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The Role of Non-Wood Forest Products in Diets and Livelihoods: Quantifying the Contributions

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The Role of Non-Wood Forest Products in Diets and Livelihoods: Quantifying the Contributions University of Padova Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF) Department ___________________________________________________________________ PhD Program: Land, Environment, Resources and Health (LERH) Batch: XXXII The role of non-wood forest products in diets and livelihoods: quantifying the contributions PhD Program Coordinator: Prof. Davide Matteo Pettenella Supervisor: Dr. Mauro Masiero Co-Supervisor: Prof. Davide Matteo Pettenella PhD candidate: Giulia Francesca Muir 1 Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento Territorio e sistemi Agroforestali (TESAF) ___________________________________________________________________ Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca: Land, Environment, Resources and Health (LERH) Ciclo: XXIII Il ruolo dei prodotti forestali non-legnosi (PFNL) per l’alimentazione e nei mezzi di sussistenza: quantificando i contributi Coordinatore: Prof. Davide Matteo Pettenella Supervisore: Dr. Mauro Masiero Co-Supervisore: Prof. Davide Matteo Pettenella Dottoranda: Giulia Francesca Muir 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..………….7 1.1 Structure of thesis…………………………………………………………………………...7 1.2 Background………………………………………………………………………………….9 1.3 Justification: Renewed interest in non-wood forest products?...................................11 1.4 Problem statement: research questions and objectives………………………….……14 2. Rationale and methodology……………………………………………………………16 2.1 Disentangling non-wood terms and definitions for improved forest statistics.............16 2.2. Weighing in on wild food contributions, motivations for gathering and prospects for “ento-economies” in northwest Uganda…………………………………………………...…18 3. Results and Discussion……………………………………………………………..….22 3.1 Into the Wild: Disentangling non-wood terms and definitions for improved forest statistics…….………………………………………………………………………………22 3.1.1 The Age-old terminology debate……………………………………………………...28 3.1.2 The trouble with non-wood terms and definitions…………………………………...28 3.1.3 Moving beyond the wood/non-wood divide………………………………………….33 3.1.4 Closing in on the wild versus farmed debate: Lessons from fisheries ……………36 3.1.5 From products to activities…………………………………………………………….40 3.2 Weighing in on NWFP contributions to diets and livelihoods: evidence and lessons from northwest Uganda……………………………………………………………….......42 3.2.1 Case study area………………………………………………………………………..42 3.2.2 Status of Food Security and Nutrition in the West Nile Region……………………43 3.2.3 Use of NWFPs, including wild and semi-wild foods in Northern Uganda ………....43 3.2.4 Survey results: Household and respondent particulars………………………….…44 3.2.5 Wild food consumption and collection: an overview……………………………..…45 3.2.6 Relative contribution of wild gathered foods to diets.............................................52 3.2.7 Wild gathering contributes to seasonal evenness.................................................57 3.2.8 Motivations for consumption are manifold ………………………………………….60 3.2.9 Perceptions of status in the wild……………………………………………………...62 3.2.10 Opportunity costs of NWFP collection……………………………………………….63 3.3 Prospects for “ento-economies” in the West-Nile sub-region? A closer look at edible insects and bee product value chains……………………………………………………68 3.3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..68 3.3.2 Background: sustainable and viable commercialization of NWFPs…………….....69 3.3.3 Honey and bee product value chains in the West-Nile sub-region………………...71 3.3.4 Grasshopper (Ruspolia differens) value chains……………………………………...82 3.3.5 Recommendations for improving bee product and grasshopper value chains.......87 4. Conclusions and Future Prospects for NWFPs……………………………………...91 4.1 Key findings (Research Objective 1)….…………………………………………………91 4.2 Key findings (Research Objectives 2 and 3)………………………..……………....…..92 4.3 Concluding remarks………………...……………………………………………………..91 5. References……………………………………………………………………………….…93 3 Figures Figure 1. Thesis structure………………………………………………………………………………….…...…8 Figure 2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions……………………………………………………………………………10 Figure 3. Study area and sampling strategy……………………………………………………………………..18 Figure 4. Vegetation type in study area………………………………………………………………………......19 Figure 5. Improving official NWFP statistics: Disentagling concepts………………………………………….34 Figure 6. West-Nile sub-region, Uganda………………………………………………………………………….42 Figure 7. Housing material of surveyed households…………………………………………………………….42 Figure 8. Wild food consumption: percentage of households per food categories……………………………46 Figure 9. Main uses of wild foods………………………………………………………………………………….61 Figure 10. Frequency of consumption (wild versus domesticated plants)...................................................55 Figure 11. Frequency of consumption of domesticated versus wild-gathered animal-based food.............56 Figure 12. Motivations for wild food use………………………………………………………………………….61 Figure 13. Households’ perceptions of availability for different wild food categories..................................62 Figure 14. Honey producing areas in Uganda…………………………………………………..