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Non-Timber Forest Products for Climate Change Adaptation

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Non-Timber Forest Products for Climate Change Adaptation NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AROUND IYONDO FOREST RESERVE IN KILOMBERO DISTRICT, TANZANIA CHELESTINO PETER BALAMA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA 2016 ii ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis was to enhance the understanding of the role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in climate change adaptation through studying households adjacent and distant to Iyondo Forest Reserve (IFR) in Kilombero District, Tanzania. Apparently, Kilombero District is prone to diverse climatic stresses; and the role of NTFPs in the way that households adapt and achieve livelihood security in the face of climate stressors is neither well known nor documented. The study aimed at addressing this need through use of sustainable livelihood framework. Data were collected using socio-economic appraisal, forest inventory and review of secondary information. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were undertaken. The multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the socio-economic factors influencing adoption of developed adaptation strategies. Findings showed that both households adjacent and distant perceived prevalence of changing climate in terms of dry spells, floods, heavy rains and extreme heat. Three NTFPs namely: firewood, medicinal plants and thatch grasses were identified to be of priority. The number of stems and seedlings per hectare of firewood and medicinal trees species in IFR was relatively high implying availability and active natural recruitment. The economic value of the priority NTFPs, at a discounting rate of 10% was TZS 31 971 508 412.24. The households had developed local adaptation strategies that include: use of NTFPs, as well as farm and non-farm strategies, such as crop diversification, changing cropping calendar, adopting modern farming techniques, livestock rearing and fishing. Inferential statistics showed that household size, residential period, land ownership and household income were the socio-economic variables that influenced adoption of existing local adaptation strategies positively and significantly at 5% probability level. The study concluded that NTFPs were not only used for subsistence but also for different types of livelihood capitals. They are closely linked to people’s iii portfolio of wider strategies that were often used for trade and gaining financial capital. Findings suggested that policies aimed at supporting rural adaptive capacity need to address the rules and social factors that impede access and support the way NTFPs contribute to various types of livelihood capitals. iv DECLARATION I, CHELESTINO PETER BALAMA, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that this dissertation is my own original work done within the period of registration and that it has neither been submitted nor being concurrently submitted in any other institution. Chelestino Peter Balama Date (PhD Candidate) The above declaration is confirmed by ________________________ ________________ Dr. Suzana Augustino Date (Supervisor) _______________________ ________________ Prof. Siri Eriksen Date (Supervisor) ____________________ ________________ Prof. Fortunatus B.S. Makonda Date (Supervisor) v COPYRIGHTS No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture in that behalf. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The making of this work has been a long process. As such, the fieldwork and writing of this thesis could not have been accomplished without the assistance and encouragement of several people and institutions. Time and space may not allow me to mention them all by names, but it is enough to say, thank you all for your contributions towards this success. I am sincerely indebted to my Supervisors: Dr. Suzana Augustino and Prof. Fortunatus B.S. Makonda of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) as well as Prof. Siri Eriksen of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UNMB) for their valuable academic guidance and encouragement from proposal development to the stage of writing this thesis. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Lars O. Naess of the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK for his thorough constructive review on the draft thesis chapters. I gratefully acknowledge the financial and academic support from the Climate Change Impacts Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) Programme in Tanzania through the Norwegian Government support. I wish to sincerely thank other CCIAM project members: Prof. Peter R. Gillah, Dr. Riziki Shemdoe, Prof. Romanus C. Ishengoma and Prof. George A. Migunga under the project “Climate Change, Non- Timber Forest Products and Livelihood of Forest Dependent Communities: Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Selected Parts of Tanzania”, for considering me a potential PhD candidate. I am indebted to the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) management for granting me a study leave to undertake this endeavour. Access to TAFORI office during my study time is highly appreciated. I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Lawrence Mbwambo, the TAFORI Acting Director General for his inspiration and critical review of my research proposal and valuable comments on my draft thesis. I am grateful to Prof. vii Yonika M. Ngaga, the Deputy Vice Chancellor – Administration and Finance and Prof. Salim M.S. Maliondo, the CCIAM Programme Coordinator for both academic and financial administrative support rendered towards this work. I am also indebted to Dr. Wilson Mugasha of TAFORI for his assistance during data analysis and valuable comments on my draft thesis. This study would have not been possible without the cooperation of Kilombero District Council, Kilombero Nature Reserve (KNR), Natural Resource Officers’, Village Governments, Natural Resource Committees and the local communities. Sincerely thanks go to Mr. Castory Chelela, the then Kilombero Nature Reserve Officer in charge for allowing me to carry out data collection in the Iyondo Forest Reserve. I am grateful to Messrs: Numan S. Amanzi and Iddi Rajabu of TAFORI for their assistance during data collection. Last but not the least, a word of gratitude is extended to my wife Christina, my children Cecilia and Catherine and the whole family for their prayers, love, patience and moral support over the study period. Their understanding and encouragement made me complete this work gloriously. This acknowledgement would not be complete without thanking the Almighty God who really made it happen. Therefore, I thank God and Jesus Christ His Son for making the completion of this thesis possible and for giving me life, good health, strength and favour, without which there would be no story to tell. I give Him all the glory and honour. “TO GOD BE THE GLORY’’ viii DEDICATION To my Father, the Late Mzee Peter Vangilichuma Balama and My Mother, Benadetha Daudi Kwavava who laid down the foundation of my education through dedication of their financial and social capitals. And, To my beloved wife, Christina Paschal Tewele, daughters Cecilia and Catherine who withstood my absence and long working hours. May the Almighty God bless you all. AMEN! ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION...............................................................................................................iv COPYRIGHTS ................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................vi DEDICATION................................................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................xiv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................xvi LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................ xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................xix CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement and Justification .............................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Problem statement .............................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 Justification......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Overall objective ...............................................................................................
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