The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics Edited by Kimberly L

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17482-5 — The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics Edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin Frontmatter More Information

The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics

A state-of-the-art, in-depth survey of the topics, approaches, and theories in Spanish linguistics today, in which the language is researched from a number of different perspectives. This Handbook surveys the major advances and ﬁnd- ings, with a special focus on recent achievements in the ﬁeld. It provides an accurate and complete overview of research, as well as facilitating future directions. It encourages the reader to make connections between chapters and the parts into which they are organized, and promotes cross-theoretical dialogue. The contributions are by a wide range of specialists, writing on topics including corpus linguistics, phonology and phonetics, morphosyntax, pragmatics, the role of the speaker and speech context, language acquisition, and grammaticalization. This is a must-have volume for researchers looking to contextualize their own research and for students seeking a one-stop resource on Spanish linguistics.

KIMBERLY L. GEESLIN is Professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17482-5 — The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics Edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin Frontmatter More Information

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Genuinely broad in scope, each handbook in this series provides a complete state-of-the-ﬁeld overview of a major sub-discipline within language study and research. Grouped into broad thematic areas, the chapters in each volume encompass the most important issues and topics within each subject, offering a coherent picture of the latest theories and ﬁndings. Together, the volumes will build into an integrated overview of the discipline in its entirety.

Published titles The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, edited by Paul de Lacy The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, edited by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio The Cambridge Handbook of Child Language, Second Edition, edited by Edith L. Bavin and Letitia Naigles The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, edited by Peter K. Austin and Julia Sallabank The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, edited by Rajend Mesthrie The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics, edited by Keith Allan and Kasia M. Jaszczolt The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy, edited by Bernard Spolsky The Cambridge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, edited by Julia Herschensohn and Martha Young-Scholten The Cambridge Handbook of Biolinguistics, edited by Cedric Boeckx and Kleanthes K. Grohmann The Cambridge Handbook of Generative Syntax, edited by Marcel den Dikken The Cambridge Handbook of Communication Disorders, edited by Louise Cummings The Cambridge Handbook of Stylistics, edited by Peter Stockwell and Sara Whiteley The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Anthropology, edited by N. J. Enﬁeld, Paul Kockelman and Jack Sidnell The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics, edited by Douglas Biber and Randi Reppen The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing, edited by John W. Schwieter The Cambridge Handbook of Learner Corpus Research, edited by Sylviane Granger, Gaëtanelle Gilquin and Fanny Meunier The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multicompetence, edited by Li Wei and Vivian Cook The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics, edited by Merja Kytö and Pa¨ivi Pahta The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics, edited by Maria Aloni and Paul Dekker The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology, edited by Andrew Hippisley and Greg Stump The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Syntax, edited by Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology, edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics, edited by Raymond Hickey The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, edited by Barbara Dancygier The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, edited by Yoko Hasegawa The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics, edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin

The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics

Edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin

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www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107174825 DOI: 10.1017/9781316779194 © Cambridge University Press 2018 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2018 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Geeslin, Kimberly L. editor. Title: The Cambridge handbook of Spanish linguistics / edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin. Description: Cambridge ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2018. | Series: Cambridge handbooks in language and linguistics | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiﬁers: LCCN 2017046826 | ISBN 9781107174825 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Spanish language. | BISAC: FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / General. Classiﬁcation: LCC PC4025 .C35 2018 | DDC 460–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017046826 ISBN 978-1-107-17482-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

To Patty, Kippy, Mom and Dad, for the constant love and support To Logan and Hayden, for pushing me to learn new things and making me laugh and To Sean, for your love, perspective and partnership

Contents

List of Figures page ix List of Tables xiii List of Contributors xv Acknowledgements xxi Abbreviations xxv

Introduction Kimberly L. Geeslin 1

Part I Theories and Approaches to Spanish Linguistics 7 1 Generative Linguistics: Syntax Paula Kempchinsky 9 2 Optimality Theory and Spanish/Hispanic Linguistics D. Eric Holt 31 3 Usage-Based Approaches to Spanish Linguistics Esther L. Brown 52 4 Functional-Typological Approaches to Hispanic Linguistics Rosa Vallejos 72 5 Psycholinguistic Approaches to Hispanic Linguistics Tania Leal and Christine Shea 95 6 Corpus Approaches to the Study of Language, Variation, and Change Manuel Dı´az-Campos and Juan Escalona Torres 121

