Public Transportation in São Paulo, Brazil: the Development of Railway System
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International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2016, 6(4): 416 - 430 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7708/ijtte.2016.6(4).05 UDC: 656.342.025.2(81) PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL: THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY SYSTEM Vanessa Meloni Massara1 1University of São Paulo, Brazil Received 10 February 2016; accepted 16 September 2016 Abstract: This paper has the main objective, to show the evolution of passenger transport by railway in the metropolitan area of São Paulo (RMSP), with the central point in the capital city, one of the largest cities in the world with over 12 million inhabitants. At first, the Brazilian plan for urban mobility is presented. After, will be discussed the development of railway system in the RMSP and its six lines, focusing the administrative police until the creation of the Paulista Company of Metropolitan Trains (CPTM) and the gradual increase that reached a record of transported passengers: 3,025,185 on December, 2013. Also will be discussed the evolution of built stations as well as the technical characteristics of trains and the improvements through the traction technology. GHG emissions are addressed, making comparisons with others transports. To finalize, the text will be shown future projects of the “Metropolitan Transport Plan” and the conclusions about the service. Keywords: City of São Paulo, CPTM, railway, urban development, urban mobility. 1. Introduction intends the development of cities through sustainable urban mobility (MdC, 2007). In Brazil, the concern with the improvement and expansion of public transport is growing In Brazil, the Ministry of Cities has been and is based on the concept of urban mobility. working on a national policy for urban This concept is related to daily movements mobility, built in conjunction with the (travels) of people in urban space (ANTT, various segments of society, which aims to 2013). improve the conditions of displacement in the cities for a better quality of life (MdC, 2004). To have a policy of urban mobility means having a group of principles and guidelines Federal law n. 12,581, 2012, is a landmark that direct the public actions of urban on the concept of mobility and guidelines for mobility and the demands of the population. transport policies in states and municipalities (ANTT, 2013). Affordable tariffs, connection between buses, trains and subways and good sizing It also highlights the reports: National Policy fleets are crucial aspects for the perfect for Sustainable Urban Mobility (MdC, access of the population to urban transport 2004), PlanMob Notebook (MdC, 2007), and universal access to public transportation, and finally, technical report “Passenger 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] 416 Massara V. M. Public Transportation in São Paulo, Brazil: The Development of Railway System trains - A Need it imposes” (ANTT, 2013), To serve this, region the Paulista Company of dealing specifically the importance of Metropolitan Trains (CPTM) was founded transportation for trains across the country. in 1992 (CPTM, 2012). 2. The city of São Paulo and the It was left for the Company to assume the rail Metropolitan Region systems of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, operated by the Brazilian Company of It is the most populous city in Brazil, with Urban Trains - CTBU and the Train Paulista 12 million inhabitants, 1500 km2 and 96 S/A - FEPASA. Thus this company received districts divided into many neighborhoods. as heritage a railway system of 100 years Around it is the Metropolitan Region of São old and in poor condition, having as main Paulo (RMSP), also known as Greater São objective the maintenance and renewal of Paulo, which is the largest metropolis of São the fleet. (CPTM, 2015). Paulo and brings together 39 municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Figure 1 shows the evolution of building stations, since the first in 1897. Note that Greater São Paulo is the largest metropolis in from the 40’s, there was intensification Brazil, with approximately 20 million people, in the number of stations but not always and one of the ten most populous metropolitan corresponding to a good service (CPTM, areas in the World (GESP, 2013a). 2015). Fig. 1. Evolution of the Implementation of Train Stations in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo from 1897 to 2015 Source: Adapted from CPTM (2015) CPTM carried in the year 2013, 795, 4 user travels on average per trip, 19.1 km and million passengers, exceeding by 4.1% the pay a nominal fee of approximately US$ 1,12 mark achieved in 2012. There were 2,658 (CPTM, 2015). scheduled travels on weekdays with a fleet of 130 trains. The average of passengers Figure 2 presents the evolution of passengers carried on a business day was 2.7 million, demand. The large increase occurred after 4.6% higher than the previous year. CPTM 2004. 