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Origins of NZ English
Origins of NZ English There are three basic theories about the origins of New Zealand English, each with minor variants. Although they are usually presented as alternative theories, they are not necessarily incompatible. The theories are: • New Zealand English is a version of 19th century Cockney (lower-class London) speech; • New Zealand English is a version of Australian English; • New Zealand English developed independently from all other varieties from the mixture of accents and dialects that the Anglophone settlers in New Zealand brought with them. New Zealand as Cockney The idea that New Zealand English is Cockney English derives from the perceptions of English people. People not themselves from London hear some of the same pronunciations in New Zealand that they hear from lower-class Londoners. In particular, some of the vowel sounds are similar. So the vowel sound in a word like pat in both lower-class London English and in New Zealand English makes that word sound like pet to other English people. There is a joke in England that sex is what Londoners get their coal in. That is, the London pronunciation of sacks sounds like sex to other English people. The same joke would work with New Zealanders (and also with South Africans and with Australians, until very recently). Similarly, English people from outside London perceive both the London and the New Zealand versions of the word tie to be like their toy. But while there are undoubted similarities between lower-class London English and New Zealand (and South African and Australian) varieties of English, they are by no means identical. -
Standard Southern British English As Referee Design in Irish Radio Advertising
Joan O’Sullivan Standard Southern British English as referee design in Irish radio advertising Abstract: The exploitation of external as opposed to local language varieties in advertising can be associated with a history of colonization, the external variety being viewed as superior to the local (Bell 1991: 145). Although “Standard English” in terms of accent was never an exonormative model for speakers in Ireland (Hickey 2012), nevertheless Ireland’s history of colonization by Britain, together with the geographical proximity and close socio-political and sociocultural connections of the two countries makes the Irish context an interesting one in which to examine this phenomenon. This study looks at how and to what extent standard British Received Pronunciation (RP), now termed Standard Southern British English (SSBE) (see Hughes et al. 2012) as opposed to Irish English varieties is exploited in radio advertising in Ireland. The study is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of ads broadcast on an Irish radio station in the years 1977, 1987, 1997 and 2007. The use of SSBE in the ads is examined in terms of referee design (Bell 1984) which has been found to be a useful concept in explaining variety choice in the advertising context and in “taking the ideological temperature” of society (Vestergaard and Schroder 1985: 121). The analysis is based on Sussex’s (1989) advertisement components of Action and Comment, which relate to the genre of the discourse. Keywords: advertising, language variety, referee design, language ideology. 1 Introduction The use of language variety in the domain of advertising has received considerable attention during the past two decades (for example, Bell 1991; Lee 1992; Koslow et al. -
Immigration During the Crown Colony Period, 1840-1852
1 2: Immigration during the Crown Colony period, 1840-1852 Context In 1840 New Zealand became, formally, a part of the British Empire. The small and irregular inflow of British immigrants from the Australian Colonies – the ‘Old New Zealanders’ of the mission stations, whaling stations, timber depots, trader settlements, and small pastoral and agricultural outposts, mostly scattered along the coasts - abruptly gave way to the first of a number of waves of immigrants which flowed in from 1840.1 At least three streams arrived during the period 1840-1852, although ‘Old New Zealanders’ continued to arrive in small numbers during the 1840s. The first consisted of the government officials, merchants, pastoralists, and other independent arrivals, the second of the ‘colonists’ (or land purchasers) and the ‘emigrants’ (or assisted arrivals) of the New Zealand Company and its affiliates, and the third of the imperial soldiers (and some sailors) who began arriving in 1845. New Zealand’s European population grew rapidly, marked by the establishment of urban communities, the colonial capital of Auckland (1840), and the Company settlements of Wellington (1840), Petre (Wanganui, 1840), New Plymouth (1841), Nelson (1842), Otago (1848), and Canterbury (1850). Into Auckland flowed most of the independent and military streams, and into the company settlements those arriving directly from the United Kingdom. Thus A.S.Thomson observed that ‘The northern [Auckland] settlers were chiefly derived from Australia; those in the south from Great Britain. The former,’ he added, ‘were distinguished for colonial wisdom; the latter for education and good home connections …’2 Annexation occurred at a time when emigration from the United Kingdom was rising. -
