Plant Kingdom

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Plant Kingdom Plant Kingdom Introduction Does a plant have to be green? Do they all photosynthesize? They are eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, fungi, or protists. And yes, they have to photosynthesize. What Are Plants? Plants have adapted to a variety of environments, from the deserts to oceans. In each environment, plants have become crucial to supporting animal life. Plants are the food that animals eat. Plants also provide places for animals, such as insects and birds, to live. From tiny mosses to gorgeous rose bushes to extremely large redwood trees, the organisms in this kingdom have five main features. All plants... ...are multicellular. Plants are all multicellular, meaning they are composed of more than one cell. There are no single- celled plants. ...are photosynthetic. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture the energy of sunlight and use carbon dioxide from the air (or water) to make their own food: glucose. Plants have chloroplasts, the organelle of photosynthesis, and are known as producers, or autotrophs. Most plants have a green color because of the chloroplasts. ...have cell walls. A cell wall is a rigid, protective layer surrounding cells. ...reproduce using spores or sex cells. Plants can reproduce asexually or sexually. For plants, asexual reproduction happens through fragmentation (spores can be blown to different environments where the offspring then grow to maturity). Sexual reproduction happens through sex cells (pollen and eggs). Weather or other organisms help spread pollen from flower to flower. ...have a cuticle. A cuticle is a waxy layer that covers plants to help keep water in. Why Are Plants Important? Plants, and other photosynthetic organisms, are the base for all food chains. Without them, the herbivores that eat them will slowly die out. After that, the carnivores that eat herbivores will slowly die out because of the limited food supply. This chain reaction will, over time, kill all life on Earth. 180 How Are Plants Classified? Plants are divided into 12 different phyla (plural for phylum), and those phyla are gathered into four major groups: 1. Bryophytes These plants are non-vascular, meaning they do not have vascular tissue to transport nutrients, water, or food. Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. 2. Pteridophytes These plants have vascular tissue but do not have seeds. Examples include ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails. 3. Gymnosperms These are vascular plants that have seeds, but no flowers. Examples include redwood, fir, and cypress trees. 4. Angiosperms These are vascular plants that have seeds and flowers. Examples include magnolia trees, lilacs, tomatoes, and tulips. 181 Review of “Plant Kingdom” Reading 1. Why are plants important to all life on Earth? 2. What are the defining characteristics of each of the four groups of plants? 182 Characteristics of the Plant Kingdom Kingdom of the Animal Characteristics 183 The Plant Kingdom Classification of theClassification Kingdom Plant of Vascular Non-Vascular Definition: A.K.A. Definition: Example(s): 184 Seeded Seedless A.K.A. Example(s): Angiosperms Gymnosperms Definition: Definition: Example(s): Example(s): Plant Mobile Step 1: Prep Your Notecards Kingdom Plantae Vascular Plants Non-Vascular Plants Bryophytes Seedless Plants Seeded Plants Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms 185 Step 2: Write Your Information Which card... What to write... Front: “Kingdom Plantae” and your name. Kingdom Plantae Back: List the five characteristics of the plant kingdom. Front: “Vascular Plants” Vascular Plants Back: Definition of vascular plants. Front: “Non-Vascular Plants” Non-Vascular Plants Back: Definition of non-vascular plants. Front: “Seedless Plants” Seedless Plants Back: Draw a picture to represent the idea. Front: “Seeded Plants” Seeded Plants Back: Draw a picture to represent the idea. Front: “Bryophytes” Byrophytes Back: Picture Example and Name of the Plant Draw your own or use the ones provided. Front: “Pteridophytes” Pteridophytes Back: Picture Example and Name of the Plant Draw your own or use the ones provided. Front: “Angiosperms” and Definition Angiosperms Back: Picture Example and Name of the Plant Draw your own or use the ones provided. Front: “Gymnosperms” and Definition Gymnosperms Back: Picture Example and Name of the Plant Draw your own or use the ones provided. Color the pictures (drawn or not) THEN connect your cards together. 186 .