Part II The Spanish Sound System 143 7 Vowels Rebecca Ronquest 145 8 Consonants Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza 165 9 The Syllable Alfonso Morales-Front 190 10 Prosody: Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation Pilar Prieto and Paolo Roseano 211 11 Speech Perception Amanda Boomershine and Ji Young Kim 237

viii Contents

Part III Spanish Morphosyntax and Meaning 259 12 Word Phenomena: Category Definition and Word Formation Antonio Fa´bregas 261 13 Properties of Pronominal Subjects Pekka Posio 286 14 Properties of the Verb Phrase: Argument Structure, Ellipsis, and Negation Ivań Ortega-Santos 307 15 Properties of the Extended Verb Phrase: Agreement, the Structure of INFL, and Subjects Julio Villa-Garcıá 329 16 Properties of Nominal Expressions M. Emma Ticio Quesada 351 17 Information Structure Laura Domıńguez 372 18 Syntax and its Interfaces Timothy Gupton 392 19 Lexis Grant Armstrong 415 20 Pragmatics Maria Hasler-Barker 437

Part IV Spanish in Social, Geographic, and Historical Contexts 457 21 Spanish in Contact with Other Languages and Bilingualism across the Spanish-Speaking World Lotfi Sayahi 459 22 Spanish as a Heritage Language in the US: Core Issues and Future Directions Diego Pascual y Cabo 478 23 Geographic Varieties of Spanish Elena Fernańdez de Molina Orte´s and Juan M. Hernańdez-Campoy 496 24 Sociolinguistic Approaches to Dialectal, Sociolectal, and Idiolectal Variation in the Hispanophone World Daniel Erker 529 25 National and Diasporic Spanish Varieties as Evidence of Ethnic Affiliations Almeida Jacqueline Toribio 563 26 Current Perspectives on Historical Linguistics Patrıćia Amaral 582 27 Grammaticalization Chad Howe 603

Part V The Acquisition of Spanish 625 28 Child Language Acquisition Anna Gavarro´ 627 29 Theories of Second Language Acquisition Bill VanPatten 649 30 The Acquisition of Second Language Spanish Sounds Megan Solon 668 31 The Acquisition of Second Language Spanish Morphosyntax Jason Rothman, Jorge Gonza´lez Alonso, and David Miller 689 32 Variation in Second Language Spanish Matthew Kanwit 716 33 Third Language Acquisition Jennifer Cabrelli Amaro and Michael Iverson 737

Index 758

Figures

1.1 The early Principles and Parameters framework page 13 1.2 Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993, 1995) 15 1.3 A simplified structure for the derivation of Juan padece amnesia ‘John suffers from amnesia’ 16 2.1 Strictness bands of NO CODA and MAX following Hayes’ (2000) model (from Cutillas Espinosa 2004) 38 3.1 Spanish ~ English bilingual lexicon 64 5.1 Cognitive processes involved in lexical access 97 7.1 Articulatory classification of Spanish vowels 146 7.2 Acoustic distribution of Spanish vowels: mean formant values of male speakers of Spanish 146 9.1 Depiction of prosodic hierarchy in Selkirk (1986) 191 9.2 Model of syllabic structure 192 9.3 Moraic view of the syllable 192 9.4 Moraic view of short and long vowels 193 9.5 Example representations of moraic structure 193 9.6 Structure of intermediate templates 193 9.7 Examples of sonority sequencing 195 9.8 Depiction of typical sonority scale 195 9.9 Maximum Onset Principle (Kahn 1976) 199 10.1 Prosodic features of the imperative question ¿Callareís? ‘Will you be quiet?’ as uttered by a speaker of southern Peninsular Spanish 218 10.2 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the broad focus statement Bebe una limonada ‘He/she’s drinking a [his/her] lemonade’ in Castilian Spanish 222 10.3 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the broad focus statement Me encanto´ la pelıćula ‘I loved the film’ as uttered by a speaker of Mexican Spanish 223

x List of Figures

10.4 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the narrow focus statement No, de LIMONES ‘No, [I want a kilo] of LEMONS’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 224 10.5 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the statement of the obvious Sı´, mujer, ¡de Guillermo! ‘[It’s] Guillermo’s [of course]!’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 225 10.6 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the uncertainty statement Puede que no le guste el regalo que le he comprado ...‘S/he may not like the gift I have bought him/her’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 226 10.7 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the information-seeking yes–no question ¿Tiene mermelada? ‘Do you have any jam?’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 227 10.8 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the information-seeking yes–no question ¿Hay reuniońmanãna? ‘Is there a meeting tomorrow?’ as uttered by a speaker of Puerto Rican Spanish 227 10.9 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the information-seeking yes–no question ¿Tienen mandarinas? ‘Do you have any tangerines?’ as uttered by a speaker of Argentine Spanish 228 10.10 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the confirmation question ¿Tienes frıó? ‘Are you cold?’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 228 10.11 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the echo question ¿Las nueve? ‘Nine o’clock?’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 229 10.12 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the information-seeking wh-question ¿De dońde has llegado? ‘Where have you arrived from?’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 230 10.13 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the command ¡Ven! ‘Come here!’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 231 10.14 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the cajoling imperative request Va, vente al cine, ¡hombre! ‘Come on, come to the cinema, man!’ as uttered by a speaker of Castilian Spanish 231

