One-Way-Trip.Pdf

Collana “Storia e globalizzazione” [1] diretta da Valerio De Cesaris One Way Trip. Essays on Mediterranean Migration Edited by Valerio De Cesaris Collana “Storia e globalizzazione” diretta da Valerio De Cesaris Comitato Scientifico Franklin Hugh Adler - Macalester College Thomas Brechenmacher - Universität Potsdam Andreas Gottsman - Istituto italo-austriaco di Roma Simona Merlo - Università di Roma Tre Graziano Palamara - Universidad Externado de Colombia Gabriele Rigano - Università per Stranieri di Perugia Alberto Stramaccioni - Università per Stranieri di Perugia Marina Tesoro - Università degli Studi di Pavia Jesús Becerra Villegas - Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Publishing Manager Antonello Lamanna Editing Antonello Lamanna Virginia Minnucci Published by Perugia Stranieri University Press University for Foreigners of Perugia Piazza Fortebraccio 4, 06123 Perugia www.unistrapg.it ISBN: 978-88-99811-02-0 [ebook/pdf online] ISBN: 978-88-99811-00-6 [print] Copyright © 2016 by Perugia Stranieri University Press All rights reserved. One Way Trip Essays on Mediterranean Migration Edited by Valerio De Cesaris INDEX Introduction Valerio De Cesaris pag. 3 “International migrations in Europe. From the fall of the Berlin Wall to the Mediterranean crisis: an historical overview” Virginia Minnucci » 7 “Wall Policy: the case of Ceuta and Melilla” Angela Sagnella » 25 “Tunisia-EU: common market and migrations” Gianluca Gerli » 45 “From the Arab Spring to the Islamic State: revolution in times of disillusion” Giorgio Musso » 57 “Lampedusa Europe’s Gateway” Francesco Strano » 73 “Models of citizenship, legal rights and participatory processes” Danilo Turco » 91 “Female genital mutilation/cutting in the context of migration: stories from the lives of Nigerian exiles” Annagrazia Faraca » 143 “The representation of the immigrants’ image on the Italian Media: between Reem Elbreki » 173 reality and falsifications” Biographical notes » 191 Introduction The Mediterranean space, as Fernand Braudel said, are many civilizations piled on each other, thousands of different things in a restricted area, crossroads of complex stories. Civilizations that met and often fought. The Mediterranean is also the cradle of the monotheistic religions, which have in common Abraham, father of all believers. Jews, Christians and Muslims coexisted for many centuries in this space, even if For centuries the model of cohabitation in the Ottoman Empire, with the millet relations between them were often conflicting. was the life of the European minorities, mainly the Jews, with the forced limitations andsystem, established assured theghettos survival since of minoritiesthe 16th century. on the south Nevertheless, side of the these sea. Morecommunities difficult could live together until the twentieth century. Today, we have a different view on the Southern Mediterranean, where cohabitation is jeopardized. This area was and Libya, in the past Lebanon, Algeria, till the Second World War, when the European still is a theater of conflicts: Israeli and Palestinians, the terrible war in Syria, but also to apart Greeks from Turks. Even if we don’t consider like walls the barriers erected aroundpeople wereEurope fighting. for stopping Is also the placemigrants. where stands the last wall of Europe, in Cyprus, This book starts from the migrants, their stories, their attempts to reach Europe. In the last years mare nostrum seems to have become a mare monstrum. Thousands of desperate people have drowned trying to reach Europe, running away from war and misery. According to the International Organization for Migration, there have sad record of 2015, with 3,771 people dead. The Mediterranean has turned into a cemeterybeen 3,171 that dead has in swallowed the first eight up countless months bodiesof 2016. with Perhaps no name. 2016 will overcome the Historically, the Mediterranean has long been a place of journey and encounter. People from many different shores moved and often their journeys were one-way trip, at times with migrations occurring from North to South. The French colonized Algeria, thousands of Italians migrated to Tunisia and then Libya. It seems far in time but is not. Yet today many Europeans, sons of emigrants, are suspicious about immigrants. We forget history and the fact that during the last two centuries, nearly 60 million European were migrants. 