Recommended publications
  • Phylogenetic Classification of Life
    Proc. Natl. Accad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 1071-1076, February 1996 Evolution Archaeal- eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life (centriole-kinetosome DNA/Protoctista/kingdom classification/symbiogenesis/archaeprotist) LYNN MARGULIS Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-5810 Conitribluted by Lynnl Marglulis, September 15, 1995 ABSTRACT A symbiosis-based phylogeny leads to a con- these features evolved in their ancestors by inferable steps (4, sistent, useful classification system for all life. "Kingdoms" 20). rRNA gene sequences (Trichomonas, Coronympha, Giar- and "Domains" are replaced by biological names for the most dia; ref. 11) confirm these as descendants of anaerobic eu- inclusive taxa: Prokarya (bacteria) and Eukarya (symbiosis- karyotes that evolved prior to the "crown group" (12)-e.g., derived nucleated organisms). The earliest Eukarya, anaero- animals, fungi, or plants. bic mastigotes, hypothetically originated from permanent If eukaryotes began as motility symbioses between Ar- whole-cell fusion between members of Archaea (e.g., Thermo- chaea-e.g., Thermoplasma acidophilum-like and Eubacteria plasma-like organisms) and of Eubacteria (e.g., Spirochaeta- (Spirochaeta-, Spirosymplokos-, or Diplocalyx-like microbes; like organisms). Molecular biology, life-history, and fossil ref. 4) where cell-genetic integration led to the nucleus- record evidence support the reunification of bacteria as cytoskeletal system that defines eukaryotes (21)-then an Prokarya while
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Evolution an Introduction to the History of Life
    Plant Evolution An Introduction to the History of Life KARL J. NIKLAS The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 1 Origins and Early Events 29 2 The Invasion of Land and Air 93 3 Population Genetics, Adaptation, and Evolution 153 4 Development and Evolution 217 5 Speciation and Microevolution 271 6 Macroevolution 325 7 The Evolution of Multicellularity 377 8 Biophysics and Evolution 431 9 Ecology and Evolution 483 Glossary 537 Index 547 v Introduction The unpredictable and the predetermined unfold together to make everything the way it is. It’s how nature creates itself, on every scale, the snowflake and the snowstorm. — TOM STOPPARD, Arcadia, Act 1, Scene 4 (1993) Much has been written about evolution from the perspective of the history and biology of animals, but significantly less has been writ- ten about the evolutionary biology of plants. Zoocentricism in the biological literature is understandable to some extent because we are after all animals and not plants and because our self- interest is not entirely egotistical, since no biologist can deny the fact that animals have played significant and important roles as the actors on the stage of evolution come and go. The nearly romantic fascination with di- nosaurs and what caused their extinction is understandable, even though we should be equally fascinated with the monarchs of the Carboniferous, the tree lycopods and calamites, and with what caused their extinction (fig. 0.1). Yet, it must be understood that plants are as fascinating as animals, and that they are just as important to the study of biology in general and to understanding evolutionary theory in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Summary Table
    KINGDOM ANIMALIA: PHYLUM SUMMARY TABLE Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) NEMATODA (roundworms) ANNELIDA (segmented worms) Examples Sponges Sea jellies, Hydra, coral Planaria, tapeworm Trichinella, hookworm, Earthworm, polychaete worms, colonies, sea anemones nematode leech Body type Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry (Symmetry) Ecological roles Food source Food source Food source Food source Food source home / shelter Reef- home, protect Parasitic Parasitic Parasitic symbiotic with shores Eat dead animals – Aerate soil Aerate soil bacteria Chem. – anticancer saprophyte Breakdown material Breakdown material Body organization 2 germ layers 2 layers: ecto & endo 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, 3 layers: ectoderm, 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, (# germ layers) Ectoderm, endoderm With mesoglea between endoderm mesoderm, endoderm endoderm Body cavity Acoelom Acoelom Acoelom Pseudocoelom Coelom Digestive system Filter feed: collar cells, Gastrovascular cavity, Mouth and gastrovascular Complete digestive Complete digestive system: food vacuoles, mouth, and cavity system: mouth & anus mouth & anus osculum nematocysts to capture food Mouth also serves as anus Special organs Special organs Reproduction Sexual: Sexual: male & female Sexual: hermaphroditic – Sexual: separate sexes = Sexual: hermaphroditic – heramaphroditic – medusa – gametes fuse cross fertilization dioecious cross fertilization gametes released in H2O Asexual: budding, Asexual: fragmentation Asexual: budding, regeneration
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi-Chapter 31 Refer to the Images of Life Cycles of Rhizopus, Morchella and Mushroom in Your Text Book and Lab Manual
