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Istorinių Patirčių Taikymas Naujose Priemiesčių Urbanistinėse Struktūrose Magistro Diplominis Darbas

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Istorinių Patirčių Taikymas Naujose Priemiesčių Urbanistinėse Struktūrose Magistro Diplominis Darbas Kauno fakulteto architektūros katedra Istorinių patirčių taikymas naujose priemiesčių urbanistinėse struktūrose Magistro diplominis darbas Magistrantė: Jautra Bernotaitė .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Teorinės dalies vadovas: dr. Vaidas Petrulis .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Tvirtinu, katedros vedėjas: doc. Edmundas Jackus .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Kaunas, 2014 TURINYS SANTRAUKA ............................................................................................................................ 3 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 4 ĮVADAS ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1. ŠIUOLAIKINIO MIESTO TEORIJŲ APŽVALGA ............................................................ 10 1.1. Miesto – sodo koncepcija................................................................................................ 12 1.2. Naujojo urbanizmo idėjos ir principai ............................................................................ 14 1.3. Šiuolaikinių Europos priemiesčių projektavimo sprendiniai .......................................... 19 2. LIETUVOS PRIEMIESČIŲ RAIDOS YPATUMAI ........................................................... 29 2.1. Istorinių priemiesčių susiformavimas ir raida iki 1918 m. ............................................. 29 2.2. Tarpukario priemiesčių raida (1918-1940 m.) ................................................................ 33 2.3. Priemiesčių raida sovietmečiu (1940-1990 m.) .............................................................. 37 3. LIETUVOS PRIEMIESČIŲ ŠIANDIENINĖ SITUACIJA .................................................. 41 3.1. Priemiesčių raidos tendencijos nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje ............................................ 41 3.2. Šiuolaikinių priemiesčių projektavimo sprendiniai ........................................................ 46 3.3. Kauno priemiesčių būklė ir tolimesnės plėtojimo perspektyvos .................................... 53 4. IŠVADOS .............................................................................................................................. 61 5. LITERATŪROS SĄRAŠAS ................................................................................................. 63 6. ILIUSTRACIJŲ SĄRAŠAS ................................................................................................. 67 7. PRIEDAI ............................................................................................................................... 68 2 SANTRAUKA Šiandien viena iš pagrindinių svarstomų problemų miestų plėtros planuose – suburbanizacijos procesas, vakarų pasaulyje vykstantis gana intensyviai. Lietuva taip pat nėra išimtis, ypač toks urbanistinis sprogimas stebimas paskutiniaisiais dešimtmečiais. Lietuvoje naujų gyvenamųjų kvartalų atsiradimas visiškai neatitinka Lietuvos demografinės situacijos. Vyraujanti mažaaukštė statyba užima didžiulius plotus, mažas gyventojų tankumas, bloga infrastruktūra, priemiesčių zonavimas daugiausia yra orientuotas į privačių automobilių transportą, kuris negailestingai paneigia sveiko, saugaus bei pigaus gyvenimo už miesto idealus. Šiame darbe nagrinėjama naujai projektuojamų priemiesčių chaotiška plėtra miesto periferinėse dalyse bei būdai šioms susidariusioms problemoms spręsti, kurių vienas būtų Naujojo urbanizmo idėjų pritaikymas. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamos miesto sampratos teorijos. Apžvelgiami miesto – sodo sprendiniai, iškelti XIX a. pabaigoje, davę atspirtį Naujojo urbanizmo judėjimui, kurio pagrindinis siekis – suderinti tradiciniam miestui būdingus aspektus su šiandienos aktualijomis ir poreikiais. Gilinamasi į Naujojo urbanizmo keliamus pagrindinius principus ir jų pritaikomumą, projektuojant naujus priemiesčius. Antrojoje darbo dalyje analizuojami Lietuvos pirmieji istoriniai priemiesčiai, kurie dažnai buvo tinkamai įjungiami į miesto plano struktūrą, tarpukario priemiesčių raida bei sovietmečiu susiklosčiusi ekstensyvaus užstatymo situacija, didesnį dėmesį skiriant Kauno miesto plėtrai. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje apžvelgiama Lietuvos priemiesčių situacija šiandien, nagrinėjami naujai suformuotų priemiesčių pavyzdžiai, tiriama šiandien susiklosčiusi Kauno miesto urbanistinė situacija bei tolimesnės miesto vystymo perspektyvos. Darbo pabaigoje, atsižvelgiant į tiriamojo darbo metu atliktos apžvalgos rezultatus, suformuluojamos išvados, pateikiamas teorinis Kauno miesto ir jo priemiesčių vystymo scenarijus. 