KITUI COUNTY 2015 SHORT RAINS FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

A Joint Report by the Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG)1 and County Steering Group

February 2016

1 Patrick Muiruri (Ministry of Agric. Livestock and Fisheries (Department of Agriculture) and Eunice Mutuku (World Vision, Kenya)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1 County Background...... 3 1.2 Current Factor Affecting Food Security...... 3 2.0 COUNTY FOOD SECURITY SITUATION ...... 3 2.1 Current Food Security Situation ...... 3 2.2 Food Security Trends ...... 4 2.4 Current Shock and Hazards ...... 4 3.0 IMPACT OF RAINFALL PERFORMANCE, SHOCKS AND HAZARDS ...... 5 3.1 Crop Production ...... 5 3.2 Livestock Production...... 6 3.3 Water and Sanitation ...... 7 3.4 Markets and Trade ...... 8 3.5 Health and Nutrition ...... 10 3.6 Education ...... 11 3.7 Coping Mechanism ...... 11 3.8 Ongoing Interventions ...... 12 3.9 Sub County Ranking ...... 14 4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS ...... 15 4.1 Prognosis Assumptions ...... 15 4.2 Food Security Outcomes for the February, March and April ...... 15 4.3 Food Security Outcomes for May, June and July ...... 16 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 16 5.1 Conclusion ...... 16 5.2 Summary of Recommendations ...... 16 6.0 ANNEXES ...... 17 Annex I Food Interventions...... 17 Annex II Non-Food Interventions (by Sector) ...... 17

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 County Background is located in the lower eastern region of Kenya, bordering Embu and Tharaka Nithi to the North, Taita Taveta to the South, Makueni to the West, to the Northwest and Tana River to the East. The county has eight sub counties namely; Kitui Central, Kitui South, Kitui East, Kitui Rural, Kitui West, North, Mwingi West and Mwingi Central. There are three livelihood zones in the County, marginal mixed farming, mixed farming livelihood zone and formal employment, having 44, 52 and 4 percent of the County population respectively (Figure 1). The county has a population of 1,012,710 people2 and covers an area of 30,570 square kilometres, of which 6,370 square kilometres is covered by Tsavo National Park.

Figure 1: Proportion of population by livelihood

1.2 Current Factors Affecting Food Security The factors affecting food security in Kitui County include;  Livestock diseases mainly Pests des Petits Ruminantis (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuro- Pneumonia (CCPP).  Human-wildlife conflict in Kitui East, Kitui South, Mwingi North and Mwingi Central.  In-migration of pastoralists from .  Poor farming methods.

2.0 COUNTY FOOD SECURITY SITUATION

2.1 Current Food Security Situation The county is classified as being in Minimal Phase (IPC Phase 1) for both the mixed farming and marginal mixed farming livelihood zones. In December 2015, 88 percent, 10 percent and one percent of the households had an acceptable, borderline and poor Food Consumption Score (FCS) respectively. The Coping Strategy Index (CSI) decreased from 23 in December 2014 to 20 in December 2015 meaning that food security status is improving. Mainly households were employing less severe food consumption coping strategies such as reducing the size and frequency of meals. The nutritional status of children was normal as the proportion of children at risk of malnutrition based on Mid-upper Arm Circumference (MUAC<135 millimeters) was 5.1 percent compared to 8.56 percent normally. The average household milk consumption was approximately one litre per household per day across all the livelihood zones which is normal. Access to water sources for households had increased by 40 percent as the return trekking distances decreased to slightly less than five kilometers.

2 KNBS 2009 Consumption of water per person per day has increased to 30 litres from a normal of 20 litres. The current terms of trade improved by 32 percent compared to the long term average (LTA) at the households’ level, the sale of a goat could purchase 95 kilograms of maize as compared to 72 kilograms during normal times.

2.2 Food Security Trends The county had been classified as being in the Stressed Phase (IPC Phase 2) in the past two rain season assessments in both the marginal mixed farming and mixed farming livelihood zones. However, with the enhanced short rains which resulted to improved food security, the county is now classified as being in the Minimal Phase (IPC Phase 1). The CSI declined from 23 in December 2014 to 20 in December 2015 implying that households were currently employing less severe consumption coping strategies. The average walking distances to water points was approximately 3.4 kilometres compared to norm of 6.4 kilometres. In the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone, the average distance was five kilometres while in the mixed farming livelihood zone the distances were three kilometres. Consumption of water per person per day was 20 litres compared to normal 15 litres in marginal mixed farming livelihood zone. In the mixed farming livelihood zone, water consumption per person per day was 30 litres compared to normal of 20 litres.

