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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Aibor NO 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE CATHOUC CHURCH AND THE REBIRTH OF CIVIL SOCIETY: ELITE CONVERGENCE, MOBILIZATION AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Nathalie GAGNERE Norman, Oklahoma 1998 UMI Nounber: 9839793 Copyright 1998 by Gagnere, Nathalie All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9839793 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 © Copyright by NATHALIE GAGNERE 1998 AU Rights Reserved. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE REBIRTH OF CIVIL SOCIETY: ELITE CONVERGENCE, MOBILIZATION AND DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY Acknowledgments Writing a doctoral dissertation certainly involves a great deal of solitary effort However, the undertaking and completion of this work would not have been possible without the support of numerous individuals. In the course of this doctoral research, I indeed incurred many debts. I first would like to thank the members my dissertation committee. I am particularly grateful to my chair. Since the day he called to invite me to the University of Oklahoma and offer me a Centennial Research Fellowship, Dr. Robert Henri Cox has represented a constant source of support At the various stages of this project, he offered me useful words of advice, while giving me the fieedom to find my own path to scholarly research. His confidence in me, patience and practical sense have helped me to overcome the many challenges of this doctoral endeavor. The careful editing of Dr. Greg Russell taught me to strive for rigor, thoroughness and good writing. Interacting with him also increased my awareness of the truly significant questions of politics. Dr. Jill Irvine was very influential in my growth as a scholar in eastern European affairs. Her theoretical insights and suggestions have been of immeasurable value. Dr. Allen D. Hertzke stimulated my thinking as well with his enthusiasm, energy and constructive comments. Dr. Wil Scott offered a candid outsider perspective, which has helped anchor this study in a broader frame of reference. Beyond my committee, I am indebted to the Institute for the Study of World Politics and the University of Oklahoma for the financial support they provided me during my field research. I also would like to take this occasion to thank the various persons, sometimes anonymous, which have helped me to organize my trans-European journey. Their assistance greatly eased the challenge of arranging a trip to five different countries. My heartfelt thanks especially go to Dr. Jorgen Ljung (Sweden), Edward IV Sobczak (Poland), Ewa Miecznikowska (Poland, France), and Marta Jedllckova (Slovakia). I also owe a particular debt of gratitude to Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Proton de la Chapelle of Lyon, France, whose mediation allowed me to launch the investigative part of this research. Their assistance initiated a process which eventually opened me the door to Vatican circles. During this research, I also was blessed with the generous hospitality and help of various families: Dominique Bédyer, Colette Canet and their son Pierre-Adrien in Rome, Marcela Valentovicova and her son Oliver in Bratislava, Olga and Stanislaw Sroka in Krakôw, and Ewa Tomaszeliska and her family in Warszawa. They not only opened their home to me, but quite often, they also took an active interest in my wodc They kindly volunteered time to help me finding my way in their cities, solving logistical details, establishing contacts, and even providing their service as translators. I would like to express my very sincere thanks to them. During my stay in Warszawa, I also greatly benefited from the precious assistance of Lydia Popielewicz, who helped me arrange many interviews. Back in the United States, I received the help of my fellow OU and WWU alumnus, Sean Andy Anderson, who shared with me his expertise on Islam. Of course, this list of contributions would be incomplete, if I did not mention the various persons who granted me an interview. I would like to thank them for their gracious cooperation, enlightening conversations and most especially for taking time out of their busy schedule to answer my questions. While living in Norman, my life as a student and research assistant was facilitated by the assistance of Geri Rowden and Marie France, the secretaries of the Department of Political Science. I would like to thank them for their patience and good humor in answering my countless questions. Equally noteworthy was the early influence of the late Dr. Stanley V. Vardys. Taking the last graduate seminar he ever taught, played an essential role in my decision to study the role of the Catholic Church in the democratic transition of Eastern Europe. I am also very grateful to his wife, Mrs. Anna Vardys, for her continuing support, kind words of encouragement and her marvelous cookies. I would like to express my gratitude to the many friends which made my life in Norman more enjoyable. Rick Farmer took upon the mission of showing me the true nature of the heartland of America. My stay and my appreciation of Oklahoma's way of life would not have been the same without him. His friendship proved to be a precious gift, particularly in times of doubt Our endless ideological arguments, our impromptu expeditions, our efforts to survive the various hurdles of the doctoral program have created long-lasting ties and made my time in Norman more memorable. John and Judy Van Doom have graced my graduate years in Oklahoma with their kind southern hospitality and friendship. Wanda Faber, who shared with me the tribulations of choosing a dissertation outside the academic mainstream, blessed my graduate experience with her generosity, entrepreneurship and good sheers. Our trips to dusty bookstores, our animated discussions, our religious watching of Charlie Rose, and our cooking sessions helped me to survive my last year in Oklahoma. Grant Moak, Frank Hoke and my friends from St. Thomas More allowed me on numerous occasions to escape academic pressure with stimulating entertainment As to the members of my graduate cohort, they have made my graduate years richer and fuller. To all of them, many heartfelt thanks! However, many of my Oklahoman achievements could not have been accomplished without the continuous support of my friends in the Pacific Northwest. I would like to thank Ron Podmore and his parents, Ray and Judy Podmore, for their generous hospitality, whenever I visited Seattle. Many times, they offered me a warm welcome when I longed for the sight of magnificent mountains and misty rain. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jim and Becky Eastwood who offered me a safe heaven, a home away from home, whenever I needed to refill my batteries. The VI many laughters and the friendship we shared will be forever associated with beautifid Bellingham by the bay. The ties I developed in the Pacific Northwest have made my stay at Western Washington University a very special time indeed. I am foremost grateful to Dr. Arthur Kimmel, who as the director of international studies at WWU, is responsible for my coming to Bellingham. With his wife Shirley, and his secretary, Patty Rhodefer-Bruland, he guided my first steps in the United States. The members of the faculty at Western (especially the late Dr. David Clark, the late Dr. William Bryant, Dr. Lynn Robbins, Dr. Kenneth Hoover, Dr. Vernon Johnson, Dr. Don Alper, Dr. Sara Weir, and Dr. Kristin Parris) also deserve mention for their generous support and confidence in me. They opened my eyes to new perspectives, and prepared me well for my doctoral journey. Yet, nobody was as influential as Dr. Gerard F. Rutan His teaching sparked my dormant interest for the field of religion and politics, and revived my intellectual curiosity. His breadth of knowledge, eloquence and integrity have been an invaluable source of inspiration. Studying under his auspices, and becoming his friend over the years, have been both an honor and a privilege. This time is also an occasion to acknowledge all the persons, who participated in my French education and provided me with solid foundations.
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