List of Figures xi

10.15 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the call ¡Marina! ‘Marina!’ uttered with the common calling contour 232 10.16 F0 contour, spectrogram, orthographic transcription, and prosodic annotation of the insistent call ¡¡Marina!! ‘Marina!!’ 232 15.1 V-to-T movement 331 15.2 Subjects in Spec,AgrSP/TP 341 15.3 Subjects in Spec,CP 342 16.1 Graphic illustration of Determiner Phrase 352 16.2 Structural positions for different quantifiers and determiners 363 18.1 VP assignation of Agent theta-role 394 18.2 Syntactic hierarchy with AspP between VP and TP 395 18.3 Mapping of theta-roles to arguments 396 18.4 Analysis of psychological predicates 397 18.5 Proposed hierarchy for the pronoun SE 398 18.6 “Big DP” proposal for languages with morphologically-rich verb agreement 400 18.7 Position of preverbal subjects as A¯ constituents 400 18.8 Two morphology-related functional projections between the NP and the DP 401 18.9 Adjective–noun order in un mero accidente ‘a mere accident’ 402 18.10 Adjective–noun order in la teorıá sintaćtica esa ‘that syntactic theory’ 402 18.11 Corrective contrast constituents in Spec,FocP 405 18.12 [F] as a derived phrase marker 407 18.13 Simplified left-peripheral syntax model 408 23.1 Geographical distribution of Spanish in the world 497 23.2 Geographical distribution of seseo and ceceo in Andalusia 505 23.3 Southern European Spanish eight-vowel system 507 23.4 Tree model of Hispano-Romance varieties 511 23.5 Main dialect/language areas in Spain 512 23.6 European varieties of Spanish 512 23.7 Geographical varieties in Andalusian Spanish 513 23.8 Spanish-speaking areas in America 515 23.9 American varieties of Spanish 516 23.10 Asian and African varieties of Spanish 517 24.1a Rates of referential use of le and la across three provinces in Castilla la Vieja 544 24.1b Rates of referential use of le and la across three provinces in Castilla la Vieja: intra-provincial variation along lines of social class 544 24.2 Degrees of difference between females and males across the lifespan for word-final /s/ and intervocalic /d/ 546 24.3 Boxplots showing voicing rates 549 24.4a Subject pronoun rates of 140 speakers in New York City 551

xii List of Figures

24.4b Subject pronoun rates of 140 speakers in New York City – Caribbeans and Mainlanders 552 24.5a Duration and center of gravity of coda /s/ for 20 speakers in New York City 554 24.5b Duration and center of gravity of coda /s/ for 20 speakers in New York City – Newcomers compared to Longtime residents 555

Tables

2.1 Illustration of Optimality Theory tableau page 32 3.1 Syllable-initial /s/ reduction in New Mexican Spanish 63 4.1 Parameters of transitivity as adapted from Hopper and Thompson (1980) 81 6.1 Distribution of periphrastic future and morphological future across regions 133 6.2 Distribution of modal MF and temporal MF between regions 134 6.3 Contribution of linguistic and extralinguistic factors selected as signiﬁcant predictor of PF across two data sets 135 8.1 Main Spanish consonant phonemes 166 8.2 Neutralization of stop voicing contrast in coda position 169 9.1 Complexity of the Spanish syllable 194 10.1 Schematic representation, Sp_ToBI labels, and phonetic descriptions of the most common pitch accents in Spanish 219 10.2 Schematic representation, Sp_ToBI labels, and phonetic descriptions of the most common boundary tones in Spanish 220 12.1 Word formation processes with category change (sample) 276 12.2 Word formation processes involving semantic change, but no category change (sample) 277 13.1 Variation in subject expression 287 13.2 Type of reference and subject expression in second-person singular 297 18.1 Nuclear pitch accent contours for Italian and German by topic type 409 23.1 Salient features in innovative and conservative varieties of Spanish spoken in Spain 502

xiv List of Tables

23.2 Realization of intervocalic /ð/ in European and American Spanishes 504 23.3 Realization of postvocalic /s/ in European and American Spanishes 506 23.4 Examples of neutralization of distinction between liquid consonants 508 23.5 Examples of regressive assimilation in consonant clusters in word-medial position 509 23.6 Phonotactics of southern varieties of European Spanish in word-ﬁnal position 509 23.7 Word-ﬁnal /s/ in person marking 510 23.8 Usage rates (percent) of the subjunctive past perfect forms in Spanish 514 24.1 Pronoun rates (percent) for three generational groups in New York City 550 25.1 Characteristics of Hispanics with origins in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic 566 27.1 Development of the periphrastic and simple past in Romance Languages 607 27.2 Factor weights for temporal reference of present perfect across three centuries (Peninsular Spanish) 616