2.3 Rainfall Performance The onset of the rains was late across all livelihood zones in the second dekad (10 days) of November compared to a normal of the second dekad of October. Over 80 percent of the areas in the mixed farming livelihood zones and 70 percent of the marginal mixed farming livelihood zones received approximately 140-200 and 125-140 percent of the normal rainfall. The rest of the areas received between 75-90 percent of their normal rainfall (Figure 2). The spatial distribution was fair and the temporal distribution uneven. By the end of the season, most rain stations had reported normal to above normal rains. The cessation of the rains was on the third dekad of January 2016 as compared to the normal of late Figure 1. Percent of normal rainfall, Kitui County December to early January.

2.4 Current Shock and Hazards Figure 2: Percent of normal rainfall, Kitui County The main shocks experienced in the short rains were livestock diseases such as Contagious Caprine Pleuro- Pneumonia (CCPP), Pests des Petits Ruminantis (PPR). Other shocks included human wildlife conflict and poor water management practices. 3.0 IMPACT OF RAINFALL PERFORMANCE, SHOCKS AND HAZARDS

3.1 Crop Production Kitui County is short rains dependent which contributes over 70 percent to the annual production. The three major crops in the county include maize, beans and green grams. Maize contributes 60 percent and 50 percent to food in the mixed farming and marginal mixed farming livelihood zones respectively. Green grams contributes 40 percent to cash income in the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone, beans contribute seven percent and 23 percent of cash income in mixed farming and marginal mixed farming livelihood zones respectively.

(a) Rain Fed Crop Production Area under maize, beans and green grams increased by 10, 13 and 26 percent respectively compared to the LTA, attributed to campaigns to utilize enhanced short rains. The production of maize, beans and green grams increased by 34, 51 and 33 percent respectively (Table 1) and this is attributed to increased land under cultivation, provision of seeds by national and county governments and the enhanced rains in all the livelihood zones. Other important crops include cowpeas at 213,312 bags, millet 69,354bags and sorghum 104,514 bags.

Table 1: Rain-fed crop production Crop Area planted Long Term 2015 Short rains Long Term during 2015 Average season Average Short rains area planted production production season during the Short (90 kg bags) during the Short (Ha) rains season (Ha) Projected rains season (90 kg bags) 1.Maize 54,760 50,010 250,050 186,030 2.Beans 21,290 18,770 85,160 56,310 3.Green 69,040 54,630 276,160 207,120 grams

(b) Irrigated Crop Acreage for tomato and watermelons increased by 4 and 75 percent above the LTA while that of kales was 75 percent of LTA (Table 2) attributed to improved agronomic practices at household level and the anticipated enhanced short rains. Kale and watermelon production increased by two and 164 percent above the LTA respectively while for tomato, production was 75 percent of the LTA.

Table 2: Irrigated Crop Production Crop Area Long Term 2015 Short Long Term planted Average rains season Average during 2015 area planted production production Short rains during the Short (Tonnes) during the Short season rains season (Ha) Projected rains season (Ha) (Tonnes) 1.Kales 90 120 1,900 1,850 2. Tomato 270 260 3,600 4,780 3. Watermelons 70 40 3,500 960

(c) Maize stocks Households held 28,070 bags which corresponded to 36 percent above the LTA as a result of good performance of rains leading to a substantial increase of stocks held. Traders and millers are sourcing their stock from outside the county and held higher than normal stocks by 28 and 30 percent respectively above the LTA as they purchase stocks from farmers due to the increased production and declining farm gate prices. National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB) held 97 percent of the LTA. The total maize stocks held in the county are 27 percent above the LTA at 264,390 bags. The stocks held currently in the county is higher than last year same time due to better rains in the last two seasons than the same time in 2014. The current maize stocks held by households are expected to last for the next three months.

Table 3: Maize stocks in the County Maize stocks held Quantities held Long Term Average quantities held (90-kg by currently (90-kg bags) at similar time of the year bags) House Holds 28,070 20,650 Traders 210,160 164,730 Millers 14,000 10,750 NCPB 12,160 12,490 Total 264,390 208,620

3.2 Livestock Production Livestock production is an important component of food security in the county as it contributes 43 percent and 15 percent of cash income in the marginal mixed farming and mixed farming livelihood zones respectively. The small livestock that include poultry, goats and sheep are a source of income for major expenditures such as school fees and food items not found within the household.

