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Bruno Kamiński Fear Management. Foreign threats in the postwar Polish propaganda – the influence and the reception of the communist media (1944 -1956) Bruno Kamiński Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 14 June 2016 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Fear Management. Foreign threats in the postwar Polish propaganda – the influence and the reception of the communist media (1944 -1956) Bruno Kamiński Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Pavel Kolář (EUI) - Supervisor Prof. Alexander Etkind (EUI) Prof. Anita Prażmowska (London School Of Economics) Prof. Dariusz Stola (University of Warsaw and Polish Academy of Science) © Bruno Kamiński, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of History and Civilization - Doctoral Programme I <Bruno Kamiński> certify that I am the author of the work < Fear Management. Foreign threats in the postwar Polish propaganda – the influence and the reception of the communist media (1944 -1956)> I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297). The copyright of this work rests with its author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This work may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. This authorisation does not, to the best of my knowledge, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that this work consists of <136022> words. Statement of language correction: This thesis has been corrected for linguistic and stylistic errors. I certify that I have checked and approved all language corrections, and that these have not affected the content of this work. Abstract: The idea of this dissertation ascends from the scholarly interest in developing the issue of the history of emotions. Among four basic emotions, this thesis explores the vital historical and social aspects of the emotion of fear. In particular, this thesis offers a complex introduction to the general problem of propaganda fear management in communist Poland. The concept of fear management is examined as a manipulation of the propaganda information, referring to both the real and artificially stimulated fears with a special focus on external dreads. The entire set of figures of foreign threats are investigated as rhetorical tropes of the ‘external enemies of Poland’, exploited by communist propaganda with the intention of legitimising the power of the postwar authorities and to delegitimise the alliance with the USA and its Western partners. In this thesis, the foreign threats are represented mainly by the ‘German threat’, ‘American dread’ and the ‘danger provoked by Western spies’. Along with the examination of the various ways and circumstances in which the above propaganda strategy was applied, this dissertation addresses the crucial problem of the social attitude towards communist media efforts dedicated to manipulation with fear. All six chapters of this thesis offer conclusions dedicated to popular reception of particular propaganda campaigns exploiting a given threat. Analysis of these conclusions allows tracing the dynamic of social moods in relation both to propaganda activity and socio-political circumstances shaping the atmosphere within Polish postwar society. The parallel discussion of the implementation of, and social reaction towards, the propaganda fear management strategy allows general conclusions to be drawn concerning the effectiveness of communication between the communist authorities and society in the Socialist Bloc. Based on archival research, this thesis shows and interprets the efficiency of communist media attempts to manage the emotion of fear. 5 Table of contents: Table of the most frequently used abbreviations ……………………………………………….……… 10 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Historical context ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 1. State of the art ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 a. Fear ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 b. Propaganda ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31 c. Fear and propaganda …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33 d. Establishing communist power in Poland ……………………………………………………………….. 34 2. The key problems addressed in the thesis ……………………………………………………………… 38 Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 3. Methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 3.1 Institutions producing propaganda and monitoring social moods ...……………………… 41 3.2 Propaganda agents …..………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 3.3 Key parts of the communist propaganda discourse analysed in the thesis ..…………. 44 3.4 Sources ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 4. Structure of the thesis …………………………………………………………………………………………… 48 CHAPTER I ‘German hydra is coming back to life’. Anti-German media discourse - the benchmark image of the foreign enemy in the communist propaganda (1944-1956)..50 1. The German threat in Polish tradition and culture …………………………………………………. 59 2. Various shades of fear of Germans ...……………………………………………………………………… 64 2.1 Physical German threat ………………………………………………………………………………………… 64 2.2 Language of fear: ‘Hangmen, murderers, bestial torturers’ .………………………………… 71 2.3 The political, military and economic German threat .…………………………………………… 81 2.4 German stigma on the political opponents of the regime …………………………………….. 87 2.5 The German threat after 1947 ..……………………………………………………………………………. 99 Conclusion ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110 6 CHAPTER II Greedy capitalists and aggressive neighbours. The local dimension of the German threat with the examples of Łódź and Szczecin (1945-1947) …………………… 112 1. Łódź and Szczecin – historical and sociological sketch .…………………………………………. 112 1.1 Postwar conditions of the cities …………………………………………………………………………. 115 1.2 Local societies and their concerns ……………………………………………………………………… 116 2. Anti-German atmosphere in the cities …………………………………………………………………. 125 3. The local specificity of a German ………………………………………………………………………….. 136 3.1 Nazi occupants and greedy German capitalists from Łódź .…………………………………. 136 3.2 The city of strikes ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151 3.3 The eternal German enemies right behind the border in Szczecin ……………………… 158 3.4 ‘The wild west’ …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 161 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 167 CHAPTER III The Cold War ‘Spy mania’. The threat of spies, conspirators and internal enemies (1945-1953) ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171 1. Spy mania and the postwar reality in Poland ……………………………………………………….. 176 1.1 The panorama of local fear in Poland after 1947 ……………………………………………….. 176 1.2 The figures of spies and conspirators in the postwar propaganda discourse …….… 178 2. Titoism …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 183 2.1 Propaganda image of Tito and Yugoslavia before 1948 ……………………………………… 184 2.2 Stalin-Tito split …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 186 2.3 Disposable heroes. Show trials of the alleged spies and conspirators within the Socialist Bloc ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 195 2.4 Popular reception of the anti-Titoist propaganda ………………………………………………. 205 3. Conspirators in the Polish Army, spies in the Catholic Church ……………………………… 208 3.1 The trial of the Generals …………………………………………………………………………………….. 209 3.2 The trial of Bishop Kaczmarek …………………………………………………………………………….. 213 3.3 Trust vs. mistrust. Social approach towards both trials .……………………………………… 218 Conclusion ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 225 7 CHAPTER IV Dangerous capitalists. The fear of the American economic enemy (1945- 1956) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 228 1.From hope to threat. Propaganda vision of American economic policy ………………… 232 1.1 Gifts from ‘aunt UNRRA’ ..…………………………………………………………………………………… 232 1.2 Dollar ante portas. Propaganda’s negative image of the Marshall Plan ……………… 241 1.3 ‘And now we will starve’. The social reception of the anti-ERP propaganda ..……… 255 1.4 American economic crisis strikes back ..……………………………………………………………… 259 1.5 In progress you should trust ………………………………………………………………………………. 270 1.6 ‘Why do you keep slandering the USA?’ Social reception of the ‘American economic threat’ in the communist media ………………………………………………………………………………. 276 1.7 The Colorado Beetle invasion. The American threat to the Polish economy and its social reception ..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 280 1.8 The fairytales designed to indoctrinate children ………………………………………………… 291 Conclusion .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 296 CHAPTER V ‘Nazi racism is raging in the state of Mississippi’. The threat of intolerance, aggression and hooliganism inspired by American culture (1945-1956) ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………
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