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The Role of Democratic Governance Versus Sectarian Politics in Somalia

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The Role of Democratic Governance Versus Sectarian Politics in Somalia Ulf Johansson Ulf The 9th annual SIRC/LuHAF conference on the Horn of Africa focused on Somalia and mainly on issues of reconstruction of democracy in a context of sectarian politics. The Ulf Johansson Dahre (ed.) conference was held in Lund, Sweden, June 4-6, 2010. The conference was attended by more than 40 speakers and more than a hundred observers each day. The content of this report reflects some of the views presented at the conference. The general purpose of the SIRC/LuHAF conference was to enhance the capacity (ed.) Dahre of stakeholders in Somalia with new ideas and tools to enable them to act effectively in the processes of peace-building, development of democracy and good governance, rule The Role of Democratic of law, economic and social development and to build capacity among stakeholders to anticipate and respond to potentially violent conflicts. The goal is to initiate long-term change and reconstruction that correlate to the needs of the Somali society at large. The Governance versus Sectarian following objectives of the conference were defined: • Identify and develop policy options to initiate and strengthen democratic governance, Governance Democratic of Role The Politics in Somalia peace and security in Somalia, avoiding sectarian politics; Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference • Encourage and facilitate dialogue between stakeholders in order to stimulate commu- nity-driven solutions to the problems of sectarian politics; and on the Horn of Africa Lund, Sweden, June 4-6, 2010 • Enable networking among stakeholders in the civil society and political leaders on developing democratic governance in Somalia. versus Somalia International Rehablitation Centre Somalia in Politics Sectarian Box 974 SE 220 09 Lund, Sweden Tfn: +46 46 211 45 02 Fax: +46 46 211 45 02 Mobile: +46 73 98 975 33 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.sirclund.se SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE (SIRC) REHABILITATION CENTRE (SIRC) AND AND LUND HORN OF AFRICA FORUM (LUHAF) LUND HORN OF AFRICA FORUM (LUHAF) DEPartment of E conomic H istorY, L und U ni Versit Y DEPartment of E conomic H istorY, L und U ni Versit Y ISBN 91-7267-327-3 Ulf Johansson Dahre (ed.) The Role of Democratic Governance versus Sectarian Politics in Somalia Proceedings of the 9th Conference on the Horn of Africa Lund, Sweden, June 4-6, 2010 SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE (SIRC) AND LUND HORN OF AFRICA FORUM (LUHAF) DEPartment of Economic HistorY, Lund UniVersitY Copyright © the Authors 2011 Graphic Design Ilgot Liljedahl Typesetting Ilgot Liljedahl Produktion Media-Tryck Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 2011 ISBN 91-7267-327-3 Publisher and Distribution Media-Tryck Lund University Box 117 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Fax 046-222 38 83 • E-post [email protected] • www.lu.se/media-tryck Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 7 Ulf Johansson Dahre part i Rebuilding Somalia: Political Statements 13 Restoration of Democratic Governance in Somalia 15 Jama Ali Jama Statement on Somalia 35 Ali Abdi Farah IGAD’s Perspectives of Rebuilding Somalia 39 Mahboub Maalim International Community Perspective on Somalia 43 Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah Remarks for the Horn of Africa Conference 47 Fred Ngoga Gateretse Somalia: The Role of Democratic Governance versus Sectarian Politics 49 Jeremy Lester Culture as a Victim of the Somali Crisis and a Key to Resolving it 55 Maxamed Daahir Afrax part ii Somalian Dilemmas: Research Reports 63 Somalia and the International Community: Facing Reality 65 David H. Shinn Political Economy of State Failure: The Case of Somalia 73 Abdirashid A. Ismail Internal Crisis and External Actors in Somalia 85 Mohamed Abdi Adam Faith, Politics, and Governance in Somalia: The Straight Path 105 Abdi Ismail Samatar Nationalism, Decolonization and “New Humanism” Somalia – a nation in waiting, a state in the making 121 Faowsia Warsame Promoting Rule of Law in an Era of ‘Re-Islamization” in Somalia 141 Abdul Wahid Sh. Qalinle Somalia’s Governance Glitch: Islam versus Democracy 157 Abdullahi Jama Hussein The Militarization of Somalia and the Geopolitics of War on Sea Piracy 175 Amina Mire The Role of Democratic Governance versus Sectarian Politics in Somalia 185 Ali Hashi Dorre The Anatomy of al-Shabaab 191 Abdirahman “Aynte” Ali Beyond Federalism: Which Concept of Decentralization Reflects Best the Needs of Somalia? 