Pasture and Browse Pasture conditions were good to fair in the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone which is normal at this time of the year. The condition in the mixed farming is good which is normal. The available pasture will last for four months and three months in the mixed farming zone and marginal mixed farming zone respectively. The areas that are likely to experience pasture and browse deterioration include Masungwa, Tseikuru, Ngomeni, Nguni Nuu Malalani, (along the borderline of Tana river). Crop residue is expected to contribute to livestock feed across all the livelihood zones.

The quality and quantity of browse was good to fair in the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone and good in the mixed farming zone which is normal. In the mixed farming livelihood zone, the browse is expected to last for up to three and a half months. In normal situation the browse can last up to three months. In the marginal mixed farming livelihood zones the browse can last for two and a half months but at normal situation, it lasts for two months.

Livestock Productivity Livestock Body Condition Livestock body condition was good for all livestock species across the mixed farming livelihood zone. In the marginal mixed farming livelihood, the livestock body condition for cattle is good to fair as compared to a normal of fair. Goats, sheep and donkeys body conditions are good, which is normal. The good livestock body condition is due to the enhanced short rains that resulted in high regeneration of pasture and browse. Milk availability, Cost and Consumption The current milk production at household level was one to two litres per household per day compared to norm of four liters in the mixed farming livelihood zone. In the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone, the production is two to three litres as compared to five litres normally. However, it is expected to decline slightly as water and pasture reduce in both quality and quantity as the dry spell sets in. The average household milk consumption was approximately one litre per household per day across all the livelihood zones which is normal. The current price of milk in mixed farming livelihood zone was Ksh. 60 as compared to a normal of Ksh. 50-60. In the marginal mixed livelihood zone current milk price is Ksh. 50-60 as compared to a normal of Ksh. 40-50.

Birth Rates and Tropical Livestock Units (TLUs) The TLU in the mixed farming livelihood zone was an average of three while that of marginal mixed farming livelihood zone is seven which is normal for this time of the year. The bulls are used as draught animals, mainly for ploughing. The birth rate for all species is normal.

Water for Livestock The critical sources of water for livestock were seasonal rivers, earth dams, shallow wells and water pan. The open water sources were highly recharged as compared to season norm attributed to the enhanced short r```aa11ains received. Water availability is expected to last up to two months, normally water lasts for one and half months. The average trekking return distances to the watering points ranges between one to two kilometers in the mixed farming livelihood zone, in marginal mixed farming livelihood zone, distances range between two to four kilometres. The frequency of watering is daily for all the species in mixed farming livelihood zone while in marginal mixed farming livelihood zone, it is after every other day for goats and cattle.

Migration There are no reported out-migrations on animals in the county because there is plenty of forage and water in the county. However, there are reported cases of in-migration from Tana River to Tseikuru and Damsa, corridor of Tana River. The in-migration is encouraged by the locals through leasing their land to the pastoralists

Livestock Diseases and Mortalities There was outbreak of livestock diseases with 548 and 374 cases of PPR and CCPP reported in Tseikuru and parts of Ngomeni respectively both in marginal mixed livelihood zone. No quarantine was imposed.

3.3 Water and Sanitation Major water sources Major sources of water for domestic use within the county are boreholes, pipeline system with treated water supplied and maintained by the Kitui Water and Sanitation Company (KITWASCO) and Kiambere Mwingi Water and Sanitation Company (KIMWASCO), rivers, earth dams, shallow wells, springs, rock catchments and roof catchments. The recharge of the open water sources was good at 95 percent which is attributed to the enhanced short rains received except areas of Tharaka, parts of Tseikuru and Ngomeni wards in Mwingi north, Nuu, Mui and Nguni wards in Mwingi central, Ngutani and Kiomo/Kyethani wards in Mwingi west, Malalani/ Endau, parts of Zombe, Mwitika and Kaliku wards in Kitui east, Mutha, Kanziku, and Athi in Kitui south which had low recharge. The current water available is likely to last up to three months which is normal.

Distance to water sources The average walking distances to water points was approximately 3.4 kilometres compared to normal of 6.4 kilometres. In the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone, the average distance was five kilometres while in the mixed farming livelihood zone the distances were three kilometres. Variation by livelihood zone is due to number of water facilities available, rainfall received and pipe network in specific areas.

Waiting time at the source The current waiting time at the source was approximately 15 minutes as compared to norm of 20 minutes. In the mixed farming livelihood zone, waiting time was 15 minutes compared to 30 minutes norm while in the marginal mixed farming zone, the waiting time was 20 minutes compared to 30 minutes norm. This difference is attributed to the enhanced short rains which resulted to high recharges across all the livelihood zones.

