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The Chicanos: As We See Ourselves Item Type book; text Publisher University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ) Rights Copyright © 1979 by The Arizona Board of Regents. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY- NC-ND 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Download date 04/10/2021 03:12:25 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/632291 As We See Ourselves As~ See Ourselves Arnulfo D. Trejo, editor Fausto Avendano Sylvia Alicia Gonzales Roberto R. Bacalski-Marttnez Manuel H. Guerra David Ballesteros Guillermo Lux Jose Antonio Burciaga Martha A. Ramos Rudolph 0. de la Garza Reyes Ramos Ester Gallegos y Chavez Carlos G. Velez-I. Maurilio E. Vigil The University of Arizona Press Tucson & London About the Editor . ARNULFO D. TREJO, professor of library science at the University of Arizona, is author of Diccionario etimológico latinoamericano del léxico de la delincuencia and Bibliografía Chicana: A Guide to Information Sources. He has also edited Quién es Quién: a Who’s Who of Spanish Heritage Librarians in the United States. He received an M.A. in Spanish languge and literature from the Universidad de las Américas, Mexico; an M.A. in Library Science from Kent State University, and a Ph.D. from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico. He was born in Durango, Mexico, in 1922, and grew up in Tucson, Arizona. He has published articles in both English and Spanish in various professional journals. This Open Arizona edition is funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. The University of Arizona Press www.uapress.arizona.edu Copyright © 1979 by The Arizona Board of Regents Open-access edition published 2019 ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-4034-1 (open-access e-book) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. This book was set in 11/13 V-I-P Times Roman. Typographical errors may have been introduced in the digitization process. The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as follows: The Chicanos. Includes index. 1. Mexican Americans—Ethnic identity—Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Trejo, Arnulfo D. II. Avendaño, Fausto. E184.M5C47 301.45′ 16′872073 78-23693 ISBN 0-8165-0675-2 ISBN 0-8165-0625-6 pbk. To the Trailblazers Who Have Greatly Contributed to the Literature of La Raza Carlos Eduardo Castaneda 1896-1958 Aurelio M. Espinosa, Sr. 1880-1958 George I . Sanchez 1906-1972 & Arthur Leon Campa Aurelio M. Espinosa, Jr. Ernesto Galarza Americo Paredes Juan B. Rael Renato Rosaldo Julian Samora Contents About the Contributors ix Acknowledgments xiii A Word From the Editor xv Return to Aztlan: The Chicano Rediscovers His Indian Past Guillermo Lux and Maurilio E. Vigil Aspects of Mexican American Cultural Heritage 19 Roberto R. Baca/ski-Martinez Ourselves Through the Eyes of an Anthropologist 37 Carlos G. Velez-I. The Mexican American: Am I Who They Say I Am? 49 Reyes and Martha A. Ramos The Northern New Mexican Woman: A Changing Silhouette 67 Ester Gallegos y Chavez The Chicana Perspective: A Design for Self-Awareness 81 Sylvia Alicia Gonzales The Politics of Mexican Americans IO l Rudolph O. de la Garza Bilingualism and Biculturalism: Assets for Chicanos 121 Manuel H. Guerra The Spanish Language in the Southwest: Past, Present, and Future 133 Fausto Avendano Bilingual-Bicultural Education: A Must for Chicanos 151 David Ballesteros Of Books and Libraries 167 Arnulfo D. Trejo As We See Ourselves in Chicano Literature 187 Arnulfo D. Trejo Index 213 About the Contributors Fausto Avendano, a member of the Spanish and Portuguese faculty at California State University, Sacramento, was born in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, and spent his childhood in Los Angeles and San Diego, California. He holds a B.A. in Spanish from California State University, San Diego, and an M.A. in Spanish and a Ph.D. in Spanish and Portuguese from the University of Arizona. Avendano is the au­ thor of El corrido de California and has translated several literary works from English into Spanish. Roberto R. Bacalski-Martfnez, associate professor of Spanish at the University of San Diego since 1978, was born in Bernalillo, New Mexico. He received his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. in Spanish from the University of New Mexico. He was the recipient of numerous scholarships including a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship at Stanford University. David Ballesteros became vice chancellor for academic affairs for the University of Colorado in 1977. He was born in Los Angeles, received his B.A. in Spanish from the University of Redlands, his M.A. in Spanish from Middlebury College, and a Ph.D. in Latin American Studies from the University of California. He