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Ketabton.Com (C) Ketabton.Com: the Digital Library Ketabton.com (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library ټوکسيکولوژي اثـــر: Hans Marquardt Siegfried G. Schafer Roger O. McClellan Frank Welsch ژباړن: عبدالکريم توتاخېل ۴۹۳۱ل کال (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library د کتاب نوم: ټوکسيکولوژي ژباړن: عبدالکريم توتاخېل خـپرونـدی: د افغانستان ملي تحريک، فرهنګي څانګه وېــبپـاڼـه: www.melitahrik.com ډيـزايـنګر: ضياء ساپی پښتۍ ډيزاين: فياض حميد چــاپشمېـر: ۰۱۱۱ ټوکه چــاپـکـــال: ۰۹۳۱ ل کال/ ۵۱۰۲م د تحريک د خپرونو لړ: )۱۰( (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library فهرست عنوان مخ مخکنۍ خبرې...................................................................................................الف د ژباړن سريزه.........................................................................................................ب لمړی فصل )کیمیاوي او بیولوژيکی عاملین(..............................................1 کیمیاوي عاملین ..............................................................................................1 بیولوژيکي عاملین ......................................................................................۲۶ دويم فصل )طبعي مرکبات(..........................................................................۵۸ پېژندنه ..............................................................................................................۵۸ د حیواناتو زهر)وينوم( او وينوم ..................................................................۵۲ د پروتوزوا او الجیانو توکسینونه...............................................................1۶۱ مايکوتوکسینونه .............................................................................................1۱۱ نباتي توکسینونه ............................................................................................1۲۱ دريم فصل ............................................................................................................۶۶۸ پېژندنه ...............................................................................................................۶۶۸ هغه سموم چې د میکروبونو په واسطه جوړيږي.......................................۶۶۸ (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library دسمي خوړو جوړوونکي مرکبات.................................................................۶۶۲ غذايي اډيټیوونه ..............................................................................................۶۱۶ د خوړو ککړونکي ............................................................................................۶۱۲ د خوړو سره تماس لرونکي مواد.....................................................................۶۴1 د خوړو سره چلند او د تیارولو طرزالعمل...................................................۶۴۴ د سمي موادو سره دخوړو غلطول او تقلب.................................................۶۴۵ په خوړو کې سرطان تولیدوونکي مواد.....................................................۶۸۲ د اصطﻻحاتو توضیحنامه.............................................................................