Cost of water and consumption Most households, (90 percent) are relying on communal water points; boreholes, rivers, shallow wells and pipelines. The cost of water at the communal point was at an average of Ksh.3 for 20 litres jerrycan. No variation as cost per 20 litre jerrycan is agreed tariff in most water supply systems, but revenue earned is low currently due use of sources with free water. The average cost of water at vendor was seven shillings per 20 litre jerrycan in marginal mixed farming livelihood zone compared to the norm of Ksh. 15. In the mixed farming livelihood zone, water was cheaper Ksh. 5 compared to the norm of Ksh. 10.this is because there were reliable water services. Consumption of water per person per day was 20 litres compared to normal 15 litres in marginal mixed farming livelihood zone. In the mixed farming livelihood zone, water consumption per person per day was 30 litres compared to normal of 20 litres.

Sanitation and Hygiene and latrine coverage There were no cases of water borne diseases reported across the county. Water treatment (Filtration, Boiling and chlorination) were available in the county although their usage at household level is low. Approximately 30 percent of the population boils water before drinking. The latrine coverage has increased for July-December 2015 to 84 percent from 82 percent in July-December 2014 attributed to increased Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) campaigns.

3.4 Markets and Trade Market Operations There were no market disruptions and markets were functioning normally. The main markets in the County include; Tseikuru, Kaste, Kamuwongo, Nguni, Ukasi, Mutomo, Ikutha, Zombe, Endau, , Kisasi, Mwingi, Kitui and Migwani. Markets are expected to remain stable in the next six months. Maize is the main staple food whose main source is outside the county which is normal for this time of the year. The supplies are higher than normal to meet the demand and the market prices are stable. Market supply of food items such as; pulses, fruits and vegetables are mainly from neighboring counties of Embu, Meru, Machakos, and Kirinyaga. Currently, in all the Livelihood zones, less than 30 percent of the households are relying on markets for food which is normal. Green gram grown mainly for cash is evident in all markets. In the next three months the households will rely on food stocks held at household level rather than the markets, apart from pockets in marginal mixed farming zones of Kitui South Kasaala, Itiva Nzou, Kanyongonyo, Kamutei, Kalivu, Kituti/Muangeni and Ikutha,.

Maize Prices Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 45

Maize was sold at an average of Ksh. 31 per 40 kilogram in January 2015 across all the 35 livelihood zones, this is 7.7 percent lower than 30 25 the five year average of Ksh 33.6 (Figure 3). 20

The price is likely to decrease in the next three kg) / (Ksh.Price 15 10 months as the harvesting starts. 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 3: Maize prices in Kitui County Goat Prices A medium-sized goat was trading at Ksh. 2,949 in January 2016 which was 10 percent higher than the five year average (Figure 4). The mixed farming livelihood zone posted a higher price of Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 Ksh. 3,289 while the marginal mixed farming 4000 zone posted a lower price of Ksh. 2,610. Goat 3500 prices are likely to remain stable for the next 3000 three months across all livelihood zones due to 2500

good availability of forage. 2000 Price (Ksh.)Price 1500 1000 500 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4: Goat prices in Kitui County

Terms of Trade The current terms of trade (TOT) is 26.7 percent above the LTA as households could purchase 95 Kilograms of maize with

Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 the sale of one average sized goat 120 compared to a normal of 75 kilograme 100 (Figure 5). The current TOT was three

80 percent higher than 92 posted in January 2014. The favourable terms 60 of trade are attributed to the good

Kilograms of maize of maize Kilograms 40 exchanged for a goat a exchanged for body condition of goats as a result of

20 good pasture and browse condition. A stable trend is expected in the next 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec three months as goats are likely to remain in good body condition.

Figure 5: Terms of trade in Kitui County

3.5 Health and Nutrition Morbidity and Mortality The most common diseases for the under-fives and the general population include upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), Diarrhea, Malaria and skin diseases. There was a 75 percent decrease in the cases of measles reported from 159 cases 2014 to 91 cases 2015 within the period from July to December. Typhoid cases also decreased with 27 percent. There was reduced morbidity among the under five attributed to increased latrine coverage and increased Vitamin A supplementation among the under five. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) was less than 0.3 per 10,000 persons per day in both mixed farming and marginal mixed farming livelihood zones. The Crude Mortality Rates (CMR) was 0.3 in both mixed farming and marginal mixed farming livelihood zones respectively which is below the alert threshold.