213 Markus Böckenförde Human Security, Informal Rules and Empowerment Towards Developing/Enabling Institutions 227 Souraya H. Houssein The Role of Environmental Resource Scarcity in the Somali Crisis 239 Abdullahi Elmi Mohamed Let’s Think the Impossible! Alternative Scenarios Against Human Insecurity in Somalia 245 Valeria Saggiomo The Issue of Youth Engaged in Fighting Forces in Somalia – A review of their present and future 255 Lilla Schumicky Recommendations of the Conference 267 Contributors 275 SIRC and Lund Horn of Africa Forum Research Reports 277 Acknowledgements The great peace researcher, Prof. Håkan Wiberg who attended and contributed a lot to a number of Horn of Africa conferences, sadly and suddenly passed away in July 2010. Prof. Hakan Wiberg was among the twelve scholars from four countries (Italy, United Kingdom, Greece and Denmark) who founded the ‘Europe and Balkans’ International Network’ in 1992. He was one of the founding fathers of peace research in Europe, but also an activist who took part in the activities of various social move- ments of his time. His CV provides a long list of books, chapters and articles which he authored and these will certainly leave a deep mark on future generations of peace researchers. We want to express our warmest condolences to all members of Prof. Håkan Wiberg’s family wherever they live. He inspired us with his enthusiasm and experi- ence of the Horn of Africa and tried his best to promote peace in the region. The Somalia International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) profoundly thanks the sponsors of the conference: City of Lund, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Forum Syd/Sida, Lund University, the United Nations Association in Lund, ABF, Folkuniversitetet. We thank too all those (scholars, civics, practitioners, institutions, government rep- resentatives, politicians), who presented valuable papers and statements; those who moderated the conference workshops, and made opening statement namely Prof. Benny Carlsson, Dr. Ulf Johansson Dahre, Ambassador David Shinn; Prof. Arne Ardeberg, and the co-organizers of the conference (the Sudanese, Eritrean, Ethiopian and Djibouti associations in Lund). We would like to thank the Mayor of the internationally known cultural City of Lund, Honourable Ms Annika Annerby, for providing a warm reception for all the conference guests for the last four annual Horn of Africa conferences. Special thanks to the chairing committee of the conference: Ambassador Count Pietersen, Prof. Souraya Hassan, and Engineer Ishael Siroiney as well as those who reported conference workshops. We would like to thank Ms Gillian Nilsson for proof-reading the papers from the proceedings of the conference and Dr. Ulf Johansson Dahre for editing the proceed- ings of the conference. We also thank the Department of the Economic History of Lund University for contributing to the printing of the proceedings of the confer- ence. Finally, we thank everybody who participated in the conference. Abdillahi Jama Lund Horn of Africa Conferences Coordinator Introduction Ulf Johansson Dahre The 9th annual SIRC/LuHAF conference on the Horn of Africa focused on Somalia and mainly on issues of reconstruction of democracy in a context of sectarian poli- tics. The conference was held in Lund, Sweden, June 4-6, 2010. The conference was attended by more than 40 speakers and more than a hundred observers each day. The content of this report reflects some of the views presented at the conference. The general purpose of the SIRC/LuHAF conference was to enhance the capacity of stakeholders in Somalia with new ideas and tools to enable them to act effectively in the processes of peace-building, development of democracy and good governance, rule of law, economic and social development and to build capacity among stake- holders to anticipate and respond to potentially violent conflicts. The goal is to initi- ate long-term change and reconstruction that correlate to the needs of the Somali society at large. The following objectives of the conference were defined: • Identify and develop policy options to initiate and strengthen democratic govern- ance, peace and security in Somalia, avoiding sectarian politics; • Encourage and facilitate dialogue between stakeholders in order to stimulate com- munity-driven solutions to the problems of sectarian politics; and • Enable networking among stakeholders in the civil society and political leaders on developing democratic governance in Somalia. For a better understanding of the many attempted and failed peace talks in Somalia during the last two decades it may be useful to recapture some of specific aspects of the Somali social context which lay at the bottom of the attempts to reconstruct the state. The Somali people have often been referred to as one people, in terms of shared language, culture, religion and culture. Therefore Somalia has supposedly been seen as more homogenous than most other countries in Africa. It was therefore that David Laitin and Said S. Samatar in 1987 could entitle their book “Somalia: Nation in Search of a State”. In the light of what has happened since then it is of course tempting to argue that their perspective on the social and cultural context of Somalia was misapprehended. It may, however, suffice to say that Somalia may not be a nation trying to evolve into a nation-state, but as Martin Doornbos (2002: 99) argued a few years ago, when reminding us that Somalia more looked like a kind of political arena, a contested state in the making, without being one nation, but with many peoples. Alternative solutions to the nation-state model have been proposed at length.
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