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Sydney, Australia by Joe Flood

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Sydney, Australia by Joe Flood The case of Sydney, Australia by Joe Flood Contact Source: CIA factbook Dr. Joe Flood Urban Resources 37 Horne St Elsternwick Vic 3185, AUSTRALIA Tel. +61 3 9532 8492 Fax. +61 3 9532 4325 E-mail: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION Australia, the “Great South Land” is the size of conti- Australia has been called the “Lucky Country” – with nental USA, but has a population of only 19 million. some justification. From 1890 to1920 it had the highest Much of Australia is extremely arid and unsuited to culti- per capita income in the world. It was the first country to vation or settlement, and the bulk of the people live in introduce a social service safety net through universal the temperate south-eastern region and other coastal age and other pensions. It consistently rates among the areas. top few countries in terms of human development and Australia was settled as six separate British colonies liveability indices. It is regarded as one of the world’s during the period 1788-1840, displacing some 750,000 most egalitarian nations in which everyone gets a indigenous inhabitants to the more remote parts of the chance to improve their situation. Yet the largest cities continent1. Following a sheep farming boom in the latter have had slums in the past to equal those of any coun- half of the nineteenth century and the discovery of gold try. Despite a century of slum clearance and redevelop- in the 1950s, the colonies prospered and joined to form ment, it is still easy to identify areas of considerable the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The nation social disadvantage, although they would not now be operates under a Westminster-style federal system of called slums. Recent pressures associated with global- government in which the Commonwealth collects and isation have conspired to increase inequality in both the distributes most of the taxes, the states provide most of social and the spatial senses, so that in the longer term, the human and physical services, and local govern- the cycle through which neighbourhoods become slums ments have more limited responsibilities than is usual could turn again. elsewhere. Although most of Australia’s exports are raw agricul- tural or mineral commodities, only about 3 per cent of A. SYDNEY: THE CITY the population are employed in primary activities. In fact, Australia is 80 per cent urbanised, one of the high- “The growth of suburban Sydney had no parallel est levels in the world, and two thirds of the population among the cities of the Old World. Even in America the live in the five primate cities that are the capitals of the rise of the great cities has been accompanied by a former mainland colonies. Urban Slums Reports: The case of Sydney, Australia corresponding increase in rural population. No charac- Great Dividing Range some 100 km inland and substan- teristic of development has been more marked than the tial waterways to the north have given it poor surface concentration of people in the cities”. (Coghlan, NSW access to the interior, and have set limits to urban resi- Statistician, 1895). dential growth. The generally hilly aspect of the inner and northern areas, and the waterways on which Sydney is a coastal city of 4 million people about a Sydney is built, have caused problems of internal traffic third of the way up Australia’s eastern seaboard. It has flow and access, and have contributed to real estate a temperate climate with over 340 sunny days per year, prices some 30% higher than other Australian cities. and has an average rainfall of 1,210mm. It covers an To the south-west of Sydney, however, stretches some area of about 1,580 km2 - similar to London, and 15 60km of flat, rather dreary suburban sprawl, standing in times the size of Paris. It is intensely cosmopolitan, with sharp contrast to the tinseltown precincts of the city and more than a million people born overseas, and another the wealth and privilege of the northern suburbs. It is 900,000 second-generation immigrants, with just about here that the bulk of population increase is taking place, every national and ethnic group represented. where the new immigrants increasingly settle, and the Sydney was the site of the first European settlement disadvantaged can find affordable housing and support in 1788, and is the capital of the most populous mechanisms. It is fairly inevitable that Sydney would be Australian state of New South Wales. Apart from a residentially divided between those who could afford the period of about 70 years from 1860-1930 when it was higher amenities and accessibility of the inner and north- eclipsed by the Victorian capital of Melbourne in popu- ern areas, from those located in the fairly monotonous lation, wealth and political importance, it has been