Immunization and Vitamin A Supplementation The coverage of the Fully Immunized Child (FIC) has decreased from 72 percent recorded in July to December 2014 to 62 percent recorded July to December 2015. This is due to shortage of vaccines and inadequate cold chain facilities which is below the national target of 80 percent. Vitamin A supplementation coverage for children 6-59 months has increased to 86 percent in July to December 2015 compared to 72 percent in July to December 2014, this is above national target of 80 percent. The increase is attributed to accelerated malezi bora campaign in November 2015.

Nutrition Status and Dietary Diversity Households are currently consuming three meals per day, which is normal. Average (2010-2014) 2014 2015 2016 They are taking at least four food 14.0 items from the food groups. 12.0 Approximately 40 percent of the mothers practice exclusive 10.0 breastfeeding for the first six months 8.0 with the rest introducing other foods 6.0 such as porridge, milk, water and 4.0 fruits. (MUAC<135mm) risk''at

The proportion of children at risk of 2.0 malnutrition based on the Mid-Upper 0.0 Arm Circumference (MUAC <135 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec millimeters) currently stands at 5.1 percent and is lower than the five- Figure 6: Proportion of children at risk of malnutrition (MUAC) year average of 9.6 percent (Figure 6). The lower MUAC values depict improved nutrition status, a factor that could be linked to availability of food stock and milk at the household level. In December 2015, households with a poor, borderline and acceptable Food Consumption Score were one, 10 and 88 percent respectively and has remained the same as December 2014. 3.6 Education Enrolment The enrolment in first term 2015 in the county was 314,445 in public primary schools with 159,339 boys and 157,242 girls. In first term 2016, the enrolment was 318,730 with 159,574 boys and 158,926 girls. The enrollment has remained stable for both boys and girls. In Early Childhood Development (ECD), the trend has remained the same where boys were enrolled more than girls in 2015 apart from Ikutha where girls were enrolled more than the boys. The discrepancies in enrollment between boys and girls are mostly attributed to household activities where the girls are delayed at home to assist families. Transfers of pupils mostly occur when they move to schools that have school meals programmes and better performance.

Drop out The drop-out rate from ECD to primary schools and from primary to secondary school is minimal at 0.1 percent. The low drop-out rate is mainly due to campaigns by the local leaders and institutions especially the county government, awareness during education days, provision of learning materials and employment of teachers by the county government in the ECD centres.

Transition rates The transition rate from ECD to primary in 2014 was 60.3 percent and 60.4 percent for boys and girls while that of 2015 was 60.6 percent and 61.1 percent for boys and girls respectively. This was mainly attributed to removal of selection interviews. The transition rate from primary to secondary schools for 2015 has increased compared to 2014; boys from 53.5 percent to 59 percent and for girls from 54.7 percent to 59 percent attributed to FPE, introduction of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) schools, availability of bursaries, provincial administration putting pressure to community for girls to continue with education even after pregnancies.

School meals programme Currently the GOK is supporting home grown school meals to 160,306 pupils comprising of 81,017 boys and 79,289 girls. Community school meals programme covering 50,041 pupils comprising of 25,560 boys and 24,481 girls. The school meals programmes have assisted in maintaining pupils in school. Where there are school meals programme, the population of the children is higher and absenteeism has decreased. The following are reasons why pupils miss their meals and yet they are under SMP.  Where parents fail to pay the support staff.  When the food items are not delivered to schools on time.  Lack of adequate water supplies in schools.  When parents fail to send their rations on time especially in community school meals programmes

3.7 Coping Mechanism The Coping Strategy Index indicated an improving food security situation; as at December 2015 it was 20 compared to 23 in December 2014. During December 2015, a population of 51.4 percent employed stress coping strategies. With the expected harvest, the households employing stress coping strategies are expected to reduce.

3.8 Ongoing Interventions Food Interventions Supplementary feeding programme is one of the interventions targeting children under 5 years; 1,115 boys and 1,409 girls, receiving 9.35 Metric Tons (MT) plumpy sup and 1,170 pregnant and lactating women receiving 17.275 MT of Corn Soya Blend and 1.764 MT of vegetable oil. The progamme is implemented in 149 health facilities in all the eight sub- counties. However this intervention by WFP came to an end on January 2016 and was transitioned to county government. Another programme is Cash for Assets targeting 161,514 beneficiaries (26,919 households) across five Sub Counties (Kitui rural, Kitui south, Kitui east, Mwingi north and Mwingi central).

