DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 1 1 Towards a Diachronic, Functional Account of Language in Context

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 1 1 Towards a Diachronic, Functional Account of Language in Context Chapter 1 1 Towards a diachronic, functional account of language in context “Our sense of the past, and our sense of the ways in which the past impinges on us today, become increasingly dependent on an ever expanding reservoir of mediated symbolic forms.” (Thompson, 1995: 34) “The context of a written text of the past is more complex, and more difficult to evaluate and make abstraction from, than that of a contemporary spoken language text.” (Halliday, 1959: 13) 1.1 Introduction to the thesis This thesis presents an investigation of the diachronic construction of meaning in news reports about the events that mark the end of conflict, focusing on seven overseas wars in which Australian military personnel have been involved, and making a case study of the reporting in the Sydney Morning Herald (SMH or the Herald). The quotations used to introduce this chapter reflect the dual motivations for this study: an interest in texts that construe the social contexts of the past and what they indicate to us in the present about our language and our culture; and an interest in exploring changes in context within a particular register of English and how this can be managed using current linguistic models. The reporting of war always seems to capture the attention of the general public and generate a large volume of material, not to mention generate higher commercial value than ordinary news (see e.g. Read, 1999). For example, on the 21st March 2003, the first day of reporting after the beginning of the War on Iraq, the news of the outbreak of war occupied the first eight pages of the 24-page main section of the Sydney Morning Herald. This news appeared on the day before a general election in the state of New South Wales (of which Sydney is the capital), and only three pages of the main ‘news’ section were devoted to covering the election campaign, although there was also a 12-page lift-out section about it. Wars are “quintessentially newsworthy” (Cottle, 2006: 76) in terms of so-called ‘news values’, the kinds of criteria that are said to make some events more newsworthy than others (e.g. Bell, 1991; Brighton & Foy, 2007; Galtung & Ruge, 1965). They involve meanings about tragedy, destruction, heroism, power, serendipity, deception, sacrifice, and other extremes of the human condition, and seem to hold a morbid fascination for us. 1 Chapter 1 At the end of war, armistice carries both a legalistic gravity, as seen in the solemnity of truce-signing ceremonies, and a communal sense of relief and hope, as demonstrated by the crowds of people who flooded into Sydney to celebrate the cessation of the first and second world wars. At the point of armistice, the physical battle might come to an end but other battles, often metaphorical or ideological ones, are brought into focus as a result of the war itself. The discourse of armistice therefore potentially embodies discourses of recrimination, repatriation, reparations, estimations of the economic, structural and human cost of engaging in war, and prognostications about the future of peace. These discourses are often refracted through a range of salient social voices – government and military, for example – as they present their institutionally aligned response to the end of conflict. In working with this site for study, the research is therefore interdisciplinary in nature. As well as being a primarily linguistic enquiry, it is also an investigation of culture in history, insofar as the linguistic investigation can shed light on historical context. It is a study of the culture of interaction between the Herald as an institution and the people of Sydney as its readers, and the cultural history of how Sydneysiders1 have experienced war and armistice through the media. Thus, as far as culture is a major part of the context of a text, this investigation crucially addresses the problem of describing, and ascribing relevance to, contextual variables in a diachronic set of texts. 1.1.1 Objectives of the thesis The thesis has two broad aims: 1. to investigate the linguistic notion of register diachronically, and 2. to investigate historical changes in public meaning-making in relation to the end of war and thereby increase understanding of the changing character of SMH journalism as a semiotic activity. In this introductory chapter, I will first outline the scope of the thesis, including: introducing the Sydney Morning Herald as an institution and site for the linguistic investigation (section 1.2); introducing the approach to language and context taken in this thesis (section 1.3); and introducing the issues from the disciplines of media studies and media history that are relevant to the objectives of this study (section 1.4). In section 1.5 I will summarise the questions to be addressed in the thesis, and then section 3 will provide an overview of the thesis structure. Finally, section 1.7 will conclude the chapter. 