English in Australia and New Zealand
English in Australia and New Zealand James Dixon, Narrative of a Voyage to New South Wales and Van Dieman’s Land in the Ship Skelton During the Year 1820 (1822) The children born in these colonies, and now grown up, speak a better language, purer, more harmonious, than is generally the case in most parts of England. The amalgamation of such various dialects assembled together, seems to improve the mode of articulating the words. Valerie Desmond, The Awful Australian (1911) But it is not so much the vagaries of pronunciation that hurt the ear of the visitor. It is the extraordinary intonation that the Australian imparts to his phrases. There is no such thing as cultured, reposeful conversation in this land; everybody sings his remarks as if he were reciting blank verse after the manner of an imperfect elocutionist. It would be quite possible to take an ordinary Australian conversation and immortalise its cadences and diapasons by means of musical notation. Herein the Australian differs from the American. The accent of the American, educated and uneducated alike, is abhorrent to the cultured Englishman or Englishwoman, but it is, at any rate, harmonious. That of the Australian is full of discords and surprises. His voice rises and falls with unexpected syncopations, and, even among the few cultured persons this country possesses, seems to bear in every syllable the sign of the parvenu. Walter Churchill (of the American Philological Society) The common speech of the commonwealth of Australia represents the most brutal maltreatment which has ever been inflicted upon the mother tongue of the English-speaking nations. -
Multilingual Practices and Identity Negotiation Among Multilingual Heritage Language Learners in New Zealand
Multilingual Practices and Identity Negotiation among Multilingual Heritage Language Learners in New Zealand By Mohammed Yousef Nofal A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Victoria University of Wellington 2020 To Hanadi who will remember the time and place if not the people, Sara, Sireen, Mahamoud, and Salma who filled my life with joy, euphoria and love 2 Abstract While heritage languages (HLs) have been receiving much research attention, there is still a scarcity of studies conducted on local HL communities. However, researchers in New Zealand have been actively engaged with various community languages for over four decades, providing rich insights into the dynamics of language maintenance and language shift within these communities. Although New Zealand sociolinguistic scholarship has covered a wide range of languages and ethnicities, there is no known study on the Indian Hindi community, whose HL is the fourth most spoken language in the country (Statistics New Zealand, 2013). Additionally, previous research has traditionally examined the functional aspects of language use and language attitudes in determining whether language can be preserved, viewing HL communities often as homogeneously formed. In contrast, current trends in the field of sociolinguistics aim to examine the connections between individuals and their languages (i.e. identity), taking multilingualism as a norm and focusing on dynamism in intraspeaker and interspeaker language use. This thesis addresses these issues by exploring how the realities that heritage language learners (HLLs) live connect to identity negotiation and development in social interaction. In particular, this thesis focuses on a group of learners of Hindi as a heritage language in New Zealand – a group that is under-explored. -
New Zealand English
New Zealand English Štajner, Renata Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2011 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:005306 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-26 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Preddiplomski studij Engleskog jezika i književnosti i Njemačkog jezika i književnosti Renata Štajner New Zealand English Završni rad Prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2011 0 Summary ....................................................................................................................................2 Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1. History and Origin of New Zealand English…………………………………………..5 2. New Zealand English vs. British and American English ………………………….….6 3. New Zealand English vs. Australian English………………………………………….8 4. Distinctive Pronunciation………………………………………………………………9 5. Morphology and Grammar……………………………………………………………11 6. Maori influence……………………………………………………………………….12 6.1.The Maori language……………………………………………………………...12 6.2.Maori Influence on the New Zealand English………………………….………..13 6.3.The -
17 World Englishes and Their Dialect Roots