    Fungi-Chapter 31 Refer to the images of life cycles of Rhizopus, Morchella and Mushroom in your text book and lab manual. Chytrids Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) are found in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents They can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists Molecular evidence supports the hypothesis that chytrids diverged early in fungal evolution Chytrids are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores, called zoospores Zygomycetes The zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) exhibit great diversity of life histories They include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts The life cycle of black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) is fairly typical of the phylum Its hyphae are coenocytic Asexual sporangia produce haploid spores The zygomycetes are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia Zygosporangia are the site of karyogamy and then meiosis Zygosporangia, which are resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions Some zygomycetes, such as Pilobolus, can actually “aim” and shoot their sporangia toward bright light Glomeromycetes The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes They are now classified in a separate clade Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae by growing into root cells but covered by host cell membrane. Ascomycetes Ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota) live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats Ascomycetes produce sexual spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps Ascomycetes are commonly
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: the Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms
    Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: The Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms Terms You Should Understand u ‘Fungus’ (pl., fungi) is a taxonomic term and does not refer to morphology u ‘Mold’ is a morphological term referring to a filamentous (multicellular) condition u ‘Mildew’ is a term that refers to a particular type of mold u ‘Yeast’ is a morphological term referring to a unicellular condition Special Lecture Notes on Fungal Taxonomy u Fungal taxonomy is constantly in flux u Not one taxonomic scheme will be agreed upon by all mycologists u Classical fungal taxonomy was based primarily upon morphological features u Contemporary fungal taxonomy is based upon phylogenetic relationships Fungi in a Broad Sense u Mycologists have traditionally studied a diverse number of organisms, many not true fungi, but fungal-like in their appearance, physiology, or life style u At one point, these fungal-like microbes included the Actinomycetes, due to their filamentous growth patterns, but today are known as Gram-positive bacteria u The types of organisms mycologists have traditionally studied are now divided based upon phylogenetic relationships u These relationships are: Q Kingdom Fungi - true fungi Q Kingdom Straminipila - “water molds” Q Kingdom Mycetozoa - “slime molds” u Kingdom Fungi (Mycota) Q Phylum: Chytridiomycota Q Phylum: Zygomycota Q Phylum: Glomeromycota Q Phylum: Ascomycota Q Phylum: Basidiomycota Q Form-Phylum: Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) Page 1 of 16 Biology of Fungi Lecture 2: Diversity of Fungi u Kingdom Straminiplia (Chromista)
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Phylum Poster Porifera
    Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin's “Tree of Life”
    Icons of Evolution? Why Much of What Jonathan Wells Writes about Evolution is Wrong Alan D. Gishlick, National Center for Science Education DARWIN’S “TREE OF LIFE” mon descent. Finally, he demands that text- books treat universal common ancestry as PHYLOGENETIC TREES unproven and refrain from illustrating that n biology, a phylogenetic tree, or phyloge- “theory” with misleading phylogenies. ny, is used to show the genealogic relation- Therefore, according to Wells, textbooks Iships of living things. A phylogeny is not should state that there is no evidence for com- so much evidence for evolution as much as it mon descent and that the most recent research is a codification of data about evolutionary his- refutes the concept entirely. Wells is complete- tory. According to biological evolution, organ- ly wrong on all counts, and his argument is isms share common ancestors; a phylogeny entirely based on misdirection and confusion. shows how organisms are related. The tree of He mixes up these various topics in order to life shows the path evolution took to get to the confuse the reader into thinking that when current diversity of life. It also shows that we combined, they show an endemic failure of can ascertain the genealogy of disparate living evolutionary theory. In effect, Wells plays the organisms. This is evidence for evolution only equivalent of an intellectual shell game, put- in that we can construct such trees at all. If ting so many topics into play that the “ball” of evolution had not happened or common ances- evolution gets lost. try were false, we would not be able to discov- THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION er hierarchical branching genealogies for ells claims that the Cambrian organisms (although textbooks do not general- Explosion “presents a serious chal- ly explain this well).
