Biocultural Diversity, Pollinators and Their Socio-Cultural Values
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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES 275 Coordinating Lead Authors: Contributing Authors: Rosemary Hill (Australia), Peter Kwapong Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (Brazil), Megan (Ghana), Guiomar Nates-Parra (Colombia) Gee (New Zealand), Mary Gikungu (Kenya), Anik Larasati (Indonesia), Philip Lyver (New Zealand), Elisa Oteros-Rozas (Spain), David Lead Authors: Roubik (Panama), Marie Roué (France), Edgar Selvin Pérez (Guatemala), Brenda Tahi (New Sara Jo Breslow (USA), Damayanti Buchori Zealand) 5(Indonesia), Brad Howlett (New Zealand), Gretchen Le Buhn (USA), Márcia Motta Maués (Brazil), José Javier Quezada-Euán (Mexico), Review Editors: Shafqat Saeed (Pakistan) Robert Kajobe (Uganda), Berta Martín-López (Spain) THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................... 278 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 280 5.1.1 Diversity of knowledge systems and the IPBES Conceptual Framework . 280 5.1.2 Focus on scientific and indigenous and local knowledge systems . 282 5.1.3 Indigenous and local knowledge systems and biocultural diversity . 284 5.1.4 Diversity of methods for eliciting values ................................ 286 5.1.5 Sociocultural and holistic valuation ................................... 286 5.2 POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND NATURE’S BENEFITS TO PEOPLE . 288 5.2.1 Natures’s benefits to people, good quality of life and categories of values . 288 5.2.2 Provisioning ecosystem services (socio-cultural valuation) . 289 5.2.3 Cultural ecosystem services: sources of inspiration (socio-cultural valuation) . 291 5.2.4 Cultural ecosystem services: recreational and educational values of beekeeping (socio-cultural valuation) .................................. 293 276 5.2.5 Nature’s gift: practices of ILK-holders and their extent of influence (holistic valuation). 294 5.2.6 Practices for valuing diversity and fostering biocultural diversity of stingless bees and pollination resources in central and south America . 294 5.2.7 Landscape management practices and fostering biocultural diversity for pollinators and pollination across the world ............................. 296 5.2.7.1 Taboos that protect pollinators and pollination resources . 296 5.2.7.2 Kinship relationships that protect pollinators and pollination resources . 297 5.2.7.3 Mental maps and animal behaviour knowledge as management practices ................................................ 299 5.2.7.4 Fire management to enhance pollination resources . 299 5.2.7.5 Manipulation of pollination resources in different seasons and landscapes patches ........................................ 299 THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL 5.2.7.6 Biotemporal indicators for management actions . 299 5.2.7.7 Providing pollinator nesting resources .......................... 300 Diversified farming systems that influence agrobiodiversity, pollinators 5.2.8 BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND POLLINATORS DIVERSITY, BIOCULTURAL and pollination ................................................... 300 5. 5.2.8.1 Shifting cultivation ......................................... 300 5.2.8.2 Home Gardens ........................................... 301 5.2.8.3 Commodity agroforestry ..................................... 302 5.2.8.4 Farming of domesticated and semi-domesticated bees . 302 5.2.9 Innovations in honey hunting, hives, beehandling and bee products . 303 5.2.10 Adaptation to change ............................................. 306 5.3 POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE . 306 5.3.1 Good quality of life and categories of values ............................ 306 5.3.2 Heritage values, pollinators and pollination (socio-cultural valuation) . 306 5.3.3 Identity values and pollinators (socio-cultural valuation) .................... 308 5.3.4 Aesthetic values and pollinators (socio-cultural valuation) . 310 5.3.5 Livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities — income, foods and medicines (holistic valuation) ..................................... 312 5.3.6 Social relations: song, dance, art, story, rituals and sacred knowledge about pollinators ................................................. 315 5.3.7 Governance by, with and for pollinators and their spiritual presences among indigenous peoples and local communities (holistic valuation) . 316 THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION 5.4 IMPACTS, MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION OPTIONS ..................... 319 5.4.1 Risks to nature’s benefits to people and good quality of life . 319 5.4.2 Peoples’ experiences of declines and associated drivers . 