1 ‘Sydneysiders’ refers to people who call Sydney home. Chapter 1 2 1.2 Introduction to the data The data in this study are reports from The Sydney Morning Herald2 (henceforth referred to also as SMH or the Herald) that cover seven major wars in Australia’s history: Boer War (1899-1902), World War I (1914-1918), World War II (1939-1945), Korean War (1950- 1953), Vietnam War (1962-1975)3, Gulf War (1990-1991), and Iraq War (2003-)4. The period covered by the research comprises most of the latter half of European Australian history5, and coincides with the period following the Federation in 1901 of British colonies into one Australian nation. Perhaps as a result of this, the early wars (particularly World War I) have collected about them considerable lore and romanticism relating to the cementing of an Australian character and identity (see e.g. Williams, 1999 on the 'Anzac legend' and the growth of an Anzac 'cult') through a ‘baptism by fire’ (especially the Gallipoli landing on 25th April, 1915). Table 1-1 shows the name by which each text will be identified throughout the thesis, along with its date and main headline. The set of texts as a corpus will be introduced in more detail in chapter 3. It will be noted that the set of texts constitutes a very small corpus, but the value of using a small corpus is that it allows for much more detailed analysis and description than a large corpus within the time restrictions of the research. 2 Sydney Morning Herald material published after 1959 (i.e less than 50 years old) is the copyright of Fairfax Media. The reports and full page images for Vietnam War text (1975), Gulf War text (1991), and Iraq War text (2003) are reproduced in this thesis with permission from Fairfax Media. The earlier texts are now in the public domain. 3 These dates for the Vietnam War are as given by the Australian War Memorial (2001-2008d), as Australian personnel were involved from 1965-1972. The start of the Vietnam War is difficult to pinpoint, as I will explain in chapter 3. 4 There has not been an official end to the Iraq War at the time of writing. However, the ‘fall of Baghdad’ on 9th April, 2003, was largely construed as the end of a major phase of war, and various ritual closures to Australian involvement were performed during that year even though troops remained in the Middle East (Bromley, 2004: 225). 5 Australia was inhabited by the indigenous Aboriginal people alone until 1788 when it was formally colonised by Britain with the arrival of the First Fleet under the leadership of Captain Arthur Phillip. 3 Chapter 1 Text Name Date Main Headline 1 Boer War text 3rd June, 1902 DECLARATION OF PEACE 2 World War I (WWI) text 12th November, GERMANY SIGNS 1918 ARMISTICE 3 World War II (WWII) text 16th August, JAPAN CAPITULATES 1945 4 Korean War text 28th July, 1953 KOREAN TRUCE SIGNED 5 Vietnam War text 1st May, 1975 VIETCONG TAKE OVER 6 Gulf War text 1st March, 1991 THE WAR IS OVER 7 Iraq War text 10th April, 2003 BAGHDAD FALLS Table 1-1 Identification of text names, dates and headlines The Sydney Morning Herald is a broadsheet newspaper published in Sydney, Australia, since 1831, and it is unique in being the only Sydney newspaper to have published throughout the entire period under study (1902-2003). As well as being Australia’s longest running newspaper, the Herald is famously recognised as having been owned by the same family for nearly 150 years (actually 149 years, 10 months, and 2 days, according to Souter, 1991: v). John Fairfax and Charles Kemp purchased The Sydney Herald (as it was known for its first decade) in 1841, and it was continuously owned and managed by the Fairfax family until December 1990, when Warwick Fairfax, the great-grandson of the original owner John Fairfax, lost control of the company following financial mismanagement. The current parent company of the Herald, John Fairfax Holdings Limited, retains the name of the family who controlled it for so long. The institutional history of the Sydney Morning Herald will be described as part of the contextual description of each text in chapters 3 and 7, and wherever necessary over the course of the thesis. Although the study is focused on just one newspaper, the Sydney Morning Herald, I argue that some characteristics of the media in general can also be observed as far as they impact the practices of the SMH, and as far as the SMH reporting reflects the wider media environment (see chapter 3 for a further discussion of the media environment in relation to each text).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pacific Communities in Australia
    PACIFIC COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA JIOJI RAVULO SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY Acknowledgements Many thanks to Mary Moeono-Kolio for writing support and drafting assistance, Losana Ravulo for continuous feedback on scope of report, and the Pasifika Achievement To Higher Education (PATHE) team for supporting the vision of Pasifika development across Australia and beyond. Statistics cited within this report is from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census of Population and Housing 2011. Appreciation is expressed for the assistance provided by the ABS Microdata Access Strategies Team. © Jioji Ravulo 2015 University of Western Sydney ISBN 978-1-74108-359-0 PAGE 2 – PACIFIC COMMUNITES IN AUSTRALIA Table of Contents OVERVIEW 4 Figure 14 (QALLP) Non-School Qualification: Level of Education 13 (a) Pacific people in Australia 4 Figure 15 (HSCP) Highest Year of School Completed – (b) Previous research on Pacific people in Australia 5 based on people aged 18 or older 14 i. Social Risk & Protective Factors 6 Figure 16 (TYSTAP) Educational Institution: Attendee Status 14 ii. Cultural Perspectives 7 Figure 17 (INCP) Total Personal Income (weekly) 15 (c) Purpose of report 8 Figure 18 (HRSP) Hours Worked 15 (d) Collection of data & analysis 8 Figure 19 (INDP) Industry of Employment 15 Figure 20 (INDP) Industry of Employment – Construction 15 KEY FINDINGS 11 Figure 21 Labour Force Status and Hours Worked (a) Demographic 11 Not Stated (LFHRP) 16 (b) Education & Training 13 Figure 22 (MTWP) Method of Travel to Work
