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Megagametophyte Development in Crossqsqma Bigelovii

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Megagametophyte Development in Crossqsqma Bigelovii Megagametophyte development in Crossosoma bigelovii and Apacheria chiricahuensis (Crossosomataceae) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Sherif, Abdurrazag Sadek, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 13:55:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/348130 MEGAGAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN CROSSQSQMA BIGELOVII AND APACHERIA CHIRICAHUENSIS (CROSSOSOMATACEAE) Abdurrazag Sadek Sherif A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the . DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN AGRONOMY AND PLANT GENETICS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 7 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below Charles T. Mason,ijJr. ^ ^ ±77 Professor of Plant Smences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my ad­ visor, Dr. Charles I. Mason, Jr., for his guidance, helpful advice and encouragement throughout the course of this study. Gratitude is also expressed to the other members of my thesis committee. Dr. Robert W. Hoshaw and Dr. William P. Bemis for their suggestions and review of the manuscript. My thanks to Dr. Barbara G. Phillips for her suggestions and assistance in preparing the microscope slides and to Dr. Robert L. Gilbertson who provided time and assistance in obtaining the photo­ graphs used in this thesis. I further wish to express my appreciation to Roger McManus who was my companion in the field. To Lee Karpiscak, my typist, I express my thanks for her great assistance and kindness. Special thanks are expressed to my wife, Fawzia F. Garamalli, for her patience, help, and tolerance which made the completion of this work possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS . Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ... ... .... .... v ABSTRACT. .......... vi INTRODUCTION. .......................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 5 MEGAGAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSSOSOMA BIGELOVII . ........ 7 MEGAGAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT OF APACHERIA CHIRICAHVENSIS ..... 16 DISCUSSION. ........ 26 LITERATURE CITED. .. .... ... ..... 29 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Crossosana bigetovii^ final orientation of the ovule with the 2 integuments and the crassinucellate nucellus , . 8 2. Crossosoma bigelovii, megaspore mother cell (arrow)......... 9 3. Crossosoma bigebovi-i, two dyad stage (arrow) 9 4. Crossosoma bigelovii, linear tetrad of four megaspores (bracket). ... 11 5. Crossosoma bigelovii, large functional megaspore (bracket) with the disintegrated three megaspores above it . , 11 6. Crossosoma bigetovi-ii four-nucleate embryo sac (bracket) , . 13 7. Crossosoma bigelovii, monosporic eight-nucTeate embryo sac (bracket) with the usual arrangement of the eight nuclei . , . „ . .... , . ... .... 13 8. Camera lucida drawings of the megagametophyte development of Crossosoma bigelovii ................ 15 9. Apacheria ohirioahvensis, orientation of the ovule with the two integuments, , , . , , 17 10. Apacheria ehiricdkvensis, two dyad nuclei (bracket). , , . , 18 11. Apacheria chiricahuensis, 1i near tetrad of 4 megaspores (bracket). 18 12. Apacheria■ ehiricakmnsis, two-hue 1 eate embryo sac with the disintegrated three megaspores (arrow) . ........ 20 13. Camera lucida drawing of the five-nucleate embryo sac of Apacheria ehiricakmnsis 22 14. Apacheria ehiricakmnsis, moriosporic eight-nucleate embryo sac (bracket) with the usual arrangement of the eight nuclei , . , , . , . , . , , . , . , .. 2 3 15. Camera lucida drawings of the megagametophyte development of Apacheria ehiricakmnsis 25 V ABSTRACT The genus Crossosoma, as the only genus in the family Crossosoma- taceae, consists of four species. In 1975, C. T. Mason described a new taxon for the family, Apaohevia chiviedhuens'Ls. The two genera show many similarities as arillat seeds, glabrousness, a highly branched habit, and rock crevice habitat. They differ in the presence of alter­ nate, exstipulate leaves and 5-merous flowers in Crossosoma and 4-merous flowers and opposite stipulate leaves in Apaeheria. The purpose of this study is to investigate the embryo sac development of A. chiriedhuensis and