3 SUMMARY Suburbanization process taking place in the western world quite extensively is one of the main issues being discussed in regards to urban development plans. Lithuania is not an exception, and the urban explosion is being notably observed in recent decades. The emergence of new residential neighbourhood in Lithuania does not correspond Lithuania‘s demographic situation entirely. The dominant low-rise building occupies large areas; low population density, poor infrastructure and suburban zoning mainly focused on the private car transport ruthlessly deny the ideals of healthy, safe, and cheap living outside the city. This paper examines the newly designed chaotic suburban development in the peripheral parts of the city as well as patterns to resolve the emerged issues, one of which is applying of New Urbanism ideas. The first part of the study examines the theories of urban concept. It also overviews city - garden solutions raised at the end of the nineteenth century which gave the starting point for the New Urbanism movement, with the main objective to harmonize the traditional city – specific aspects and today's current issues and needs. It is being delved into the essential principles of New Urbanism and their application in the design of new suburbs. The second part of the paper analyses the first Lithuanian historical suburbs, which often have been properly connected to a city plan structure, the development of the inter-war suburbs and extensive built in Soviet times arisen situation by focusing on the development of the city of Kaunas. The third part gives an overview of the situation in Lithuania suburbs today, examines the samples of newly formed suburbs, investigates present urban situation in the Kaunas city and further urban development perspectives. Based on the results of review carried out during the research work, theoretical Kaunas city and its suburban development scenario are presented in the end of the paper. 4 ĮVADAS Miestas yra mūsų civilizacijos branduolys. Civilizacija atsiranda kartu su miestu ir mieste, o tai savo ruožtu suteikia griaučius socialinio gyvenimo vystymuisi. Miestas yra vieta, fiziškai pritaikyta kolektyviniam gyvenimui, ir kartu simbolis tų kolektyvinių tikslų ir bendrumų – teigia L. Mumford1. Gerai suplanuotas miestas, jo elementai, tokie, kaip gatvės, skverai, parkai sutelkia žmones bendravimui, tačiau šiandien vis dažniau kalbama apie prarastą komunikacinį ryšį tarp žmonių bei įvairių socialinių grupių. Viena iš priežasčių – tai naujos telekomunikacijos priemonės, medijos, kurios anksčiau buvusius atstumus pavertė niekiniais, o žmonių natūralus bendravimas vis dažniau įgauna virtualų pavidalą. Žmonės vis daugiau laiko praleidžia užsidarę namuose prie televizorių ar kompiuterių ekranų, kimšdami į galvas lengvai virškinamą žiniasklaidos teikiamą informaciją, ar „statydami fermas“ virtualioje erdvėje. Kas verčia žmogų rinktis sintetinį, uždarą gyvenimo modelį vietoj gyvo bendravimo? Ar tai saugumo pojūčio nebuvimas? Jau Antikos laikais Aristotelio ištarta frazė: “Miestas turi užtikrinti savo gyventojams saugumą ir laimę” atspindi gražaus ir draugiško miesto koncepcijos siekį, tuo tarpu šiandien aplink miestą besikuriančios individualios tvirtovės rodo ką kitą. Miestai ir miesteliai yra vis daugiau ir daugiau segreguojami. Naujų gyvenamųjų kvartalų statyba didina žmonių atskirties problemos reikšmingumą. „Architektūriniai/urbanistiniai išradimai, kuriuos išskiria, mini ir įvardija S. Flusty, techniniu požiūriu yra iki modernių miesto sienų griovių, bokštelių ir ambrazūrų atitikmenys, tačiau užuot gynę miestą ir jo gyventojus nuo išorinio priešo, jie statomi tam, kad miesto gyventojus atskirtų ir gintų vienus nuo kitų“2. Miestą užvaldo naujos urbanistinės struktūros, neretai pasireiškiančios chaotišku planavimu. Naujai projektuojami priemiesčiai neturi geros infrastruktūros ir yra priklausomi nuo individualaus transporto. Jie projektuojami ne bendruomenei, bet dažnai atskiram individui. „Gyvenamųjų kvartalų homogenizacija ir prekybos bei komunikacijos tarp jų sumažinimas iki neišvengiamo minimumo yra klaidingas receptas, kuris siekį atskirti daro dar intensyvesnį ir gilesnį“3. Funkcinis zonavimas, propaguotas ankstyvojo modernizmo laikais, nesuteikia užtikrintos gyvenimo kokybės. Naujai kuriama terpė žmogui neturi būti suplanuota vadovaujantis tiktai racionalizmo, funkcionalumo aspektais. Šiuolaikinė urbanistinių teorijų platforma teigia, kad kuriamos žmogaus terpės priemonių paletėje turi likti pakankamai laisvės bei vietos tokioms iracionalioms kategorijoms, kaip netikėtumas, spontaniškumas, intuicija, netgi netobulumas. Supanti aplinka, natūrali ar urbanizuota, visada darė
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