3 There are shuts with or without barbed wire. Police are stationed at States borders, the same borders that the project of European integration had banned. A world with no borders, so acclaimed in the 90s, now seams utopist in a time of remaking of the national borders. Police at the frontiers of many European countries stop migrants, creating a negative association between migration and security issues. This leads to Europeans being fearful of migrants and seeing those who are in real danger – refugees, migrants – like threats. On the other hand, many Europeans are involved in alleviating suffering of migrants and refugees. Many were shocked at seeing the picture of Alan Kurdi, the small Syrian child drowned in the sea, on September 2015, whose body was found on the Turkish beach of Bodrum. That picture became the symbol of the Syrian people’s martyrdom. The movement “refugees welcome”, born on social media, promoted solidarity events in several cities. However, governments and institutions did little or nothing to promote the legal arrival of refugees in Europe. The experience of the humanitarian corridors, launched in Italy by the Community of Sant’Egidio in cooperation with the Waldensians and the Federation of the Evangelical Churches in Italy, and implemented through an agreement with the Italian Government, shows that is possible to create safe and legal routes to permit to refugees to reach Europe safely. Although until now the humanitarian corridors have served primarily Syrians and some Iraqi families, the idea is to promote a legal way of reaching Italy even to those who come from Eritrea and other African countries. This model should be adopted by other European States, so to avoid the dangerous crossing of the Mediterranean Sea that many desperate people are forced to make. Safe routes for refugees are possible, but it needs political decision. This is a history book that analyzes migration through a historic prospective. The words of the great French historian Marc Bloch should always be remembered: “The misunderstanding of the present grows fatally from the ignorance of the past”. After a historical overview of migration within Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall (Minnucci), this collection of essays addresses Mediterranean issues: the case of Ceuta and Melilla (Sagnella), the relationship between Tunisia and the European Union (Gerli), the changes in North Africa from the Arab Spring to the Islamic State (Musso), the Lampedusa case (Strano), some European Models of citizenship (Turco), a focus on female genital mutilation/cutting in the context of migration (Faraca) and another one on the representation of immigrants in Italian Media (Elbreki). This collection of essays by young researchers analyzes, through various innovative approaches, the role of the Mediterranean and migration experiences. Utilizing a analyze complex issues. I believe this book offers a way to understand the intricate Mediterraneanhistorical approach, history the of ourauthors days. demonstrate The different aessays scientific reveal and to uscultural the Mediterranean maturity to through the 20th and 21st centuries, and present important lessons in coexistence through challenging times and contexts. 4 Essays that are like open windows to a space – the Mediterranean Area – and a time – the decades between the 20th and the 21st for living together between different people, century for economic – in which and socialeverything development is difficult in stuckand seems countries, like if forHistory dialogue get knotted between and religions. still trying to dissolve the skein, to find a way Some open windows on this space and time can’t permit to understand everything but certainly they help us to see those who cross the Mediterranean, perhaps on a one-way trip, with more awareness and empathy. Valerio De Cesaris 5 International migrations in Europe. From the fall of the Berlin Wall to the Mediterranean crisis: an historical overview Virginia Minnucci Abstract Today much attention is devoted to the European migrant crisis. Migration, however, is not of the last twenty years, the article discusses the different steps leading to a common Euro- anpean entirely policy newon migration. phenomenon. The article Starting underlines from a brief the needhistorical to overcome overview the of questionable migration flows approach of some European countries and the emergency measures that the European Union as a whole has so far taken in order to face the issue. 1. Introduction Migration is not a new phenomenon and recently it no longer even occurs occasion- ally. It is more a reality which is characterising Europe and representing a challenge for European countries. For this reason, it would not be correct to use a term like “crisis” which means something temporary. However, it was decided to use it because - man tragedies taking place in the Mediterranean. Although not with the same fre- quencythat is how that the we mediaare experiencing and the institutions today, migration refer to beganthe difficult to involve situation European and the coun hu- th century, Europe was still 1. Bytries contrast, since the with Second the Second

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