WASTE Brazil Low Carbon Case Study
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
2010 Brazil Low Carbon Case Study Technical Synthesis Report WASTE Coordination: João Wagner Silva Alves, CETESB Christophe de Gouvello, The World Bank Technical Team: João Wagner Silva Alves, Bruna Patrícia de Oliveira, George Henrique C. Magalhães Cunha. Tathyana Leite Cunha Alves, Francisco do Espírito Santo Filho, CETESB. Marcos Eduardo Gomes Cunha, Eduardo Toshio, Ciclo Ambiental Engenharia Ltda. THE WORLD BANK 2010 Brazil Low Carbon Case Study Technical Synthesis Report WASTE Coordination: João Wagner Silva Alves, CETESB Christophe de Gouvello, The World Bank WASTE Technical Team: João Wagner Silva Alves, Bruna Patrícia de Oliveira, George Henrique C. Magalhães Cunha. Tathyana Leite Cunha Alves, Francisco do Espírito Santo Filho, CETESB. Marcos Eduardo Gomes Cunha, Eduardo Toshio, Ciclo Ambiental Engenharia Ltda. Synthesis Report | Report Synthesis © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet:www.worldbank.org 4 Email: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflectThe the World views Bank of the does Executive not guarantee Directors the of accuracy The World of Bank the data or the included governments in this work they represent. and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permissions to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet:www.copyright.com email:All [email protected] queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank that assists low- and middle-income countries to increase know how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth. For more information on the Low Carbon Growth Country Studies Program or about ESMAP’s climate change work, please visit us at www.esmap.org or write to us at: WASTE Energy Sector Management Assistance Program The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA email:[email protected] web: www.esmap.org Synthesis Report | Report Synthesis TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive summary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 2. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 3. Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) --------------------------------------------------------- 19 5 3.1. Treatment methods -------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 3.1.1.3.1.2.SanitaryIncineration landfills ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 3.2. Reference scenario - solid waste ----------------------------------------------------------------24 3.2.1. Municipal Solid Waste ---------------------------------------------------------------------------24 3.2.2. Calculation methods -----------------------------------------------------------------------------32 3.2.3.Composting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33 -------------------------------------------34 3.2.4.3.2.5.EstimatedEstimate of GHG GHG emissions emissions from from landfill incineration disposal ----------------------------------------------36 3.2.6.Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 3.2.7.Other Technologies and Events ----------------------------------------------------------------37 3.2.8.Uncertainties (MSW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------41 3.3. Other mitigation options -------------------------------------------------------------------------42 3.3.1.Reducing waste generation at source ---------------------------------------------------------42 3.3.2.Composting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 3.3.3.Biogas collection and burning -----------------------------------------------------------------43 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 3.4. 3.3.4.LowOther Carbon benefits Scenario - solid waste -------------------------------------------------------------46 3.4.1.Low Carbon Scenario for the MSW sector ----------------------------------------------------47 3.4.2.Consolidation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 3.4.3.Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3.4.4.Barriers and proposed solutions --------------------------------------------------------------52 4. Sewage and effluent treatment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 4.1. Treatment modes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 4.1.1.Anaerobic lagoons -------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 4.1.2.Anaerobic digesters -----------------------------------------------------------------------------56 WASTE 4.1.3.Anaerobic reactors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 4.2. Reference Scenario - sewage and effluent treatment --------------------------------------58 4.2.1.Domestic sewage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------58 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 4.2.2.4.2.3.IndustrialCalculation effluents Methods -----------------------------------------------------------------------------59 ------------------------60 Synthesis Report | Report Synthesis 4.2.4.Estimate of GHG emissions from sewage and effluent treatment 4.2.5.Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 4.2.6.Uncertainties related to the estimates for the domestic sewage sector -----------------62 4.3. Mitigation options ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------63 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 4.4. Low Carbon Scenario - sewage and effluent treatment -----------------------------------65 6 4.3.1. Other benefits 4.4.1. Low Carbon Scenario for domestic sewage --------------------------------------------------65 -----------------------------------------------67 4.4.2.4.4.3. LowConsolidation Carbon Scenario ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for Industrial Effluents 68 4.4.4.Barriers and proposed solutions --------------------------------------------------------------71 5. Consolidation of Low Carbon Scenario ---------------------------------------------------------------- 72 5.1. Synthesis of Low Carbon Scenario --------------------------------------------------------------72 5.1.1.Results according to states ---------------------------------------------------------------------73 5.2. Economic analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 5.3. Costs and benefits ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------76 5.3.1.Solid waste ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 5.3.2.Incineration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 ----------------------------------------------------80 5.4. Marginal abatement costs and Break Even Carbon Price ---------------------------------82 5.3.3.Domestic sewage and industrial effluent 5.4.1.Marginal abatement cost -----------------------------------------------------------------------83 5.4.2.Break Even Carbon Price ------------------------------------------------------------------------85 5.5. Financing requirements --------------------------------------------------------------------------86 6. Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 7. Annexes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 7.1. Metropolitan regions------------------------------------------------------------------------------90