Contributors

Patrı´cia Amaral (Ph.D., The Ohio State University, 2007) is Assistant Professor of Hispanic Linguistics in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University. Her areas of research include syntactic and semantic change, Romance linguistics, and language contact. Grant Armstrong is Assistant Professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research focuses on the lexicon, morphology, and syntax of Spanish and Yucatec Maya. Amanda Boomershine is Associate Professor of Spanish at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington, where she teaches courses in Hispanic linguistics, service-learning (community-based or community- engaged learning), and seminars on topics such as immigration and linguistic variation. Esther L. Brown is Associate Professor of Hispanic Linguistics in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Her research centers on usage-based approaches to phonological variation and change. Jennifer Cabrelli Amaro is Assistant Professor of Spanish Linguistics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her research centers on adult phonological acquisition and attrition, and current work examines longitudinal phonological and morphosyntactic development in third language acquisition. Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza is Associate Professor at The Ohio State University. She works on phonetics and phonology, both from a theoretical and an experimental perspective. Her work illustrates how phonetic data can help us develop theoretical models to explain sound patterns. In addition, she is interested in second language acquisition of phonology and sociophonetics. Manuel Dı´az-Campos is Full Professor of Hispanic Sociolinguistics at Indiana University. He has published on the acquisition of sociolinguistic

xvi List of Contributors

variables in L1, sociolinguistics including phonological and morphosyntactic variation, acquisition of second language phonology, and topics in Spanish laboratory phonology. Laura Domı´nguez is Associate Professor at the University of Southampton (UK). Her research interests lie in the areas of syntactic theory (syntax and its interfaces, information structure, Hispanic linguistics) and language development (ﬁrst and second language acquisition, bilingualism, and language attrition). Her investigations have centered on the analysis of information structure and focus, in particular how word order in Spanish is affected by both prosodic and syntactic con- straints. She is the co-director of the SPLLOC project (www.splloc.soton .ac.uk/) and her research has appeared in Second Language Research, Lingua, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, The International Journal of Bilingualism, and Language Acquisition. Daniel Erker is Assistant Professor of Spanish and Linguistics at Boston University. His research focuses on language variation, contact, and change, especially in Spanish spoken in the United States. He is the director of the Spanish in Boston Project. Juan Escalona Torres is currently a Ph.D. student of Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University. He works with language variation and change with a special focus on the semantic and pragmatic factors that contribute to the evolution of language. Antonio Fa´ bregas (Ph.D. in linguistics, Universidad Auto´ noma de Madrid, 2005) is Full Professor of Hispanic Linguistics at UiT–Arctic University of Norway. His research concentrates on Spanish morphology and its syntactic analysis. Elena Ferna´ ndez de Molina Orte´ s is a Lecturer in Spanish sociolinguistics and dialectology at the University of Granada. She is a specialist in linguistic variation in the dialect of Extremadura and the presence of regional features in social networks. Anna Gavarro´ obtained her doctorate at the University of Edinburgh and is Full Professor of Linguistics at the Universitat Auto` noma de Barcelona. Her work has been published in several international journals, and she is also the author of a chapter in the authoritative grammar of contemporary Catalan. Jorge Gonza´ lez Alonso is a postdoctoral researcher in the LAVA group (Language Acquisition, Variation and Attrition) at UiT–Arctic University of Norway. His research interests include different types of bilingual and multilingual acquisition, with a particular focus on the acquisition and processing of morphology and morphosyntax by non-native speakers. He has worked with speakers of Spanish, Basque, English, Russian, and Polish, and is currently conducting research on the acquisition of Spanish as a third or further language. Recent studies have appeared in the journals Second Language Research, International Journal of Bilingualism, and Frontiers in Psychology.