320 5.4.2.1 Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation ..................... 320 5.4.2.2 Pesticides and herbicides ................................... 320 5.4.2.3 Changes to and loss of bee management practices and knowledge . 321 5.4.2.4 Invasive species ........................................... 321 5.4.2.5 Climate change ........................................... 322 5.4.2.6 Loss of access to traditional territories .......................... 322 5.4.2.7 Changes to and loss of traditional knowledge, tenure and governance systems that protect pollination ............................... 322 5.4.2.8 Pollination governance deficits ................................ 323 5.4.3 Introduction to management and mitigation options ...................... 323 5.4.4 Management and mitigation options most relevant to the agricultural sector . 324 5.4.4.1 Food security and ecological intensification ...................... 324 277 5.4.5 Management and mitigation options most relevant to the nature conservation sector ............................................... 325 5.4.5.1 Heritage listing and protection ................................ 325 5.4.5.2 Participatory management approaches ......................... 326 5.4.5.3 Biocultural approaches to conservation ......................... 327 5.4.5.4 Strengthening traditional governance that supports pollinators . 328 5.4.6 Management and mitigation options most relevant to the pollinator management and beekeeping sector .................................. 330 5.4.6.1 Livelihoods and beekeeping .................................. 330 5.4.7 Management and mitigation options most relevant as integrated responses . 332 5.4.7.1 Values and frames approaches to conservation . 332 Rights-based approaches to conservation ....................... 333 5.4.7.2 THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL 5.4.7.2.1 Prior and Informed Consent over conservation and development projects and knowledge responses . 333 Securing tenure over traditional lands . 333 5.4.7.2.2 BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND POLLINATORS DIVERSITY, BIOCULTURAL 5.4.7.3 Knowledge co-production ................................... 334 5.4.7.4 Collaborative governance .................................... 337 5. 5.5 METHODS ........................................................... 337 5.5.1 Review protocols ................................................ 337 5.5.2 Initial scoping literature review and development of FOD . 338 5.5.3 ILK scoping literature review ........................................ 338 5.5.4 ILK global and community dialogue ................................... 338 5.5.5 Gap-filling literature review .......................................... 338 5.6 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................... 339 REFERENCES ........................................................... 340 THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Diverse knowledge systems, including science and sources respectively; beeswax can be used to protect indigenous and local knowledge (ILK), contribute and maintain fine musical instruments. Artistic, literary to understanding pollinators and pollination, and religious inspiration from pollinators includes popular their economic, environmental and socio-cultural and classical music (e.g., I’m a King Bee by Slim Harpo, values and their management globally (well the flight of the Bumblebee by Rimsky-Korsakov); sacred established). Scientific knowledge provides extensive passages about bees in the Mayan codices (e.g., stingless and multidimensional understanding of pollinators and bees), the Surat An-Naĥl in the Qur’an, the three-bee motif pollination, resulting in detailed understanding of their of Pope Urban VIII in the Vatican and sacred passages from diversity, functions and steps needed to protect pollinators Hinduism, Buddhism and Chinese traditions such as the and the values they produce. In indigenous and local Chuang Tzu. Pollinator-inspired technical design is reflected 278 knowledge systems, pollination processes are often in the visually guided flight of robots, and the 10 metre understood, celebrated and managed holistically in terms telescopic nets used by some amateur entomologists today of maintaining values through fostering fertility, fecundity, (5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3, 5.2.4 case examples 5-2, 5-16, and spirituality and diversity of farms, gardens, and other figures 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-24). habitats. The combined use of economic, socio-cultural and holistic valuation of pollinator gains and losses, using Livelihoods based on beekeeping and honey hunting multiple knowledge systems, brings different perspectives are an anchor for