendiaries................................................III-16 CHAPTER IV BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Background............................................................................................. IV-1 Bacterial Agents of Potential Concern.................................................. IV-4 Rickettsiae of Potential Concern ......................................................... IV-11 Viral Agents of Potential Concern....................................................... IV-14 Toxins of Potential Concern................................................................. IV-22 CHAPTER V TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Background.............................................................................................. V-1 Other Information Sources..................................................................... V-2 Reach-Back Capability............................................................................ V-4 APPENDIX A TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS ..................................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS........................................................... B-1 APPENDIX C PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS................................................. C-1 APPENDIX D CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION SCHEDULE 1, 2, AND 3 CHEMICALS ............................................................................... D-1 APPENDIX E CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT PRECURSOR CHEMICALS: USES AND EQUIVALENTS ................................................................... E-1 APPENDIX F CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND OTHER MILITARY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ......................................................................F-1 APPENDIX G PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND MILITARY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS...................................................................... G-1 APPENDIX H TOXICITY PROFILE ESTIMATES........................................................... H-1 v Background.............................................................................................. H-1 Choking Agents ....................................................................................... H-1 Nerve Agents ........................................................................................... H-1 Blood Agents.......................................................................................... H-16 Blister Agents.......................................................................................
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