List of Contributors xvii

Timothy Gupton is Associate Professor of Spanish Linguistics at the University of Georgia. His research focuses on the proposed model of elements that precede the verb in the speaker’s mind among mono- and multilingual speakers of Western Iberian Romance. Maria Hasler-Barker is Assistant Professor of Spanish at Sam Houston State University. Her work focuses primarily on interlanguage pragmatics and instruction of pragmatics. She also examines service encounters in public institutions. Juan M. Herna´ ndez-Campoy is Professor in English Sociolinguistics at the University of Murcia. His books include Sociolinguistic Styles (2016), Style- Shifting in Public (with J. A. Cutillas-Espinosa, 2012), The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics (with J. C. Conde-Silvestre, 2012), Diccionario de Sociolingu¨´ıstica (with P. Trudgill, 2007), and Metodologıá de la Investigacioń Sociolingu¨´ıstica (with M. Almeida, 2005). D. Eric Holt is Associate Professor of Spanish and Linguistics at the University of South Carolina. His scholarly work treats phonological theory, language variation and change, Hispanic sociolinguistics, and language acquisition. Among his publications is Optimality Theory and Language Change (Kluwer, 2003). Chad Howe is Associate Professor of Hispanic Linguistics in the Department of Romance Languages at the University of Georgia. His pri- mary areas of research include language variation and change and sociolinguistics, mainly from a grammaticalization perspective. Michael Iverson is a Lecturer in Second Language Studies at Indiana University. His research investigates the knowledge of morphosyntax in bi- and multilingualism, with current work focusing on the acquisition and development of syntax and semantics in a third language. Matthew Kanwit is Assistant Professor of Hispanic Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Pittsburgh. He researches first and second language morphosyntactic variation and the effect of study abroad on the acquisition of variation. His research combines varia- tionist and functional, concept-oriented approaches. Paula Kempchinsky is on the faculty of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Department of Linguistics at the University of Iowa. Her research program is focused on the syntactic analysis of Spanish and other Romance languages, with particular interest in subjunctive clauses, constructions with the reflexive clitic SE, and the clausal left periphery. She also collaborates on research projects on syntactic acquisition in second languages, from the perspective of generative linguistics. Ji Young Kim is Assistant Professor in Spanish linguistics in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research focuses on how Spanish heritage speakers in the US perceive and produce speech sounds in Spanish.

xviii List of Contributors

Tania Leal is Assistant Professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, and she received her Ph.D. in Second Language Acquisition (specialization in linguistics) from the University of Iowa. She studies how L2 learners and heritage speakers acquire and process syntactic, pragmatic, and morphological phenomena. Her work has appeared in Lingua, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Acquisition, LAB, and Applied Linguistics. David Miller is a Ph.D. student at the University of Reading (UK) and a member of the University of Reading Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics Lab. His research interests are second language acquisition, bi- and multilingualism, as well as native language attrition. He has worked on Spanish, German, English, Catalan, and Turkish using electroencephalography/event-related potentials (EEG/ERP), eye-tracking, and self-paced reading methodologies. Currently, he is working on methodo- logical approaches to testing scalar implicatures in native Spanish, as well as the psycholinguistic basis for native language attrition testing this same phenomenon. Recent studies have appeared in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, and Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. Alfonso Morales-Front is Associate Professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Georgetown University. His research interests focus on prosodic aspects of Spanish phonology (syllable, stress, and intonation); on the acquisition of L1 and L2 phonology; and study abroad. Iva´ n Ortega-Santos is Associate Professor at the University of Memphis. He focuses on Spanish syntax with an emphasis on information structure, locality, and microvariation. His book Focus-Related Operations at the Right Edge in Spanish: Subjects and Ellipsis has been published by John Benjamins. Diego Pascual y Cabo is Assistant Professor and Director of the Spanish Heritage Language Program at the University of Florida, where he teaches courses related to heritage speaker bilingualism. Diego’s work on this topic on has appeared in journals such as Foreign Language Annals, Applied Linguistics, Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, and Heritage Language Journal (among others). Pekka Posio is Associate Professor of Spanish at the University of Stockholm. His research interests include contrastive syntax and pragmatics, variable subject expression in Spanish and Portuguese, human impersonal constructions, and other ways of referring to human partici- pants in spoken discourse. Pilar Prieto is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) Research Professor at the Department of Translation and Language Sciences at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona. Her main research interests revolve around prosody, facial and manual ges- tures, and language acquisition. Rebecca Ronquest is Assistant Professor of Spanish Linguistics at North Carolina State University. Her main research interests include the Spanish