    [Show full text]
  • Sydney Metro Pitt Street South Over Station Development
    Sydney Metro Pitt Street South Over Station Development Build to Rent Overview State Significant Development Development Application Revision B SMCSWSPS‐OXF‐OSS‐PL‐REP‐000001 Document Control Revision B Prepared for issue: Lucinda Mander‐Jones Date: 18 May 2020 Reviewed for issue: Nellie O’Keeffe Date: 18 April 2020 Approved for issue: Ian Lyon Date: 18 April 2020 Contents Common Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 5 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1. State Significant Secretary’s Environmental Assessment Requirements ........................... 6 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 3. Oxford Property Group Overview ....................................................................................... 7 Project Summary ............................................................................................................................... 9 4. Project Objectives ............................................................................................................... 9 5. What is Build to Rent ? ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE JEWISH POPULATION of AUSTRALIA Key Findings from the 2011 Census
    THE JEWISH POPULATION OF AUSTRALIA Key findings from the 2011 Census Dr David Graham All rights reserved © JCA First published 2014 JCA 140-146 Darlinghurst Rd Darlinghurst NSW 2023 http://www.JCA.org.au ISBN: 978-0-9874195-7-6 This work is copyright. Apart for any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of it may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to the publisher. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................4 What is a census and who is included?.........................................................................................4 Why does the census matter? .........................................................................................................5 Notes about the data ........................................................................................................................5 AUSTRALIA’S JEWISH POPULATION IN CONTEXT .................................................................6 Global Jewish context.......................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Sydney, Australia by Joe Flood
    The case of Sydney, Australia by Joe Flood Contact Source: CIA factbook Dr. Joe Flood Urban Resources 37 Horne St Elsternwick Vic 3185, AUSTRALIA Tel. +61 3 9532 8492 Fax. +61 3 9532 4325 E-mail: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION Australia, the “Great South Land” is the size of conti- Australia has been called the “Lucky Country” – with nental USA, but has a population of only 19 million. some justification. From 1890 to1920 it had the highest Much of Australia is extremely arid and unsuited to culti- per capita income in the world. It was the first country to vation or settlement, and the bulk of the people live in introduce a social service safety net through universal the temperate south-eastern region and other coastal age and other pensions. It consistently rates among the areas. top few countries in terms of human development and Australia was settled as six separate British colonies liveability indices. It is regarded as one of the world’s during the period 1788-1840, displacing some 750,000 most egalitarian nations in which everyone gets a indigenous inhabitants to the more remote parts of the chance to improve their situation. Yet the largest cities continent1. Following a sheep farming boom in the latter have had slums in the past to equal those of any coun- half of the nineteenth century and the discovery of gold try. Despite a century of slum clearance and redevelop- in the 1950s, the colonies prospered and joined to form ment, it is still easy to identify areas of considerable the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
    [Show full text]
  • Assyrian Community Capacity Building in Fairfield City
    ASSYRIAN COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING IN FAIRFIELD CITY GREG GOW WITH ASHUR ISAAC PAUL GORGEES MARLIN BABAKHAN KARDONIA DAAWOD © 2005 CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESEARCH AND ASSYRIAN WORKERS’ NETWORK ISBN 1 74108 112 2 PUBLISHED BY THE CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY PARRAMATTA CAMPUS EBA LOCKED BAG 1797 PENRITH SOUTH DC 1797 NSW AUSTRALIA www.uws.edu.au/ccr DESIGN: ANNA LAZAR, ODESIGN PRINTING: UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY COVER MODEL: JOSEPH SOLOMON Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY III ABOUT THE AUTHORS IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V LIST OF ACRONYMS VI Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 Assyrians: a global community ............................................................................... 3 2 Fairfi eld City: Australia’s Assyrian centre .............................................................. 6 2.1 Perceptions of Fairfi eld 2.2 Settlement history 3 Statistical profi le of the community ....................................................................... 10 3.1 Population, origin and migration 3.2 Family composition and age distribution 3.3 Religious affi liations 3.4 Language and education 3.5 Labour force status 3.6 Distribution by suburbs and tenure type 4 Research approach ................................................................................................... 13 5 Assyrian organisations and community infrastructure ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gos on the Route Choice Behaviour of Car Drivers
