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Tiwari, Shilpa Tiwari, Shilpa (2013) Social representation and rural development: transformation in governance, institutions, and livelihoods in response to emerging global markets for medicinal plants in the Indian Himalayas. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18548 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Social Representation and Rural Development: Transformation in governance, institutions, and livelihoods in response to emerging global markets for medicinal plants in the Indian Himalayas Shilpa Tiwari Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Anthropology 2013 Department of Anthropology, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1 DECLARATION I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: __April 12, 2014___________ 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation provides and examination of how NGOs, village people, government agencies and donor agencies participate in a conservation and development intervention termed ecodevelopment. It also examines the creation of a space that has come to be known as the Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP), which is located in Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh, India. Field data was collected from villages located in Tirthan Valley, which lies adjacent to the GHNP. I divide this dissertation into five central chapters: a review of colonial interests in forestry; a discussion of the contemporary conditions for forestry; an analysis of rural livelihoods and transformation; an examination of the conservation and development interventions centred on medicinal plant trade in Tirthan valley; and finally an analysis of how conservation and development projects are brokered to produce ‘success’. I argue that by defining conservation and development issues so that they can be solved by specific expertise, organizations did not adequately recognize the political and historical context in which interventions take place, nor the structural conditions and existing relationships between the variety of actors and stakeholders. Institutions and people responsible for development and conservation programs did not examine their own practices as potentially responsbile for the further marginalization of people and shaping the outcome of project activities. What commonly occurs is that village people are blamed for their inability to remedy their own conditions, and in reponse attempts are made to modify village people’s behaviour so that they are compliant with government and donor organization mandates for development and conservation. What was observed in Tirthan valley was that a series of brokers negotiated the outcomes of interventions so that the project was precieved as successfully improving the lives of “poor forest dependent villagers”. With this research I demonstrate the potential ethnography in understanding interventions. Using an ethnographic lens to understand existing research and the field site provided vital insight on rationalities and forms of knowledge, and how a combination of political ecology, political economy and history come together to shape practice. An ethnographic approach allowed me to explore how subjectivities were produced in the complex conjectures where multiple powers come together, how critical practice emerged, and how they motivated new attempts to govern. 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full Name ANT Actor Network Theory CF Conservator of Forests CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species DC District Commissioner DfID Department for International Development DFO Divisional Forest Officer GEF Global Environmental Facility GHNP Great Himalaya National Park GO Group Organizer HP Himachal Pradesh HPFSR Himachal Pradesh Forest Sector Reform ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development IRDP Integrated Rural Development Program IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature JFM Joint Forest Management MLA Member of Legislative Assembly MPPA Medicinal Plant Propagation Areas NGO Non-Governmental Organization NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SDM Superintendent District Magistrate UA Uttaranchal UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Development and Trade VDC Village Development Committees VFDC Village Forest Development Committee WSCG Women Savings and Credit Groups 4 A NOTE ON NAMES, SPELLINGS AND CITATIONS Names of all respondents and villages in Tirthan valley have been changed to protect their privacy. In colonial documents the spelling is ‘Kulu’; however since then the spelling has become ‘Kullu’. I use “Kullu”, unless I am citing a document in which the spelling is ‘Kulu’. Inter-office memoranda appear as footnotes on pages where they are presented, all other cited works appear in the References and Literature Cited section of this dissertation. 5 Table of Contents DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 4 A NOTE ON NAMES, SPELLINGS AND CITATIONS ...................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 NFTPs and Conservation: Setting the Context ........................................................................................ 11 1.1.1 Medicinal Plants .................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Theoretical Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Regional Context .................................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.2 Political Ecology ................................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.3 Conservation Narratives ........................................................................................................................ 20 1.3 Research Site ............................................................................................................................................ 22 1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 26 1.5 Plan of the Dissertation ............................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2 SHAPING PRIORITIES: A HISTORICAL REVIEW ............................................................... 35 2.1 Economic Forestry in Himachal Pradesh: Timber Production ................................................................ 38 2.2 Forest Settlements: Reshaping Forest Use and Access ............................................................................ 41 2.3 Settlements in Kullu: 1886 Anderson Settlement Report ........................................................................ 44 2.4 Where have all the forests gone? ............................................................................................................. 48 2.5 Different Departments, Different Priorities ............................................................................................. 53 2.6 Minor Forest Products to Non Timber Forest Products ........................................................................... 57 2.7 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 59 CHAPTER 3 CONTEMPORARY FORESTRY: DECENTRALIZATION ..................................................... 62 3.1 Defining Decentralization ........................................................................................................................ 65 3.2 Decentralizing Forestry ...........................................................................................................................
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