has been the recipient of a Spanish government grant and a fellowship from the U.S. Office of Education and has lectured at numerous universities and published scholarly articles on bilingual-multicultural education. Jose Antonio Burciaga, an independent Chicano artist, who did the drawings for this book, was born in El Paso, Texas. He received a B.A. in art from the University of Texas, El Paso, and as well as being an artist, he is a poet and writer for "Hispanic Link," a syndicated column. [ ix J x About the Contributors Rudolph 0. de la Garza, a member of the political science faculty and the dean's staff at Colorado College, Colorado Springs, was born in Tucson, Arizona. He holds an M.A. in Latin American Studies and a Ph.D. in government from the University of Arizona. He served with the U.S. Information Agency in Bolivia for two years and has taught at the University of Texas, El Paso. An associate editor of the Western Political Science Quarterly, he also co-edited Chicanos and Native Americans: The Territorial Minorities and The Chicano Political Experience: Three Perspectives. Ester Gallegos y Chavez, a public school teacher in Santa Fe, New Mexico, was born in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico. She received a B.A. and an M.A. in Spanish from the University of New Mexico and an M.S.W. in psychiatric social work from the Catholic Uni­ versity of America. She has taught at New Mexico Highlands Univer­ sity, the College of Santa Fe, and Arizona State University. Sylvia Alicia Gonzales, a professor on the faculties of Mexican Amer­ ican graduate studies and the School of Education at San Jose State University, California, was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Having received her B.A. in Latin American literature from the University of Arizona and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in educational administration at the University of Massachusetts, she has published poetry and articles in several newspapers and journals and in 1974 a book entitled La chican.a piensa. Manuel H. Guerra has been a professor of Spanish language and litera­ ture and of bilingual education at several institutions, including the University of Southern California, Stanford University, and Arizona State University. He has acted as a consultant to several public school systems and to the United States Civil Rights Commission. He re­ ceived his B. A. in Latin American Studies from the University of Wisconsin and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Romance Languages and Litera­ ture from the University of Michigan. In 1968 he received a Bronze Medal from Lyndon B. Johnson for his contribution to the Bilingual Education Act. Guillermo Lux, professor of southwestern history at New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, was born into a family of migrant workers. He received a B.A. (with honors) in political science and history at the University of New Mexico, an M.A. in history and About the Contributors xi Spanish at the University of Southern California, an M.A. in Hispanic American Studies at Stanford University, and a Ph.D. in Latin Ameri­ can studies at the University of Southern California. He has published extensively on the Southwest and Latin America, with emphasis on Mexico. Martha A. Ramos holds a B.A. in elementary education and psy­ chology from the University of Iowa and an M.A. in education with a specialization in reading from San Diego State University. She was born in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, and spent her childhood in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Reyes Ramos, a member of the faculty of the Institute of Urban Affairs, the University of Texas, Arlington, was born in Houston, Texas. He holds a B.A. in music education from Sam Houston State Teachers' College, Huntsville, Texas, and a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Colorado. He was formerly assistant professor of sociology at the University of California, San Diego. He has written articles for scholarly journals including Science and Social Science Quarterly. Carlos G. Velez-I., an associate professor of the faculty of the De­ partment of Anthropology at U.C.L.A., was born in Nogales, Arizona. He holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of California, San Diego. He formerly was head of the Chicano Studies program at San Diego State University. He has done research in urban anthropology and aging in both Mexico and the Southwest. He is also the author of Bonds of Mutual Trust: The Cultural Systems of Rotating Credit Associations Among Urban Mexicans and Chicanos. Maurilio E. Vigil, a political science professor at New Mexico High­ lands University, was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico.

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