    Modelling the Effect of the Number of Stop-&-gos on the Route Choice Behaviour of Car Drivers By Neeraj Saxena M. Tech. (Transportation), B. Tech. (Civil) A thesis presented in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of New South Wales August 2017 ॐ जननी जꅍमभूमम�च व셍गादपि 셍रीयसी । Mother and Motherland are superior to Heaven. 셍ु셁 셍ोबिꅍद दोउ खडे कगके लग셍ँू िगँय । िमलहगरी 셍ु셁 आिने 셍ोबिꅍद ददयो ितगय ॥ Guru and God both are here to whom should I first bow. All glory be unto the guru path to God who did bestow. This thesis is dedicated to my Parents, Gurus and Motherland Neeraj Saxena iii ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …… ……… Date …… 28/08/2017 …….
    [Show full text]
  • Mothers and School Choice: Effects on the Home Front
    Mothers and School Choice: Effects on the Home Front Claire Aitchison This thesis is presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2006 FACULTY OF EDUCATION University of Technology, Sydney Certificate of Authorship I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of any requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help I have received in the research and preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. ……………………………………… Aitchison Mothers and school choice: Effects on the home front i Acknowledgements Text is a social product and this thesis is no exception. Many people, experiences and interactions contributed to its production. Firstly I would like to thank Lyn Yates who encouraged me to pursue this topic in the first place. Her guidance and friendship through the early stages of the research were invaluable. I also need to thank Lori Beckett who supervised me in Lyn’s absence. Alison Lee has been a great mentor in recent years; offering insightful and timely advice at crucial stages. I am especially indebted to Kitty te Riele and Dave Boud who ‘took me on’ for the intensive last seven months of candidature. I thoroughly enjoyed the collegiality and professionalism that characterised this supervisory experience and I am especially grateful to Kitty for her diligent and thoughtful feedback. Of course this research could not have happened without the generosity of the women who came forward to participate.
    [Show full text]
  • South Western Sydney District Data Profile South Western Sydney Contents
    South Western Sydney District Data Profile South Western Sydney Contents Introduction 4 Demographic Data 7 Population – South Western Sydney 7 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population 9 Country of birth 11 Languages spoken at home 13 Children and Young People 16 Government schools 16 Early childhood development 28 Vulnerable children and young people 33 Contact with child protection services 36 Economic Environment 37 Education 37 Employment 39 Income 40 Socio-economic advantage and disadvantage 42 Social Environment 43 Community safety and crime 43 2 Contents Maternal Health 48 Teenage pregnancy 48 Smoking during pregnancy 49 Australian Mothers Index 50 Disability 51 Need for assistance with core activities 51 Households 52 Tenure types 53 Housing affordability 54 Social housing 56 3 Contents Introduction This document presents a brief data profile for the South Western Sydney district. It contains a series of tables and graphs that show the characteristics of persons, families and communities. It includes demographic, housing, child development, community safety and child protection information. Where possible, we present this information at the local government area (LGA) level. In the South Western Sydney district, there are seven LGAS: • Camden • Campbelltown • Canterbury-Bankstown1 • Fairfield • Liverpool • Wingecarribee • Wollondilly The data presented in this document is from a number of different sources, including: • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) • Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR) • NSW Health Stats • Australian Early Developmental Census (AEDC) • NSW Government administrative data. 1 Please note: The Canterbury-Bankstown LGA also belongs to the Sydney district. The figures presented in this document are for the entire Canterbury-Bankstown LGA. 4 South Western Sydney District Data Profile The majority of these sources are publicly available.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting Armistice: a Diachronic, Functional Perspective
    Reporting Armistice: A diachronic, functional perspective Claire Emily Scott BA (Hons) (Macquarie University) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics Faculty of Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney, Australia September 2009 i Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ ix Statement of Candidate .............................................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PROMOTING DIVERSITY of CULTURAL EXPRESSION in ARTS in AUSTRALIA a Case Study Report