List of Contributors xix

vowel system, the phonetic/phonological systems of heritage speakers of Spanish, and Spanish in the Southeastern United States. Paolo Roseano is a linguist working at the University of Barcelona (Phonetics Laboratory and Department of Modern Languages and Literatures and of English Studies) and at the University of South Africa (Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages). His research interests include the prosody of Romance languages, language contact, and morphology. Jason Rothman is Professor of Multilingualism and Language Development in the school of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences at the University of Reading (UK) as well as a Professor II of Linguistics at UiT–Arctic University of Norway. His research program examines the acquisition and processing of (mainly) morphosyntax and semantics in various types of bilinguals (children and adults) and monolinguals. In addition to work on languages such as Turkish, Greek, Swedish, German, and more, he has carried out extensive research in the acquisition and processing of Spanish and Portuguese. He is editor of the journal Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism as well as the long-running book series Studies in Bilingualism (SiBIL). Recent studies have appeared in the journals Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, and Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. Lotﬁ Sayahi is Professor of Linguistics in the Hispanic Studies Program in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at the University at Albany, State University of New York. His research focuses on Spanish in contact with other languages. Christine Shea is Assistant Professor of Spanish Linguistics in the Spanish and Portuguese Department at the University of Iowa. She researches speech perception and production, focusing on links between the development of a sound system and the lexicon. Dr. Shea’s main area of research has been on the role of variability in the acquisition of a new phonological system. She conducts research with all types of bilingual Spanish speakers, native and non-native. Megan Solon is Assistant Professor of Spanish Linguistics at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Her research focuses on second language Spanish and the acquisition of phonetics and phonology. Her publications have appeared in journals such as Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, and Hispania. M. Emma Ticio Quesada is Associate Professor of Spanish and Linguistics at Syracuse University. Her theoretical research has focused on the syntactic properties of Romance languages, particularly Spanish. She has examined the structure of nominal expressions, the cliticization and ellipsis processes, the optionality of movement and its locality, and the argument/adjunct distinction. She has compiled Spanish–English longitudinal databases to support research on Spanish–English bilingualism, and she has conducted research on Bilingual First Language Acquisition.

xx List of Contributors

Her research has appeared in several journals, edited volumes, and a research monograph. Almeida Jacqueline Toribio is Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Texas. Her research program follows two lines of inquiry: One thread addresses the morphosyntactic and phonetic patterning of code-switching among diverse bilingual populations. A second line of study examines the speech of Dominicans in national and US diasporic settings, recording the inci- dence and dissemination of linguistic features that serve important func- tions as indices of ethnicity, race, and gender, among other variables. Dr. Toribio’s investigations are informed by insights from disciplines in the humanities and social sciences and draw on diverse approaches in examining individuals’ speech and representative datasets, to include field and laboratory as well as corpus linguistic methods. Rosa Vallejos is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of New Mexico. Interested in language contact in Amazonia, she conducts docu- mentary-fieldwork on Kukama-Kukamiria, Secoya, and Amazonian Spanish. Her publications include A Grammar of Kukama-Kukamiria (2016) and Diccionario kukama-kukamiria/castellano (2015). Bill VanPatten is former Professor at Michigan State University and currently an independent scholar. He is widely known for his work on both second language acquisition and second language instruction from linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives. Julio Villa-Garcıá is a permanent Lecturer in Spanish Linguistics and Syntax at the University of Manchester (UK). His Ph.D. from the University of Connecticut (2012) concentrated on Spanish syntax and language acquisition. He is the author of a number of peer-reviewed publications.

Acknowledgements

More than most other projects, edited volumes require a team effort. The authors who contributed to this volume have been highly respon- sive, engaging, and good willed, and have produced amazing work in a short period of time. I am grateful for their collaboration, their ques- tions, their suggestions and ultimately for the care and attention each paid to their individual contribution.Thereissomeriskinidentifying authors through their work, rather than through a prior personal con- nection but, in so doing, I believe the contents of this volume are a testament that the risk has paid off. The chapters are uniformly excel- lent and represent the leading edge of each sub-field included and, through the process of cross-referencing and planning, new collabora- tions have been established that will further enhance inquiry across fields. I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to each and every author who contributed to the Handbook. Every volume begins with a dialogue between a handful of people, but the ultimate quality of the final product depends heavily on the inputfrommanyothers.Iamgratefultotheanonymousreviewersof the original proposal, whose comments helped to delimit the scope of the volume even further. Additionally, I am indebted to the many colleagues who agreed to review individual chapters, providing helpful feedback for the authors along the way, often at a record pace. These reviewers are listed here in recognition of the important service they have provided:

Jessi Aaron Patrı´cia Amaral Mark Amengual Meghan Armstrong-Abrami Sonia Barnes Silvina Bongiovanni

xxii Acknowledgements

Melissa Bowles Marıá Jose´ Cabrera-Puche Jose´ Camacho Marıá Cristina Cuervo Lori Czerwionka Justin Davidson Gibran Delgado-Dıáz Manuel Delicado Cantero Antonio Fa´bregas Timothy Face Carolina Gonza´lez John Grinstead Tim Gupton Manuel Gutie´rrez Daniel Jung Matt Kanwit Tania Leal Bret Linford Luis Lo´ pez Kelley Lowther Pereira Cristo´ bal Lozano Jim Michnowicz Joan C. Mora Neil Myler Chiyo Nishida Erin O’Rourke Rafael Orozco Ana Pe´rez-Leroux Marıá Elena Placencia Jorge Porcel Margaret Quesada Katherine Rehner Marcos Rohena-Madrazo Francisco Salgado-Robles Elena Schoonmaker-Gates Sandro Sessarego Christine Shea Alexandra Spalek Gabriela Terrazas Duarte Ellen Thompson Natasha Tokowicz Rena Torres Cacoullos Catherine Travis Jorge Valde´s Kroff

Acknowledgements xxiii

Julio Villa-Garcı´a Mark Waltermire Caroline Wiltshire Karen Zagona Sara Zahler

I am grateful to Andrew Winnard, Executive Publisher at Cambridge University Press, for his guidance on this project from start to finish. From our first coffee meeting in Indiana to the present, he has been upbeat and has provided sound advice and valuable feedback. I am also thankful to Editorial Assistant Stephanie Taylor, Content Manager Adam Hooper, and Copy-editor Virginia Catmur, for their support and attention to detail. These individuals, and likely many others that I do not know, have been immensely helpful and have kept the volume moving forward. In developing the proposal and addressing helpful reviewer comments, I leaned heavily on colleagues across several fields for their insider knowledge. Most especially, I am thankful to Tania Leal for her assistance and her willingness to talk through some of the most vexing challenges with me. In order to manage the work of this particular project, I have relied on the help of several research assistants during this time period to help with other professional demands. Whether directly or indirectly involved in the Handbook, each has made this project possible. During the timeframe of this project Silvina Bongiovanni, Danielle Daidone, Megan DiBartolomeo, Juan Escalona Torres, Carly Henderson, Dylan Jarrett, Daniel Jung, Tess Kuntz, Sean McKinnon, Ian Michalski, and Sara Zahler have all been instrumental in keeping me afloat! In addition to the many research assistants named above, there is one individual who has been dedicated to this project from the very beginning and has seen it through to today. My research assistant, Travis Evans-Sago, has been involved in every step of the production of this volume and I am especially grateful to him. He has helped manage records, correspondence, the review process, multiple versions of papers, marketing materials, and each editorial task along the way. What is more, he has done this with good humor and genuine interest in the process and quality of the volume. Working with him has made the Handbook project infinitely more engaging and enjoyable. In writing this I reflected on the last chance I had the opportunity to individually and publicly acknowledge those who support my efforts to produce worthwhile scholarship and to balance those demands against other responsibilities, personal and professional. Although those demands have changed, I was struck by how fortunate I am to have a steady, con- tinuous network of support. In the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, several colleagues continue to provide leadership, research and professional support, and an atmosphere of collegiality that makes a demanding profession enjoyable. Likewise, I am fortunate to belong to

xxiv Acknowledgements

a program in Hispanic Linguistics that is energetic, hard-working and ﬂexible enough to move forward in changing times. I am most especially grateful for the support of family and friends outside the ofﬁce. Without each of them, the work–life balance would cease to exist. Kimberly L. Geeslin

Abbreviations

When necessary, linguistic concepts, such as variables and operators (e.g. “Move”) are written with upper-case initials to distinguish them from lexical items.

- prosody: for edge tones, association with utterance- internal phrase boundaries # infelicitous; semantically anomalous % acceptable to some speakers as completely grammatical, while rejected by others; prosody: for edge tones, association with final edges of utterances * preceding: unattested, ungrammatical; following: recur- sive; in prosody: for pitch accent, association with stressed syllable ° head in a tree projection 2L1 early simultaneous bilingual Ø empty/nothing ƩP sigma phrase θ role thematic role φ phonological phrase φ features semantic features of person, number, and gender A attributive adjective; argument; agent A¯ non-argument ACC accusative ADVM adverbial marker Agr; AGR agreement AgrP agreement phrase AgrSP agreement subject phrase AH at-home (environment) AL artificial language ALL artificial language learning