    [Show full text]
  • New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life Jürgen F. H. Strassert1, Mahwash Jamy1, Alexander P. Mylnikov2, Denis V. Tikhonenkov2, Fabien Burki1,* 1Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, Russia *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: TSAR, Telonemia, phylogenomics, eukaryotes, tree of life, protists bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The broad-scale tree of eukaryotes is constantly improving, but the evolutionary origin of several major groups remains unknown. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these ‘orphan’ groups is important, especially those that originated early in evolution, because they represent missing evolutionary links between established groups. Telonemia is one such orphan taxon for which little is known. The group is composed of molecularly diverse biflagellated protists, often prevalent although not abundant in aquatic environments.
    [Show full text]
  • I Biology I Lecture Outline 9 Kingdom Protista
    I Biology I Lecture Outline 9 Kingdom Protista References (Textbook - pages 373-392, Lab Manual - pages 95-115) Major Characteristics Algae 1. Cbaracteristics 2. Classification 3. Division Cblorophyta 4. Division Chrysophyta 5. Division Phaeopbyta 6. Division Rhodopbyta Protozoans 1. Characteristics 2. Classification 3. Class FlageUata 4. Class Sarcodina 5. Class Ciliata 6. Class Sporozoa I Biology I Lecture Notes 9 Kingdom Protista References (Textbook - pages 373-392, Lab Manual- pages 95-115) Major Characteristics I. Protists possess eukaryotic cells with well defined nuclei and organelles 2. Most are unicellular, however there are multi-cellularforms 3. They are diverse in their structure 4. They vary in size from microscope algae to kelp that can be over 100feet in length 5. They are diverse (like bacteria) in the way they meet their nutritional needs A . Some are photosynthetic like land plants - are autotrophic B. Some ingest theirfood like animals - heterotrophic by ingestion C. Some absorb theirfood like bacteria andfungi - heterotrophic by absorption D. One species - Euglena - is mixotrophic meaning that it is capable ofboth autotrophic and heterotrophic life styles. 6. Reproduction in Protists A. is usually asexual by mitosis B. sexual reproduction involves meiosis and spore formation and usualJy occurs only when environmental conditions are hostile C. spores are resistant and can withstand adverse conditions 7. Some protozoans form cysts - a type ofresting stage 8. Photosynthetic protists (mostly algae) are part ofplankton. Plankton are those organisms suspended infresh and marine waters that serve asfood for -- heterotrophic animals and other protists 9. There are diverse opinions on how to classify members ofthe Kingdom Protista.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wide World of Plants
    11 The Wide World of Plants With so many different plants in the world, it’s tough to keep them all straight. But there are certain features we can see in plants that allow us to put them into helpful categories. Recommended Reading Plants: Flower Plants, Ferns, Mosses, and Other Plants, by Shar Levine and Leslie John- stone (Note: The intro to chapters 4 and 5 refer to the earth being over 100 million years old.) The Tree Book: For Kids and their Grown Ups,by Gina Ingoglia, p. 26-89 (Note: Fantastic resource for identifying trees during this week’s activity.) Nature Walk — Exploring ACTIVITY Plants Now that you know a little bit more about the different divisions of plants, take some time to get outdoors and explore plants this week! SUPPLY LIST INSTRUCTIONS • Copies of Exploring 1. Walk around outside and try to find examples of plants that are in the Plants: Observation four different divisions of plants we discussed in plants: Journal page Phylum Bryophyta, the mosses • Pencil Phylum Pterophyta, the ferns Phylum Coniferophyta, the cone-bearing plants Phylum Anthophyta, the flowering plants 2. Try to find at least one to two different examples of each category of plant you can sketch on the Exploring Plants: Observation Journal page. 3. See if you can identify the species of the plant — use a book or online resource to help you out! Reminder! Be sure to continue caring for and monitoring your bean plant. How is it doing? Take the time to sketch what it looks like and record its height.