    PROMOTING DIVERSITY OF CULTURAL EXPRESSION IN ARTS IN AUSTRALIA A case study report Dr Phillip Mar Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University Distinguished Professor Ien Ang Institute for Culture and Society, Institute for Culture Western Sydney University and Society DIVERSITY OF CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS Published under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NonDerivative Works 2.5 License Any distribution must include the following attribution: P.Mar & I.Ang (2015) Promoting Diversity of Cultural Expressions in Arts in Australia, Sydney, Australia Council for the Arts. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Phillip Mar Phillip Mar is an anthropologist by training, with research interests in migration, political emotions, contemporary art and cultural policy. Since 2008, Phillip Mar has been a researcher at the Centre for Cultural Research / Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University. Distinguished Professor Ien Ang Ien Ang is a Distinguished Professor of Cultural Studies at the Institute for Culture and Society (ICS) at Western Sydney University. She is one of the leaders in cultural studies worldwide, with interdisciplinary work spanning many areas of the humanities and social sciences, focusing broadly on the processes and impacts of cultural flow and exchange in the globalised world. Her books, including Watching Dallas, Desperately Seeking the Audience and On Not Speaking Chinese, are recognised as classics in the field and her work has been translated into many languages, including Chinese, Japanese, Italian, Turkish, German, Korean and Spanish. Her most recent book, co-edited with E. Lally and K. Anderson, is The Art of Engagement: Culture, Collaboration, Innovation (2011). She is also the co-author (with Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Profile
    Iraqi Australians • Since the early 1980s Iraq has experienced successive wars, Population of Iraq-born people in oppression, and political and economic Australia (2006 Census): 32,5201 sanctions resulting in the displacement of at least nine million people, with Population of Iraq-born people in approximately seven million people Queensland: 723 leaving the country and two million Population of Iraq-born people in 4 i being displaced within Iraq . Brisbanei: 535 • The humanitarian crisis in Iraq has Gender ratio (Queensland): 62.1 females included sectarian violence between per 100 males1 the two main Muslim groups, the Sunni and the Shi’a, and ethnic cleansing Median age (Australia): The median age perpetrated against non-Muslim of Iraq-born people in Australia in 2006 religious minorities including the was 35.7 years compared with 46.8 years for all overseas born and 37.1 for the Yazidis, the Chaldean-Assyrians, Iraqi 2 Christians, Kurds and the Mandaeans total Australian population . (a small pre-Christian sect)5. • In 1976, the Iraq-born population in 1 Australia was 2273 and by 1986 this had Age distribution (Queensland) : almost doubled to 45162. Since the 1991 Gulf War, thousands of Iraqis have found Age Per cent refuge in Australia with the 2006 census 0-19 19.8% recording 32,520 Iraq-born people in 20-39 40.8% Australia2. At that time, 89.6 per cent of the Iraq-born population were living in 40-59 32.2% New South Wales and Victoria with only 60+ 7.2% a relatively small percentage (2.2 per cent) settling in Queensland2.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are the Obstacles to the Integration of Iraqi Muslim Shiite Refugees in Sydney, Australia?
    UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION What are the obstacles to the integration of Iraqi Muslim Shiite refugees in Sydney, Australia? Makki Ilaj 2014 This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Western Sydney DEDICATION To my wife, Zulfikar, Mohammad Reda, Fatima, and Mohammad Hassan who has supported this long journey. To my country which inspired me and gave the power to conduct this thesis. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisors, Associate Professor Carol Reid, and Dr. Katina Zammit for being generous with their time, honest in their appraisals, and their patience as I’ve worked to finish this PhD. You are the most generous ladies I have had the pleasure of working with. I would like to sincerely thank the Iraqi community for their support and encouragement … you have my full attention now! Thank you to Sheikh Mohammad Al Semiany, Dr. Christine Halse and Dr. Helen McCue. A special thank to the staff of School of Education, especially Markie Lugton, Kathy Watson, Lei Cameron and to my fellow students in Building 22. ii STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or part, for a degree at this or any other institution. Makki Ilaj March 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ..................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................... II STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION......................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................... IV LIST OF APPENDICES .....................................................................VIII LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................
    [Show full text]