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 World Englishes and their dialect roots Schreier, Daniel Abstract: This chapter investigates the persistence and development of so-called dialect roots, that is, features of local forms of British English that are transplanted to overseas territories. It discusses dialect input and the survival of features, independent developments within overseas communities, including realignments of features in the dialect inputs, as well as contact phenomena when English speakers interact with those of other dialects and languages. The diagnostic value of these roots is exemplified with selected cases from around the world (Newfoundland English, Liberian English, Caribbean Englishes), which are assessed with reference to the archaic/dynamic character of individual features in new-dialect formation and language-contact scenarios. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108349406.017 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-198161 Book Section Published Version The following work is licensed under a Publisher License. Originally published at: Schreier, Daniel (2020). World Englishes and their dialect roots. In: Schreier, Daniel; Hundt, Marianne; Schneider, Edgar W. The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 384-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108349406.017 17 World Englishes and Their Dialect Roots Daniel Schreier World Englishes developed out of English dialects spoken throughout the British Isles. These were transported all over the globe by speakers from different regions, social classes, and educational backgrounds, who migrated with distinct trajectories, for various periods of time and in distinct chronolo- gical phases (Hickey, Chapter 2, this volume; Britain, Chapter 7,thisvolume). -
Language and Country List
CONTENT LANGUAGE & COUNTRY LIST Languages by countries World map (source: United States. United Nations. [ online] no dated. [cited July 2007] Available from: www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm) Multicultural Clinical Support Resource Language & country list Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Country Languages (official/national languages in bold) Afghanistan Dari, Pashto, Parsi-Dari, Tatar, Farsi, Hazaragi Brunei Malay, English, Chinese, other minority languages Albania Tosk, Albanian Bulgaria Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma and other minority languages Algeria Arabic, French, Berber dialects Burkina Faso French, native African (Sudanic) languages 90% Andorra Catalán, French, Spanish, Portuguese Burundi Kirundi, French, Swahili, Rwanda Angola Portuguese, Koongo, Mbundu, Chokwe, Mbunda, Cambodia Khmer, French, English Antigua and English, local dialects, Arabic, Portuguese Cameroon French, English, 24 African language groups Barbuda Canada English, French, other minority languages Argentina Spanish, English, Italian, German, French Cape Verde Portuguese, Kabuverdianu, Criuolo Armenia Armenian, Yezidi, Russian Central French (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), other minority Australia English, Indigenous and other minority languages African languages Austria German, Slovenian, Croatian, Hungarian, Republic Alemannisch, Bavarian, Sinte Romani, Walser Chad French, Arabic, Sara, more than 120 languages and dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri), Russian, Armenian, other and minority languages Chile -
Review Article
World Englishes, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 177–186, 2006. 0883–2919 REVIEW ARTICLE THE COMPARABILITY OF NEW-DIALECT FORMATION AND CREOLE DEVELOPMENT New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Peter Trudgill. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, viii þ 180 pp. Reviewed by SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE* This is an informative book about the development of colonial English varieties that the author also identifies as ‘‘Southern Hemisphere Englishes’’ (SHEs), spoken in New Zealand, his primary focus, in Australia, which is also very much discussed, in South Africa, and in the Falkland Islands. According to T, they all developed much later than Caribbean and North American Englishes, the other colonial varieties, which receive only occasional comparisons in this volume. T’s main argument is that they all derive most of their structural features, especially phonological (the focus of the book), directly from British English varieties. (Australian English influence on New Zealand English (NZE) is admittedly marginal, although it cannot be completely dismissed.) The process of the formation of SHEs amounts to what is identified in Mufwene (2001) as ‘‘competition and selection,’’ leading to ‘‘restructuring’’ (a phenomenon similar to gene recombination in biology). T acknowledges this process more explicitly toward the end of the book. The phrase ‘‘new-dialect formation’’ in the title, whose apparent interpretation as an outcome of several structural changes becomes clearer only as the book unfolds, should not be interpreted as a kind of change in itself. As the rest of this review shows, it is the end-result of several form- and structure-changing processes that lead to language specia- tion. -