417 International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2016, 6(4): 416 - 430 Fig. 2. Evolution of Demand (1990-2014) Source: Adapted from CPTM (2015) CPTM system reached a record of However, currently, the capacity of deployed transported passengers: 3,025,185 on systems is close to its physical limit, not December 6, 2013 (CPTM, 2013a). allowing further gains. The systematic increase of passengers, On Figure 3 is possible to verify that in a observed in recent years has been possible period of analysis of 06 years, transportation due to improvements in operational by trains has won more followers, with an strategies and the receipt of new trains. increase of 62% (METRÔ, 2013). Fig. 3. Increase in the Type of Transport in the Period 2007-2013 Source: Adapted from Metrô (2013) 418 Massara V. M. Public Transportation in São Paulo, Brazil: The Development of Railway System 3. Railway Lines Várzea Paulista e Campo Limpo Paulista, totaling 260.8 km. At the end of 2015 the company has six lines with its 92 stations, serves 22 municipalities Table 1 summarizes the principal physical and 3 other municipalities outside the characteristics of the railway lines in São Metropolitan region network: Jundiaí, Paulo. Table 1 Summary of the Routes Characteristics Line 8 Line 9 Line 10 Line 12 Line 7 “Rubi” “Diamante” “Esmeralda” “Turquesa” Line 11 “Coral” “Safira” citie that cross es 762653 stations1 42 02 01 31 21 3 pass engers/day 401,573 447,285 487,133 393,822 594,612 216,815 extension (km) 38,969 km3 5,2833 2,8003 4,9605 0,8413 8,822 1 with trains; 1 3 with trains; 3 1 withtrains; 2 3 with trains; 2 conections 1 with trains 2 with trains with subway with subways with subways with subways Source: Adapted from CPTM (2012; 2013a; 2015) Note: “Paranapiacaba” at the end of line 10 is a touristic place and isn’t considered as station 3.1. Line 7 “Rubi” and Itapevi stations with operating length between Itapevi and Amador Bueno stations. Line 7 – “Rubi” of CPTM comprises the Until March 2008 was called the Line B – stretch between stations set “Luz” to Grey. Francisco Morato / Extension: Francisco Morato to Jundiaí. Until March 2008, was The line would be electrified between 1944 called The Line - Brown. and 1945, a time when the suburban services have reached Amador Bueno. Between the The line is considered “one of the early 1950s and 1960, the line suffered his first developmental milestones of the city of São reform, having been acquired in 1958 the Paulo.” In the early 20th century, due to the Kawasaki TEU-Toshiba (current 4800 series construction of several intermediate stations CPTM). These trains, however, suffered between the original São Paulo Railway, wear “unusual”, and just seven years after began the movement of suburban trains, the system has already demanded expansion initially until Pirituba. In 1940 the line was (CPTM, 2012). electrified, but continued to provide services with wooden cars hauled by locomotives 3.3. Line 9 “Esmeralda” until 1957, when Santos to Jundiaí acquired the first TUEs of the old 101 series (current Line 9 – “Esmeralda” of CPTM comprises 1100 series CPTM) (CPTM, 2015). the section of metropolitan network defined between Osasco to Grajaú stations. 3.2. Line 8 “Diamante” Until October 2007, was called “Line C - Celeste”, later changing the name to “C Line 8 – “Diamante” of CPTM comprises Line - Esmeralda”, a name which held until the region defined between Júlio Prestes March, 2008. 419 International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2016, 6(4): 416 - 430 The line received twelve new trains of four “Estudantes”. It is known as the Eastern cars each, which have been in operation since Express stretch of the Luz to Guaianases. November 2008 In 2010 and 2011 received Currently the most saturated line of São more trains of eight cars each (sixteen of Paulo metropolitan area, also the second four cars) due to forecast a large increase in most extensive in CPTM. Until March demand with the opening of Line 4 of the São 2008 was called Line E “Orange”. Currently Paulo Metro and the integration between the East Express makes 24 trips per day on two lines in the Pinheiros Station, opened weekdays and 20 trips per day on weekends in June 2011 (CPTM, 2015). to “Estudantes” station in Mogi das Cruzes (CPTM, 2012). 3.4. Line 10 “Turquesa” The line started construction in 1869 by the Line 10 - “Turquesa” of CPTM comprises Railway São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro (also the section of metropolitan network defined known as North Railway), which would be between stations Brás to Rio Grande da built by the Central Railway of Brazil in Serra. Until March 2008, was called the 1890. In the early twentieth century began Line D – “Bege”. operating suburban trains, initially until the district of Penha, reaching Mogi das In the early twentieth century, due to Cruzes in the 1910s.