Non-food interventions (Food security related) Table 4: Ongoing Medium to long term interventions Interventi Objectiv Specifi Activity Cost No. of Implement Implementatio on e c target beneficiar ation Time n stakeholders Locati ies Frame on Agriculture Sector Traditional Improve Count 6 crops 2.245 6,400 Ongoing MAWI, County High food y wide (Green Million farmers Government Value security grams, (M) ,ICRISAT, Crops Sorghum, Farmers Africa (THVC) Gadam harvest Promotion sorghum, and pearl millet, production beans, composite maize and cowpeas), 240,000 sweet potato vines 160,000 cassava cuttings Promotion Improvin Count Green Not Not Ongoing MAWI, of green g vale y wide grams and availabl available CARITAS, gram and chain Sorgum e sorghum and Comitato value Europeo per la chain- Formazione el' ASDSP Agriclotura (CEFA) Promotion Improved Count 20 M 13,000 in Ongoing FAO, MAWI of food y wide 473 and farmer conservati security groups. groups, WFP on and agriculture income Livestock Sector Local To Count 334 Galla 4.16 M 1670 Continuing County breeds increase y wide bucks beneficiari government of improvem animal es Kitui (MAWI), Interventi Objectiv Specifi Activity Cost No. of Implement Implementatio on e c target beneficiar ation Time n stakeholders Locati ies Frame on ent (goat) protein CARITAS supply & family income Modern To Count 44 groups 40.9 M 44 groups Continuing County hives and increase y wide and 16 and 16 government of honey honey centres centres Kitui (MAWI), collection productio CARITAS centres n hence increased househol d incomes Local Source of Count 1500 cocks 10.17 1500 Ongoing County poultry animal y wide to 1500 M farmers+ government of improvem protein farmers and 366 Kitui (MAWI) , ent and to other 1050 CARITAS Value improve Farmers chain househol d income Pasture To Count 80 demo 73 M 80 Ongoing M.A.W.& I, developme capacity y wide farmers demonstrat CARITAS, nt and build ion ACTION AID, Dairy beneficiar farmers+ KCD and ILIRI Developm ies on 13,200 ent conservat programm ion and e preservati on of animal feed. Vaccinatio To Count All 10 M All Ongoing M.A.W.& I n against control y wide livestock Livestock and FAO CCPP, animal farmers in farmers in PPR, diseases the county County NCD, for Gumboro increased and rabies livestock and reduced mortality Water Sector Constructi , 2400 Count desilting 12.257 630,000 Jan- Jun CGOK, Action on, De- repairs y wide B 2016 aid, silting and (Billion ADS, repair of ) JICA, earth dams , CEFA and , sand WFP dams and sub surface Interventi Objectiv Specifi Activity Cost No. of Implement Implementatio on e c target beneficiar ation Time n stakeholders Locati ies Frame on Drilling, 60 Count Drilling, 751M 175000 Jan- Jun CGOK, Action equipping boreholes y wide Servicing 2016 aid, of , 120 and repairs ADS, boreholes supply JICA, and system , CEFA , WVK Servicing and WFP of water supply system Rehabilitat 40km Count construction 30 M 20000 Jan- Jun CGOK/ ion and y wide 2016 GAA/WWH, extension Action aid, of ADS, Pipelines JICA, system , CEFA , WVK and WFP HEALTH and Nutrition HINI ( To Count All 8.4M All Ongoing County High improve y wide ministry of Impact nutrition Health, Nutrition status of UNICEF, WFP Interventio the – Caritas, n) populatio GAA/WHH n Education HGSMP Improve Mwing HGSMP 100 M 50,041 Pupils Jan- GOK, WFP, school i Distribution March NGO-Hindu enrolmen Centra 2016 Community t, and l, retention. Tesiku ru CSMP Improve Nzamb CSMP 130.4 3 Schools On School school ani, distribution M going management enrolmen Matiny Hindu t, and ani, Community retention. Migua ni Infrastruct Improve Kitui Infrastructur 10 M 20 Schools Ongoing GAA/ WWH, ure school South, e WVK developme enrolmen Mwing developmen nt t, and i North t at schools retention.