C. bigelooii., in order to obtain more evidence regarding the relationship of the two genera. The mature ovule of A. chiricahuensis and C. bigelovii is ana- tropous, bitegminal, and crassinucellar. The development of the embryo sac of both genera follows the normal monosporic eight-nucleate type. The results of this study are inconclusive on the relationship between the two genera because nearly 70% of the angiosperms which have been studied follow the normal monosporic eight-nucleate type of embryo sac development. INTRODUCTION The genus Crossosoma was first recognized by Nuttall (1847) in his description of Crossosoma oalifornioum. He presented the following description of his new taxon: Crossosoma is a low shrub, with unequal, concave, alternate, simple, and exstipulate entire leaves. The flowers are white, solitary, and terminal.: The calyx consists of 5 persistent sepals. The corolla is of five, white, subsessile, and oval petals. The stamens are numerous, about twenty-five, on a fleshy disk. The gynoecium consists of 2 to 5 carpels united at the base into a short stipe, with thick, sessile, and recurved stigmas. The ovary bears many ovules. The fruit is a follicle, with many seeds. The seeds are roundish-reniform, with a large fringed aril!us. Speci­ mens were originally collected on Santa Catalina island off the coast of Southern California, but plants have now been found on San Clemente and Guadalupe islands in this same vicinity. Nuttall suggested that it "may well form a sub-order Crossosomaea." He also proposed Crossosoma to be classified as "Nat. order Paeoniaceae." On the basis of the perigynous stamens and aril of the seeds, Torrey in 1857 stated that "the plant may nevertheless belong to the tribe or sub-order Paeoniaceae." In 1857, Torrey was inclined to refer the genus Crossosoma to the tribe Spiraeae (Rosaceae) on the basis of flower similarities, but he declined because the seeds of order Rosaceae 1 do not haye an aril. Torrey also attempted to place Crossosoma in the Di11eniaceae, which differs in not having the stamens on a perigynous cup. In 1862, Bentham and Hooker questioned the position of the genus Crossosoma and where it belongs. They reported that C. califovniewn differs from: i) Faeonia in having persistent sepals and aril!ate seeds; ii) Dilleniaceae and Ranunculaceae in having perigynous stamens, anthers dorsal1y affixed, and long embryo; iii) Rubiaceae in having more stamens and aril late seeds; and iv) Rosaceae mainly in arillate seed and embryo. Watson (1876) described Crossosoma bigelovii as the second species in the genus and distinguished it as a low shrub, more slender than c. oalifomioum and all parts much smaller. This new species is distributed from Southeastern California and Arizona south into Sonora and Baja California. Crossosoma parwiflorum, first collected in Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, Arizona by Gray in 1885 with fruit only, was referred to as Glossopetdlon nevadense (Celastraceae), The second collection was made by Hartman in 1890 at La Tinaja, Sonora. Robinson and Fernald (1894) referring to these two collections described C, parviflorm and assigned it as the third species in the genus. The family Crossosomataceae was recognized by EngTer (in Engler and Prantl1897) and, although closely related to Rosaceae (Spiraeoideae), it was distinguished by the well developed aril and the presence of endosperm. Cvossosoma glauewn, the fourth species of the genus, was described by Small in 1908 from material collected by Palmer thirty- two years earlier from Hassayampa River Valley in Arizona. Both c. parviflorum and C. glauoim show such close relationship to C. bigelovii, it is questionable that they should be recognized as distinct at the species level. In 1975, C.T. Mason described Apaohevia as the second genus in the family. He characterized the species, Apachevia cM'V-todhuensis, as a small shrub, with opposite, obianceolate-spathulate, and stipulate leaves. The flowers are solitary and sessile-pedunculate, with hypan- thium. The calyx consists of four sepals averaging 3.5 millimeters in length. The corolla consists of four petals averaging 4 millimeters in length. The stamens are 8 free, with anthers averaging 0.5-1,0 millimeters long. The gynoecium consists of 1 to 4 free carpels, each with 2 ovules. The fruit is a follicle, with 2 seeds. The seeds are
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