Rectifying a Standard Deficiency
In: Irma Taavitsainen and Andreas H. Jucker (eds) Diachronic perspectives on address term systems. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003, 345–74. Rectifying a standard deficiency Second person pronominal distinctions in varieties of English1 Raymond Hickey Essen University Abstract In the history of English the loss of a distinction in number for second person pronouns, something which the standard of the language accommodated without any therapeutic change but which in spoken forms of English throughout the world led to shifts, borrowings and internal developments to rectify the deficiency and fill the gap in the pronoun paradigm. This article attempts to trace the changes which took place in non-standard English and to establish historical links, if justified, with input varieties to the anglophone locations overseas which distinguish formally between a second person singular and plural pronoun. The stress here is on speech because most varieties which may have more distinctions than the standard do not tend to exhibit this in written forms where the standard exercises its greatest influence. The outset for the considerations is the early modern period for two main reasons: 1) the dyadic system of second person pronouns, i.e. thou/thee and ye/you, was still present in south-eastern British English, although on the decline and 2) this is the period, the beginning of the 17th century, just before the spread of English to areas of the world outside the British Isles. English in Scotland, Ireland, the southern United States, the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia are special cases which are given particular attention. 1 Introduction The history of English contains many twists and turns. -
Diplomsko Delo
UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za prevodoslovje DIPLOMSKO DELO Lidija Poto čnik Maribor, 2012 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za prevodoslovje Graduation Thesis IRISH ENGLISH: VOCABULARY AND PRONUNCIATION Diplomsko delo IRSKA ANGLEŠ ČINA: BESEDIŠ ČE IN IZGOVORJAVA Mentorica: Kandidatka: red. prof. dr. Nada Šabec Lidija Poto čnik Maribor, 2012 Lektorica slovenskega povzetka: Polonca Kolenc Ozimic, profesorica slovenš čine in sociologije What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my mentor, prof. dr. Nada Šabec for all her help, guidance, and advice. I would also like to thank her for giving me opportunity to hand out the questionnaire to her students. I would like to thank prof. dr. Michelle Gadpaille and prof. dr. Victor Kennedy for giving me opportunity to carry out the survey among their students. I would also like to thank my family for their support, help, and encouragement during my studies and while writing this graduation thesis. IZJAVA Podpisana Lidija Poto čnik, rojena 31. 5. 1988, študentka Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer prevajanje in tolma čenje angleš čina in geografija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Irish English: Vocabulary and Pronunciation pri mentorici red. prof. dr. Nadi Šabec, avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. Lidija Poto čnik Maribor, 14. 12. 2012 ABSTRACT English is a world language. In UK, USA, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand it is spoken as a first language. -
Rhythm As a Cue to Identifiability in Maltese English
RHYTHM AS A CUE TO IDENTIFIABILITY IN MALTESE ENGLISH Sarah Grech1 & Alexandra Vella2 University of Malta [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT be “isochronous” [1]. Whilst capturing the underlying source of differences in rhythm has Evidence is emerging to suggest that rhythm is proved to be a somewhat elusive exercise, a number possibly one of the more salient cues in the of different ways of working with rhythm have been identification of Maltese English, a variety of developed. One such attempt involves use of the so- English, distinct from other varieties, which is used called Pairwise Variability Index, which measures extensively by many Maltese speakers of English. the duration of vocalic and/or intervocalic (or An attempt is made at using the Pairwise consonantal) intervals, and then calculates the Variability Index (PVI) to: (i) categorize the clearly average of these durations [15]. ‘different’ rhythm of this variety of English; and (ii) This paper seeks first to categorize the clearly begin to explore whether it can be used to capture different rhythm of Maltese English (MaltE). It also intra-variety differences – one of the hallmarks of begins to explore whether, and to what extent, the Maltese English – across speakers. This preliminary PVI can be used as a basis for examining intra- empirical study of rhythm in this variety also gives variety differences in the specific case of MaltE, a scope for a discussion of some of the challenges for, variety characterised by a great degree of variation as well as the potential of, using the PVI measure to across its, largely bilingual with Maltese, speakers capture information about both ‘local’ and ‘global’ [30].