3.9 Sub County Ranking Table 5: Sub County food security ranking (worst to best) Sub Food Main food security threat (if any) Remarks County security rank (1- 10) Kitui 1 Poor temporal rainfall distribution, livestock Kanziko, Ikutha, South diseases, increased distances to water sources, Mutha (Ndakani) human wildlife conflict, land degradation Athi Kitui East 2 Livestock diseases, competition for pasture Endau/Malalani, and water as a result of livestock migration Zombe/Mwitika(Ma from neighbouring County, Human wildlife latani, Kasunguni), conflict. Voo/Kyamatu Mwingi 3 Livestock Diseases, poor temporal Masungwa, North distribution of rains, , competition for pasture Mitamisyi, and water as a result of livestock migration mandongoni, from neighbouring County Kaningo, Ikime, Kimela Kitui 4 Livestock Diseases, poor temporal Rural distribution of rains, , competition for pasture Kanyangi(Kanyong and water as a result of livestock migration onyo/Nzambia from neighbouring County Mwingi 5 poor temporal distribution of rains, Ukasi, Nuu, Central competition for pasture and water as a result of livestock migration from neighbouring County Mwingi 6 None West Kitui 7 None West Kitui 8 None Central Very Good (9-10) Good (7-8) Fair (5-6) Poor (3-4) Very Poor (<2)

4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS 4.1 Prognosis Assumptions  In the next three months (February to April 2016) food security will remain stable due to bumper harvests realised from enhanced short rains. Aflatoxin will not affect the food stocks. Body condition for livestock will remain stable because of enough forage. Water sources will last for three months.  Based on the performance of the long rains (February, March and April 2016), forage, food security situation is expected to remain stable. Vegetation condition will improve, available food stocks will be boosted by harvest from the short rains and water resources will be recharged making it accessible.

4.2 Food Security Outcomes for the Next Three Months (February-April) The County Food security phase is likely to remain in the Minimal Phase (IPC Phase 1) until May. Food commodity prices are likely to remain stable as supplies from local production will be available within the county. Expenditure on non-food requirements such as shelter, clothing, health, education and transport will continue to increase. With the enhanced rains, the household Food Consumption Score is likely not to change and is currently at poor - 1, borderline - 10 and acceptable - 88. More households will remain in the acceptable range. With the onset of the long rains season, income from casual labour will increase and households will be able to meet minimum dietary requirements. Malnutrition rates for children aged below five will remain stable as households consume two to three meals. Mortality rates are likely to remain within seasonal normal situation as no adverse coping mechanisms are being employed. There will be improved food security as farmers will harvest most food stuffs including green grams and cow peas and hence there will be improved food security at house hold level as reduced amounts will be accessed from the local markets.

4.3 Food Security Outcomes for Last Three Months (May- July) As the long rains sets in, pasture and browse will improve and consequently livestock body condition and livestock prices will remain stable. In June, the early maturing crops are likely to be ready for harvest and available at household level. The presence of local vegetables will help stabilize the food prices. Majority of the households are then expected to remain in the acceptable category of the food consumption score and malnutrition for the under-fives will remain stable as well. Expenditure on essential non-food items will stabilize. There will also be less stress on natural assets on income generation. Mortality rates are expected to remain in the normal range.

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion The county is classified as being in Minimal Phase (IPC Phase 1). Factors to be monitored include livestock and crop diseases, in-migration of livestock from Tana River County along the border, maintenance and rehabilitation of water holding structures for humans and livestock. Interventions should target timely provision of appropriate seeds, pest management, vaccination of livestock against notifiable diseases, crop value chain development.

5.2 Summary of Recommendations  Support farmers with farm inputs i.e. Provision of drought tolerant and early maturing crop seeds; sorghum, pearl millet, green grams, cow peas, pigeon peas and dolichos.  Upscaling sorghum production and utilization to which can do better in the county and address food insecurity situation.  Introduction of home grown school meals programmes for schools in few affected areas.  Promotion of dry land farming technologies for crop production through water harvesting and irrigation schemes.  Construction, repair and rehabilitation of earth dams and sand dams which are working well compared to boreholes in the county.  Routine disease surveillance and mass vaccination for FMD, NCD, PPR, CCPP  Improvement of local indigenous poultry production and upgrading of indigenous goats.  Rehabilitation of broken down water supply systems to improve water availability and access.  Continuous HINI interventions for improved child mortality and Nutrition surveillance.  Upscaling integrated outreach for improved health of mothers and babies. 6.0 ANNEXES