۶۸۲ (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library د تحريک يادښت د افغانستتنام ي تتر تحر تتک د (۳۱۳۱ ل) کاا پتتپ پ تت هتتپ تتپ تتو ګرانتتو هېوادوا و سره ژينپ هړې وه چپ د دې هال پپ به ر هپ بپ )ش عنوانونتپ بتې ب ې د ي ن ت ر ع ي ت ر ا د ب ت ر ا و ن ت و ن ا ا خ ت ا ې ت پ ن ت و ن پ ت ت پ و ي ا ن ت ل ې ه ت و ي ت ر تحر تتک دا ژينتتپ د يتتاد هاتتل د هتت پتتر ) ۸۲ يتتپ نې تتپ پتتوېه او د يتتوې پرتي نتتپ غونډې پپ ترڅ هتپ يتپ شت عنوانونتپ ع يتر اختاې هېوا دوا تو تتپ ويانتلې هتړل ي ر تحر ک پپ ياده غونډه هپ ژينپ وهتړه چتپ د )۳۱۳۱ ل کا پتپ به تر هتپ بپ انشاء اهلل د لای )ج پپ نصرت نول ټ س )۳۱۱ عنوانپ بې بېت ع يتر اختاې نتو نپ تتتپ ويانتلې هتت و طب عتر بتره ده چتتپ دا استانپ هتتاې نتپ دی تتر زيات زياې او زحيت تپ ايت ا ر و ي ر تحر ک ن نګ هو هړی چتپ تپ دا ژينپ بپ هم د تېرې ژينپ پپ څېر عي ی هو دا اخر چتپ سناستو پتپ کې هتپ دی د هيلې )س عنوانونو ژينپ هتړو اختاېو تپ ېي تپ څیتپ دی چتپ د چتا ېايپ اغونل ي ر تحريک ه پ ر چپ پ دې اختر څیتپ بتپ زيتو هېاادواد پپ زيه پوېې ګ پ پوېتپ هړ ي تر تحر تک تپ نو تو هغتو ،وا تو ژبتايون،و سيونچاېو يا ر او يعنو يرسننلويانو او چا چاېو څیتپ چتپ ددې اختاېو د چتتا پتتپ دې نتتول به تتر هتتپ يتتپ يتتو بتت ستتره يرستتنپ او ي ګرت تتا هتتړې او دا فرهنګر به ر يپ بريا ی هړی د زيه پ هويپ يننپ هتو او هتوې ودانتر وېتتپ واير د هېواد د فرهنګ د ښېرازۍ پپ ه پ د افغانسنام ي ر تحريک فرهنګر څانګپ (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library مخکینیخبرې د توکسیکولوژی د مضمون څخه ګټه اخیستل او اړتیا په ځانګړي ډول د فارمسي په برخه کې په پوره ډول روښانه ده. په اوسني مهال کې انسانان د صنعت،کرنې،روغتیا،چاپېریالاونوروبرخوکېلهګڼشمېرزهرناکوموادو سرهمخامخدي.پهنړیکیدصنعتدپراختیا،دروغتیااودرملنېدسیسټمد ﻻ ښه کیدو او د کرهڼیزو محصوﻻتو دکچې د لوړتیا په موخه هره ورځ نوي کیمیاويموادوﻻستهراوړلوتهاړتیاده،اولهدېڅخهانکارنهشيکیدایچې نوموړيموادپرانساناوچاپیریالبدېاغېزېولري.پهځینوحاﻻتوکېپهډله ایز ډول سمیت مینځ ته راځي، خواړه او اوبه ککړیږي نو په همدې موخه د توکسیکولوژيمضمونبایددطب،فارمسي،زراعتاوویترنريپهبرخهکېپه هراړخیزډولولوستلشي.هغهناوړهاعراضچېمینځتهراځي،درملنهیېوشي اولهراتلونکوپېښوڅخهییمخهونیولشي. دتوکسیکولوژيکتابچېدRoger ،Siegfried G. Schafer،Marquardt O. McClellan او Frank Welsch اثر دی او په 9111 کې لیکل شوی دی، د توکسیکولوژيیومعتبراولههراړخهیوکاملکتابدیاودسموموپههکلهد نووپرمختګونوڅخهپههراړخیزډولبحثکوي.لهدېنهمخکېداسېیوبا ارزښتهاثرکومچېپهمليژبهژباړلشویوي،زموږپهﻻسرسيکېنهوو،نو ځکهډیپارټمنټﻻزمهوګڼلهترڅوزهدتوکسیکولوژيدڅانګېداړتیاپربنسټ ددېکتاب53فصل)Chemical and biological agents(،04فصل) Natural compound(او04فصل)Food: Compoud related aspects(وژباړم.پهدې اثر کې تر وروستۍ کچې دا زیار ایستل شوی دی، ترڅو ژباړه د اصل سره مطابقتولرياووتوانیږيترڅودمسلکدخاوندانولپارهګټورثابتشي. په پای کې دﻻرښود استاد محترم الحاج پوهاند دوکتور رمضان پاینده، د توکسیکولوژيدڅانګېاودفارمسيپوهنځيدټولواستادانولهارزښتناکو ﻻرښوونوڅخهیوهنړیمننهکوم،چېددېاثرپهژباړلواوتنظیمولوکېییله ماسرهنهستړېکیدونکېمرستيکړیدي. أ (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library دژباړونکيسریزه توکسیکولوژیداسییوهموضوعدهچېپهژوندانهباندېدهراړخیززهمخزامخکیزدونکو کیمیاوياوبیولوژیکيګواښونواغېزېمطالعهاوڅېړي.نولزههمزدېکبلزهرازرازبرخزې لرياومختلفېموضوعګانېترپوښښﻻندېنیسي.دهغهموادوتوکسزیکولوژيچزېلزه پخززوادکیمیززاوياوبیولززوژیکيوسززلوپززهڅېززرکززارولکېززدل)اوسیززیکارونززهمنززلکززړل شوېده(،دهغهطبعيزهرجنوموادوتوکسیکولوژيچېپهنباتاتواوحیواناتوکزېپیزدا کیززږياودغزز اییمززوادواړونززدهتوکسززیکولوژيداسززېموضززوعاددي،چززېدصززحي لحاظهډېرداهمیتوړګڼلکیږي.انسانهرهورځخوړوتهاړتیالري،اوزیادخواړهتیزار نهموندل ک ی ږ ي . د خ و ړ و د ت ی ا ر و ل و ، س ا ت ل و ، و ړ ل ز و ا و ن ز و ر و م ر ا ح ل ز و پ ز ه ت ز ر ک ک ز ې ک ی ز د ا ی ش ز ي ت غ ی ر ر ا م ی ن ځ ت ه ش ز ي . ل ز ه د ی ه ز م ا ن ک ز ا ر ن ز ه ش ز ي ک ې ز د ﻻ ی چ ز ی ځ ی ن ز ی ک ی م ی ز ا و ي ا و ب ی و ل ز و ژ ی ک ی مززوادوګززواساوسهززمپززهنززړیکززېشززتونلززري.