………………71 Figure 15. Natural honey imports by Uganda: import quantity share by country of origin (2018)…………76 Figure 16. Natural honey imports by Uganda: import quantity (tons) by country of origin (2018)…………77 Figure 17. Countries exporting natural honey to Uganda……………………………………………………...77 Figure 18. Apiculture production-to-consumption system in Yumbe District………………………………...79 Figure 19. Grasshopper production-to-consumption system in Yumbe………………………………………85 Figure 20. Innovative traceability systems for honey……………………………………………………………89 Tables Table1. Scopus search findings…………………………………………………………………………………...16 Table 2. District and sub-county characteristics………………………………………………………………….18 Table 3. Non-wood forest products, wild forest products and correlate terms………………………………..25 Table 4. Positioning NWFPs in agricultural statistics……………………………………………………………38 Table 5. Lessons from Fisheries for improved data on NWFP gathering?..................................................39 Table 6. Main wild foods consumed within the case study area..................................................................47 Table 7. Main wild foods consumed by category within the case study area..............................................48 Table 8. Wild food seasonal availability for top consumed products, per category………………………….58 Table 9. Average time spent collecting……………………………………………………………………………63 Table 10. Nutrition composition for select NWFPs………………………………………………………………66 Table 11. Contribution to Recommended Dietary Allowance for select NWFPs…………………………….67 Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional, KTB and Langstrogth hives………………………73 Table 13. SWOT Analysis of bee products value chain in Yumbe District……………………………………81 Table 14. SWOT Analysis of the grasshopper value chani in Yumbe District………………………………..87 Pictures Picture 1. Grasshoppers on sale in Arua market…………………………………………………………………44 Picture 2. Wild gathered foods collected in Luwingu District, Zambia/Focus Group Discussions.......……54 Picture 3. Focus group discussions, romogi sub-county……………………………………………….………56 Picture 4. Borassus palm beehives in Romogi sub-county…………………………………………………….74 Picture 5. “Chunk honey” on sale at Arua market for UGX 2000……………………………………………...75 Picture 6. Beeswax production at Bee Natural Products……………………………………………………….76 Picture 7. Grasshoppers on sale in Arua market………………………………………………………………..84 Picture 8. Young boy collects grasshoppers in Arua……………………………………………………………86 Annexes Annex 1. NWFPs as part of “re-wilding”………………….……………………………………………………...111 Annex 2. Household questionaires………………………………………………………………………………114 Annex 3. Focus group guiding questions………………………………………………………………………..132 Annex 4. Market survey…………………………………………………………………………………………...137 4 ABSTRACT English: There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting a strong correlation between forests and healthy, diverse diets, as well as an increasing number of studies attesting to the rise of vibrant emerging niche and experiential Non-wood forest product (NWFP) based markets (Rowland et al., 2016, Ickowitz et al., 2016, Powell et al., 2015; Ickowitz et al., 2014; Wong & Prokofieva, 2014). Still, forests in general are rarely considered in food and nutrition policies and programmes, and NWFPs in particular hardly receive adequate attention in land-use planning and rural development strategies. Arguably, there is not enough globally comparable data to “make a case” for their value. This thesis tests the hypothesis that NWFPs indeed play an important role in diets and livelihoods. The study has two main components: the first part looks at the age-old debate of “what is a non- wood forest product”, which is at the basis of quantifying contributions. The second part is divided into two components: (1) assessing the degree to which NWFPs contribute to diets and livelihoods in selected areas, motivations behind gathering (e.g. hunger or emergency, culture, income) and perceptions of their status in the wild and; (2) understanding prospects for improving livelihoods with the main-collected products (in this case insect-based NWFPs). All of this work aims to support official data collection on NWFPs, and better inform policies and decision making related to forests, land-use and healthy food systems more broadly. Italiano : Vi è una crescente quantità di prove che suggeriscono una forte correlazione tra foreste e diete sane e diversificate, nonché un numero crescente di studi che attestano l'ascesa della vivace nicchia
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