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A Water Infrastructure Audit of Kitui County

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A Water Infrastructure Audit of Kitui County Research Report Research Report Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership A WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT OF KITUI COUNTY Cliff Nyaga, University of Oxford January 2019 PHOTO CREDIT:PHOTO CLIFF NYAGA/UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Prepared by: Cliff Nyaga, University of Oxford Reviewed by: Mike Thomas, Rural Focus; Eduardo Perez, Global Communities; Karl Linden, University of Colorado Boulder (UCB); and Pranav Chintalapati, UCB. Acknowledgements: The Kitui County Government would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Further, the Kitui County Government appreciates its longstanding partnership with the University of Oxford and UNICEF Kenya through various collaborating programs, including the DFID-funded REACH Program. The leadership received from Emmanuel Kisangau, Kennedy Mutati, Philip Nzula, Augustus Ndingo, and Hope Sila — all from the County Ministry for Water Agriculture and Livestock Development — throughout the audit exercise is appreciated. The sub-county water officers were instrumental in logistics planning and in providing liaison between the field audit teams, communities, and County Ministries for Agriculture, Water, and Livestock Development and Administration and Coordination. A team of local enumerators led field data collection: Lucy Mweti, Grace Muisyo, Abigael Kyenze, Patrick Mulwa, Lydia Mwikali, Muimi Kivoko, Philip Muthengi, Mary Sammy, Ruth Mwende, Peter Musili, Annah Kavata, James Kimanzi, Purity Maingi, Felix Muthui, and Assumpta Mwikali. The technical advice and guidance received from Professor Rob Hope of the University of Oxford and Dr. Andrew Trevett of UNICEF Kenya throughout the planning, data collection, analysis, and preparation of this report is very much appreciated. Front cover: This Katanu Hand pump was developed in the late 1990s by the Government of Kenya and is the main water source for Nzamba Village in Ikutha Ward, Kitui. Photo credit: Cliff Nyaga/University of Oxford. About the Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership: The Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership is a global United States Agency for International Development (USAID) cooperative agreement to identify locally-driven solutions to the challenge of developing robust local systems capable of sustaining water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) service delivery. This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through USAID under the terms of the Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-16-00075. The contents are the responsibility of the Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. For more information, visit www.globalwaters.org/SWS, or contact Elizabeth Jordan ([email protected]). 2 Table of Contents Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Kitui County Water Audit ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Audit Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Opportunities for Sustainability of Rural Water Services ..................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Annex A: Kitui County Water Audit Methodology ................................................................................................ 63 List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Kenya (left) and map of Kitui County showing the eight sub-counties (right) .................. 14 Figure 2. Sample report on the ONA dashboard providing a quick analysis of audit data ............................ 21 Figure 3. Photo menu of ONA web showing image data submitted by enumerators .................................... 22 Figure 4. Distribution of the 3,126 water sources located mapped through the water audits in 2011, 2016, and 2017 ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 5. Distribution of water sources mapped by type, number, and proportion of the total 3,126 sources ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 6. Distribution of the 3,126 water sources mapped by sub-county ....................................................... 27 Figure 7. Kitui seasonal rainfall anomalies (left) and distribution of infrastructure (earth dams, hand pumps, and rock catchments) developed over time (right) .......................................................................... 28 Figure 8. Reported annual reliability of surface and sub-surface dams ............................................................... 28 Figure 9. Functionality status of all water sources mapped on the day of audit............................................... 29 Figure 10. Functionality of all water sources mapped on the day of audit by source type ............................ 30 A Water Infrastructure Audit of Kitui County 3 Figure 11. Functionality status of all water sources mapped and counted by sub-county ............................. 31 Figure 12. Kitui County investors by number of water sources developed ..................................................... 32 Figure 13. Leading investors in leading water infrastructure installed since 2000 ........................................... 33 Figure 14. Cumulative unadjusted investment (USD) in leading source types since 2000 ............................. 34 Figure 15. Cumulative unadjusted USD investment made in piped schemes from 2000 to 2017 ............... 35 Figure 16. Functionality of hand pumps across the different management options documented ................ 36 Figure 17. Leading cause of mechanical breakdown in non-operational hand pumps registered ................. 37 Figure 18. Dry periods for the 32 percent of hand pumps that reported unreliable supply ......................... 37 Figure 19. Water distribution pressure for piped schemes (left) and the primary energy source(s) in pumped schemes (right) ........................................................................................................................................ 38 Figure 20. Operation status of piped schemes by the energy sources used for water pumping ................. 39 Figure 21. Reported broken features in partly-functional and non-functional piped schemes on the day of the water audit ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 22. Reported cost of major repairs completed in 2 years and the volatility of repair costs ............ 42 Figure 23. Actors involved in fixing the most recent breakdown in piped schemes ....................................... 43 Figure 24. Downtime for all failures reported by piped schemes during the audit ......................................... 44 Figure 25. Common preventive maintenance tasks done in rural piped schemes ........................................... 44 Figure 26. Leading reasons for scheme close-down at certain times of the year ............................................ 45 Figure 27. Reliability against condition of piped scheme ........................................................................................ 46 Figure 28. Maximum one-way distance (kilometers) travelled by households to piped scheme sources (left) and density of piped scheme investments per capita and per km2 (right) ....................................... 47 Figure 29. Variation of TDS (ppm) levels across the eight sub-counties of Kitui ............................................ 49 Figure 30. Domestic and productive water uses recorded in the audit ............................................................. 49 Figure 31. Reported key monthly expense items in piped schemes by value ................................................... 50 Figure 32. Reported collection efficiency range by piped schemes for billed revenues ................................. 51 4 Figure 33. Documented management options in piped schemes ......................................................................... 51 Figure 34. Number of employees by the employing entity...................................................................................
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