پززهلمززړګاودویمززهنړیوالززهجګززړهکززېاو همدارنګهپهعراقکېمختلفېکیمیاوياوبیولوژیکيوسلېکارولشوېدي. انساندطبعيموادولهګواسلکهپهمړخیړیو،کبانواوغلودانزوکزېدځینزېخطرنزاکو مواددشتونسرهمخامخدی.پهدېهکلزهدنزړګپزهمختلفزوهېوادونزوکزېځانتزه زوانی شتونلريچېبایدهرڅوکییپهځانپليکړي. نززودپاسززنیودریززوموضززوعګززانوداهمیززتلززهکبلززه،خززوسیززمچززېدتوکسززیکولوژيد څانګېدغړيپهتوګهدفزارمکولوژي-توکسزیکولوژيډیپارټمنزټاودپزوهنځیدعلمزي شزززورادفیصزززليپربنسزززټدتوکسزززیکولوژيلزززهیزززوهمعتبزززرکتزززابڅخزززهچزززېد Hans Roger O. McClellan،Siegfried G. Schafer،MarquardtاوFrank Welschاثزردی اوپه9111 ک ز ې ل ی ک ز ل ش ز و ی د ی ، د د ر س ز ي پ ر و ګ ز ر ا م م ط ز ا ب و د ی ، و ژ ب ز ا ړ م ا و د م ح ص ز ل ی ن و ا و دمسلکدخاوندانوپهچوپړکېییوړاندېکړم. دنوموړيکتابموضوعګزانېدفارمسزيپزوهنځيدتوکسزیکولوژيدڅزانګېددرسزي مفرداتوسرهپهزاتهاندازهسمونلري. موضززوعګززانېیززېدسززمومودفزیکوشززیمیکخواصززو،منززابعو،وا عززاتو،کززارونې، جزز ب،توزیززل،اسززتقاباواطززرا ،دتسززمممیکانیزم،دتسززمماعراضززواودرملنززېڅخززه عبارددي. ‌ ب (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library لمړى فصل كيمياوي اوبيولوژيكي عاملين كيمياوي عاملين پيژندنه: د كيمياوي سمي جنګي وسلو او د هغو د بندولو كوښښونه له پخوانيو وختونو سره اړه لري. د Hague كنوانسيون )1۹۱۱-1۱۹۱( او د جنيوا پروټوكول )1۱۹۱( د شتون سره سره كيمياوي وسلې په لمړۍ نړيواله جګړه، دوهمه نړيواله جګړه او نورو جنګي پېښو كې وكاريدې، او د خليج د لمړۍ جګړې )د عراق او ايران ترمينځ 1۱۹۹-1۱۹۹( او دوهمې جګړې )د اعتﻻفي ځواكونو اوعراق ترمينځ 1۱۱1( پورې عسكرو او ملكي خلكو ته د يو پام وړ ګواښ په بڼه پاته شو. د موجوده پروټوكول )پاريس 1۱۱۱( پر بنسټ چې 1۶۹ هيوادونو ﻻسليك او۶۱ ﻻسليك كوونكو هيوادونو تصويب كړى دى )هنګري، نومبر1۱۱۶(، د كيمياوي وسلو كنوانسيون (CWC) د 1۱۱۱ميﻻدي كال د اپريل په ۹۱ نافذ كړل شو. د كيمياوي وسلو پر توليد بنديز، ذخيره كولو، كارونه اوخپرول به پركيمياوي وسلو د بنديز د تنظيم لخوا چې د هالنډ په هاګ كې موقيعت لري، كنټروليږي. سره له دې هم ځينې هيوادونو نوموړى تړون ندى ﻻسليك كړى او په ذخيرو كي د شته موادو له مينځه وړل به څه وخت ونسي. په هغو يرغلونو كې چې په جاپان كي د كيمياوي وسلو لكه Sarine ) 1۱۱1 ماتسوماتو( او Sarin+Cyanide )ټوكيو 1۱۱۱( پواسطه سرته ورسيدل، په 1 (c) ketabton.com: The Digital Library ګوته كوي چي ترهګري ډلې شايد ډېر زهرجن مواد په لويه پيمانه توليد او په لوړه كچه د وګړو د مسمومولو ﻻمل وګرځي. The state-of-the-art، د كيمياوي عاملينو څخه د خطر زده كړه، د دوي په مقابل كې وقايه اود مسموميت درملنه نه يواځې د نظامي پلوه بلكه د ترهګريزو حملوپه مقابل كي د ساتنې او د اغيزناكې بې وسلې كولو او كنټرول لپاره ډېر مهم دي . تاريخچه: په سمي موادو باندې د خوړو او د اوسيدو د ځاي ككړېدل پرځمكه د ژوند د تكامل پورې اړه لري. د انسانانو پواسطه د سمي موادو ښه او بده كارونه د تاريخ څخه پخوانيو وختونو ته ور ګرځي. د پخواني يونان او روم په تاريخ كي داسي نسخې شته چې په جګړو كې د سمي موادو پركارونه دﻻلت كوي. په 1۱ او ۹۹ پيړۍ كې د كيميا د علم او ټكنالوژي څپانده پرمختګ )او همدارنګه د يو لړ ويرجنو پيښوله كبله( د نويو ډېرو كيمياوي سمي موادو اوپه لوړه كچه د دوي د توليد پوهه مينځته راوړله. د لمړۍ نړيوالې جګړې په درشل كې د 1۱1۱ د اپريل په ۹۹، د جرمني د ځواكونو لخوا په فلندرز كې د كلورين ګاز د كارونې ورځ د عصري كيمياوي وسلو د زيږون ورځ ګڼل كيږي، كه څه هم ځينې تركيبي سمي مواد)مخرش مواد( له دې پخواهم كارول شوي وو. Sulfur
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