plains lying to the west inside the escarpment of the regarded as Australia’s premier city. It has a spectacu- Divide; and that the jobs to which richer households lar position astride Sydney Harbour, and is famous for would aspire would also tend to be centrally located. its bay scenery and beaches, its picturesque structures Sydney has been the preferred destination for some including the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Opera 30 per cent of immigrants to Australia, and therefore it House, and its cosmopolitan inner-city precincts, many has supported a large and ethnically diverse immigrant of them former slum areas. In 2000 its international population, while being (with Melbourne) the major locus profile was raised when it hosted the 20th Olympiad. It for the growth of the semi-skilled adult labour force. As has increasingly taken over the roles of the major in other cities, immigrants have tended to gather around Australian business centre, the preferred location for the specific locations, particularly around former migrant headquarters of Australian and international firms, and hostels where jobs and facilities suited to recent arrivals the tourist, information and air traffic “connectivity hub” are concentrated, and where formal and informal social for Australia. supports for particular ethnic groups can be found. Sydney has both gained and lost from its spectacular Apart from a few rundown suburban blocks and areas, site. On the one hand, this has given it global prestige, Sydney no longer has any slums as conventionally a “must-see” status for tourists, and good access to contrived. What it does have is a rich and very well docu- Asian markets. On the other hand, the obstacle of the mented history of traditional inner city slum areas and their passage from squalor to mixed income status; a history of multicultural Map 1: Sydney development which has given a great deal both to the city and the nation; and a fairly profound spatial separation of social and income groups mediated through globali- sation, and through which the slums of the future might possly emerge. 1. Sydney: a Short History of Inequality New South Wales was established in 1788 as a penal colony for surplus British prisoners during the social dislocations of the Industrial Revolution. The transporta- tion period until 1840 was one of very slow growth and an artificial society based on the work of convicts and agricultural products. Sydney slowly became a market Source:http://business.carinthia.com/bgolob/bilder/case_area_Sydney.gif and government centre, in which develop- 2 UNDERSTANDING SLUMS: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003 Table 1, Population, Sydney 1788 to 2001 markets, just as in other entrepôt ports such as Liverpool. Rate of Year Population The unplanned development of the early years was growth succeeded by several rounds of redevelopment or slum clearing – the first following a small plague outbreak in 1788 1,050 1900; the second in the 1920s; and the third in the 1800 2,537 7.6% 1960s and 1970s, which was strongly opposed by resi- dent action groups who sought to preserve the historical 1810 6,158 9.3% character of inner areas. During this period of planning 1820 12,079 7.0% interventions, the almost complete separation of work- place and residential areas became the norm. Most 1833 16,232 2.3% workers commuted to the central city, first by train and 1841 35,507 10.3% later by car. Secondary employment centres began to 1851 53,924 4.3% be constructed as the city expanded. The Second World War caused a major reorientation 1861 95,789 5.9% in economic and military affiliations, with the USA ulti- 1871 137,776 3.7% mately becoming the major source of imports, and Japan and other countries receiving Australia’s raw 1881 224,939 5.0% materials. A major wave of assisted immigration began 1891 383,283 5.5% that was to triple Australia’s (and Sydney’s) population within 50 years. Huge new sprawling suburban areas of 1901 481,830 2.3% the “Australian dream, the house on a quarter acre 1911 - - block” were built for single family housing, which were 1921 - - equally popular with immigrants and the native born. Assisted by the easy availability of housing loans at 1931 - - concessional and capped interest rates, the home 1941 - - ownership rate soared to the present levels of 70% by 19603. The construction of urban services at these low 1951 - - densities was expensive and providers had a great deal 1961 - - of trouble keeping up (Sydney was not fully sewered 1971 - - until the late 1980s). By the 1970s high interest rates, demographics and 1981 3,279,500 changing tastes were moving against this land-intensive 1991 3,672,850 1.1% urban expansion. In the following 25 years, the formerly ubiquitous “couples with children” fell to only 25% of 2001 3,997,321 0.9% households, and women rapidly entered the workforce.
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