Annex I Food Interventions Table 6: Proposed Population in Need of Food Assistance Sub Population Pop in Proposed Remarks(Wards/areas targeted) County in the sub need mode of county (% range intervention min – max) Kitui 166,050 15- 20 Kanziko, Ikutha, Mutha (Ndakani), South CFA/FFA Athi Kitui 139,967 10-15 CFA/FFA Endau/Malalani, East Zombe/Mwitika(Malatani, Kasunguni), Voo/Kyamatu Mwingi 141,207 10-15 CFA/FFA Kaningo, Mandongoi, Kavaani, North Tharaka, Mitamsyi Kitui 123,239 15-10 CFA/FFA Kanyangi ( Rural Kanyongonyo/Nzambia) Mwingi 103,774 5- 10 CFA/FFA Nguni, Kivou Central Mwingi 104,443 None west Kitui 102,314 None West Kitui 131,715 None Central Annex II Non-Food Interventions (by Sector)

Table 7: Specific Food Security related to recommended –Medium to Long term Sub Intervention Location No. of Proposed Requi Availabl Time County benefici Implementers red e Frame /Ward aries Reso Resource name urces s Agriculture County Farm input support County 180,000 County 142 Land, 2016- Wide program; Bulking wide farmers Government of M human 2018 and provision of Kitui (MAWI), resource THVC seeds and THVC Promoting value secretariat, chain ( sorghum and CEFA, green grams) , CARITAS, Farm Africa, KRC and other partners County Promotion of water County 1300 County 220 Land, 2016- Wide harvesting i.e. Farm wide farmers Government of M Technical 2017 pond promotion and Kitui (MAWI), staff, Promotion of Action Aid, vehicles irrigation WFP, CARITAS, GAA Sub Intervention Location No. of Proposed Requi Availabl Time County benefici Implementers red e Frame /Ward aries Reso Resource name urces s County Soil and water Mwingi 1000 County 20.0 Land, August- Wide conservation Central, Government of M Technical Sept Mwingi Kitui staff, 2016 North (MOAWI), vehicles Action Aid, WFP, CARITAS, GAA Livestock County Regular County 60,000 County 30M Human July wide Vaccinations and wide househo Government of resource, 2016 to Disease surveillance lds Kitui (MOAWI) vehicles, June (500,00 and vaccinati 2018 0 development on assorted partners equipmen livestoc t k species) County Continuous capacity All over 2300 hh County 58M Human 2016 wide building on livestock the county Government of resource, production, Local Kitui (MAWI) vehicles, poultry and Improvement, development Conservation of partners Pasture, honey production County Establishment of Mwingi 50,000 County 30.0 Human July wide strategic livestock North, (300,00 Government of M resource, 2016 to feed reserves Kitui East 0 Kitui (MOAWI) vehicles, June and Kitui livestoc and 2017 South Sub k heads development counties ) partners Water Kitui Drilling equipping Mutomo/ 122,50 County 740M Ksh.222 2016- South and rehabilitation of Kibwea 0 Government of M 2017 boreholes Ikutha/Kasa Kitui (MOAWI) ala,Mutha/ /World Vision Mathima,Ik anga/Kyatu ne/Simisi/K anziko Kitui Rehabilitation of Nzambia, 8,000 County 0.1 M 0 2016/20 Rural existing shallow Kiseuni, Government of 17 wells Kanyongon Kitui (MOAWI) yo,Yatta,Nt hongoni,Ka wore Sub Intervention Location No. of Proposed Requi Availabl Time County benefici Implementers red e Frame /Ward aries Reso Resource name urces s County Desilting and Whole 18000 County 142 0 2016- wide Construction of county Government of M 2017 earth dams, Kitui Construction of sand (MOAWI), dam CEFA Health and Nutrition County Upscale of HINI All wards Under County ministry 10.0 Human 3 wide 5 years of Health, M resource, years(2 & UNICEF, vehicles, 016- PLW, WVK,WFP - 2018) School Caritas going childre n County Upscale outreach All wards Under County ministry 15.0 Human 2016 wide services in hard to 5 years of Health, M resource, reach areas &PLW UNICEF, vehicles, . AMREF, WVK,WFP - Caritas County Increase Community All wards All County ministry 8.0M Human 2016 wide led total Sanitation of Health, resource, Campaigns UNICEF, vehicles, AMREF, WVK,WFP - Caritas Education Kitui School feeding All Wards 190,65 WFP/GOK and 108.5 Human Februar South, 0 community M resource, y to East and vehicles, Decem Rural ber Mwingi 2016 North and Central Tseikuru Water trucking All schools 14,459 County 10.0 Human August Ward Government of M resource, – Kitui (MOAWI) vehicles, Septem ber 2016 All Sub Water harvesting in All wards 190,65 GoK, GAA, 150M Human Februar Counties schools 0 World Vision, resource, y to vehicles, Decem ber 2016