2010 Brazil Low Carbon Case Study Technical Synthesis Report WASTE Coordination: João Wagner Silva Alves, CETESB Christophe de Gouvello, The World Bank Technical Team: João Wagner Silva Alves, Bruna Patrícia de Oliveira, George Henrique C. Magalhães Cunha. Tathyana Leite Cunha Alves, Francisco do Espírito Santo Filho, CETESB. Marcos Eduardo Gomes Cunha, Eduardo Toshio, Ciclo Ambiental Engenharia Ltda. THE WORLD BANK 2010 Brazil Low Carbon Case Study Technical Synthesis Report WASTE Coordination: João Wagner Silva Alves, CETESB Christophe de Gouvello, The World Bank WASTE Technical Team: João Wagner Silva Alves, Bruna Patrícia de Oliveira, George Henrique C. Magalhães Cunha. Tathyana Leite Cunha Alves, Francisco do Espírito Santo Filho, CETESB. Marcos Eduardo Gomes Cunha, Eduardo Toshio, Ciclo Ambiental Engenharia Ltda. 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For more information on the Low Carbon Growth Country Studies Program or about ESMAP’s climate change work, please visit us at www.esmap.org or write to us at: WASTE Energy Sector Management Assistance Program The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA email:[email protected] web: www.esmap.org Synthesis Report | Report Synthesis TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive summary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 2. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 3. Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) --------------------------------------------------------- 19 5 3.1. Treatment methods -------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 3.1.1.3.1.2.SanitaryIncineration landfills ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 3.2. Reference scenario - solid waste ----------------------------------------------------------------24 3.2.1. Municipal Solid Waste ---------------------------------------------------------------------------24 3.2.2. Calculation methods -----------------------------------------------------------------------------32 3.2.3.Composting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33 -------------------------------------------34 3.2.4.3.2.5.EstimatedEstimate of GHG GHG emissions emissions from from landfill incineration disposal ----------------------------------------------36 3.2.6.Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 3.2.7.Other Technologies and Events ----------------------------------------------------------------37 3.2.8.Uncertainties (MSW) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------41 3.3. Other mitigation options -------------------------------------------------------------------------42 3.3.1.Reducing waste generation at source ---------------------------------------------------------42 3.3.2.Composting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 3.3.3.Biogas collection and burning -----------------------------------------------------------------43 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 3.4. 3.3.4.LowOther Carbon benefits Scenario - solid waste -------------------------------------------------------------46 3.4.1.Low Carbon Scenario for the MSW sector ----------------------------------------------------47 3.4.2.Consolidation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 3.4.3.Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3.4.4.Barriers and proposed solutions --------------------------------------------------------------52 4. Sewage and effluent treatment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 4.1. Treatment modes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 4.1.1.Anaerobic lagoons -------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 4.1.2.Anaerobic digesters -----------------------------------------------------------------------------56 WASTE 4.1.3.Anaerobic reactors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 4.2. Reference Scenario - sewage and effluent treatment --------------------------------------58 4.2.1.Domestic sewage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------58 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 4.2.2.4.2.3.IndustrialCalculation effluents Methods -----------------------------------------------------------------------------59 ------------------------60 Synthesis Report | Report Synthesis 4.2.4.Estimate of GHG emissions from sewage and effluent treatment 4.2.5.Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 4.2.6.Uncertainties related to the estimates for the domestic sewage sector -----------------62 4.3. Mitigation options ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------63 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 4.4. Low Carbon Scenario - sewage and effluent treatment -----------------------------------65 6 4.3.1. Other benefits 4.4.1. Low Carbon Scenario for domestic sewage --------------------------------------------------65 -----------------------------------------------67 4.4.2.4.4.3. LowConsolidation Carbon Scenario ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for Industrial Effluents 68 4.4.4.Barriers and proposed solutions --------------------------------------------------------------71 5. Consolidation of Low Carbon Scenario ---------------------------------------------------------------- 72 5.1. Synthesis of Low Carbon Scenario --------------------------------------------------------------72 5.1.1.Results according to states ---------------------------------------------------------------------73 5.2. Economic analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 5.3. Costs and benefits ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------76 5.3.1.Solid waste ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 5.3.2.Incineration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 ----------------------------------------------------80 5.4. Marginal abatement costs and Break Even Carbon Price ---------------------------------82 5.3.3.Domestic sewage and industrial effluent 5.4.1.Marginal abatement cost -----------------------------------------------------------------------83 5.4.2.Break Even Carbon Price ------------------------------------------------------------------------85 5.5. Financing requirements --------------------------------------------------------------------------86 6. Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 7. Annexes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 7.1. Metropolitan regions------------------------------------------------------------------------------90