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bingo-Type Game About Classification of Ocean Animals
    A bingo-type game about classification of ocean animals Target age group: 8-14 Number of players: any Time needed: 15-45 minutes (very flexible) Materials needed: copies of pattern pages, scissors, glue sticks, pennies or candies for tokens to mark squares, and picture cards or clues Preparation: Copy the pattern pages onto regular paper. Each player will need one map page and one strip of squares. (The page with the squares gives you enough strips for 5 players.) Cut apart the squares and glue them randomly to the squares on the map. Each player’s board should be unique. Provide each player with 15-20 tokens. How to play: This game is a variation on Bingo, but instead of getting 4 in a row up and down or across, you get all 4 squares in an ocean filled. For example, if you fill all four squares in theAtlantic Ocean, that’s a Bingo. You can set the rules for winning. You may want to keep the game going a bit even after someone gets Bingo, and allow “runners up.” As a final round, I set the rules to say that after one ocean was filled, that one was officially taken. Eventually it got down to only one ocean left as a possible Bingo. I was playing with a fairly large group, and this added a bit of fun at the end. Clues: I used digital pictures stored in a folder on my computer. I set up my projector and showed them on a large screen in a semi-darkened classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Protista
    Draguesku Protists 0214 Kingdom Protista Protists NAME: _____________________ 1 Draguesku Protists 0214 DIVERSITY OF PROTISTS “Junk Drawer” of the kingdoms very diverse (lots of different organisms are included in this kingdom) range in size [unicellular to multicellular] variety of reproductive and nutritional strategies Can be heterotroph or Autotroph 1. Animal like Ex: Protozoans 2. Plant like 3. Fungus like 2 Draguesku Protists 0214 ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS (AKA: PROTOZOANS) Resemble animals Unicellular HOW DO WE SEPARATE THEM INTO PHYLA???? It is based on how the organism MOVES 4 Phyla (plural for phylum) Based on movement 3 Draguesku Protists 0214 1. PSEUDOPODS PHYLUM SARCODINA EXAMPLE: AMOEBAS NUCLEUS FOOD VACUOLE CELL MEMBRANE PSEUDOPOD (FALSE FOOT) CONTRACTILE VACUOLE Collects and expels H2O (excess) out of the Cytoplasm and out of the cell Amoeba engulfing an organism WWW.PHSCHOOL.COM WEB CODE: CEP 1031 To see the amoeba move. 4 Draguesku Protists 0214 2. Cilia (Phylum Ciliophora) Gullet Example: Paramecium pellicle Cilia used for locomotion Contractile vacuole expels excess H2O Macronucleus (large) Metabolic processes Micronucleus (small) Reproduction 5 Draguesku Protists 0214 Reproduction of Paramecium Asexual BINARY FISSION Sexual CONJUGATION Paramecia join together and exchange genetic material 3. Flagella (Phylum Zoomastigina) Can have MORE than one flagella Example: Trichomymphia Termites have a flagellate (Trichonymphia) in their gut to digest wood 6 Draguesku Protists 0214 This is an example of: SYMBIOSIS Relationship in which at least one species benefits Another kind of relationship: Mutualism Relationship in which BOTH partners benefit Giardia (another example of a flagellate) Parasite Found in fresh water causes “hikers disease” 7 Draguesku Protists 0214 4.
    [Show full text]