xxvi List of Abbreviations

AM adjective marker; autosegmental-metrical A-movement argument movement AMPER-ESP Atlas Multime´dia de la Prosodie de l’Espace Roman, Spanish section AP adjectival phrase; adjective projection ASALE Asociacio´ n de Academias de la Lengua Espanõla Asp° head of aspect AspP aspectual projection ATU attraction to the unmarked BI break index/indices BIA+ Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model BP Brazilian Portuguese BT boundary tone C consonant; complementizer c-command constituent command CDA constraint demotion algorithm CEM cumulative enhancement model C-I conceptual-intentional system CL clitic CLI cross-linguistic influence CLLD, CLLDed clitic left-dislocation, clitic-left dislocated CLRD clitic right-dislocation CMC computer-mediated communication COG center of gravity CP complementizer phrase; complementizer projection CS computational system D determiner; distance D/PM declarative/procedural model D° determiner head DAT dative Deg; DegP degree; degree phrase DIM diminutive D-linked discourse-linked DMAs direct modifier adjectives DO direct object DOM differential/direct object marking DP determiner phrase; determiner projection DPBE delay of Principle B effect DRAE Diccionario de la lengua espanõla (Real Academia Espanõla) D-structure deep structure ECM exceptional case marking EEG electroencephalography EPP extended projection principle ERP event-related potential ESL English second language

List of Abbreviations xxvii

ESR emphatic/contrastive stress rule EVP extended verb phrase EXP expression; experiencer F focus; functional head F0, F1, F2 fundamental frequency; first, second formant FF focus fronted contrast FIN finite verb FocP focus projection FP functional projection FPR focus prominence rule FRC frequency of use in a reducing context FTA face-threatening act FUT future GB/P&P Government and Binding/Principles and Parameters GLA gradual learning algorithm H high HL heritage language HPSG Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar HS heritage language speaker HTLD hanging-topic left-dislocation i index IMAs indirect modifier adjectives IMP imperative IMPF imperfect IMPFV imperfective INF infinitive INFL inflection; the functional head that deals with inflection IO indirect object ip intermediate phrase IP inflectional phrase; intonation(al) phrase IP/TP-EPP inflectional phrase/ tense phrase-extended projection principle IS information structure L low L1, L2, L3, L4 first, second, third, fourth language LAH lexical aspect hypothesis LCS lexical-conceptual structures LDG Lexical Decomposition Grammar

LDw/oRP left-dislocation without a resumptive pronoun LE linking element LF logical form LFG Lexical Functional Grammar LI lexical item LPM linguistic proximity model MASC masculine

xxviii List of Abbreviations

MF morphological future MLU mean length of utterance MSp. medieval Spanish N noun NEG negation NegP negation phrase NM noun marker NMS New Mexican Spanish

Nomexp largest structure containing (explicit or implicitly) a noun NP noun phrase; noun projection NPI negative polarity item NS native speaker NSP null subject parameter NSR nuclear stress rule NumP number phrase; number projection n-word negative word O; OBJ object OBL oblique OCP obligatory contour principle O-O output-to-output OP optimal paradigms OPC overt pronoun constraint OSp. Old Spanish OT optimality theory OVS object–verb–subject Q quantiﬁer P phrase; power; preposition p.c. personal communication PA pitch accent PAM perceptual assimilation model PF phonological/phonetic form; periphrastic future PFCV perfective PFI principle of full interpretation phi features (also φ features) semantic features of person, number, and gender PL plural PLUS percentage (of life) lived in US p-movement prosodically motivated movement POS poverty of the stimulus PP prepositional phrase; prepositional projection; periphrastic past; present perfect PREP preposition PRET preterit

List of Abbreviations xxix

PRESEEA Proyecto para el estudio sociolingu¨´ıstico del espanõl de Espanã y de Ame´rica pro non-overt subject of finite sentences

proarb arbitrary null pronominal

proexpl obligatorily null expletive PS phrase structure PVS preverbal subject PW prosodic word RAE Real Academia Espan˜ola RExp dative experiencer RHM revised hierarchical model RNSR romance nuclear stress rule RT reading time s strong S subject; sentence SA study-abroad (context) SBJV subjunctive SG singular SHL Spanish as a heritage language SI scalar implicatures SLM speech learning model SM sensori-motor system Sp_ToBI Spanish tones and break indices labeling system Spec speciﬁer position SPP subject personal pronoun SPRLT superlative SSP sonority sequencing principle S-structure surface structure SUBJ subject SVO subject–verb–object T tense TETU the emergence of the unmarked theta role (also θ role) thematic role THV thematic vowel TMA time, mood, and aspect ToBI tones and break indices TopP topic phrase; topic projection TP tense phrase; tense projection TPM typological primacy model u uninterpretable/unvalued UB usage-based UG Universal Grammar uK unvalued structural case feature UTAH Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis

xxx List of Abbreviations

v a light verb that introduces a verbal argument v, V verb; vowel V2 verb-second VOS verb–object–subject VOT voice onset time VP verb phrase; verb projection V-to-I/T verb-to-inﬂection/tense V-to-T verb-to-tense w weak W weight of imposition WCT written contextualized task WMP word marker projection X° minimal head XP variable value maximal projection