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Epizoic Protozoa of Planktonic Copepoda and Cladocera from a Small Eutrophic Lake, and Their Possible Use As Indicators of Organ

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Epizoic Protozoa of Planktonic Copepoda and Cladocera from a Small Eutrophic Lake, and Their Possible Use As Indicators of Organ Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1978 Epizoic Protozoa of Planktonic Copepoda and Cladocera from a Small Eutrophic Lake, and Their Possible Use as Indicators of Organic Water Pollution Michael Stevens Henebry Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Henebry, Michael Stevens, "Epizoic Protozoa of Planktonic Copepoda and Cladocera from a Small Eutrophic Lake, and Their osP sible Use as Indicators of Organic Water Pollution" (1978). Masters Theses. 3254. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3254 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER CERTIFICATE #2 TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. • The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because---------------- Date Author pdm EPIZOIC PROTOZOA OF PLANKTONIC COPEPODA AND CLADOCERA FROM A SMALL EUTROPHIC LAKE, (TITLE) AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE AS INDICATORS OF ORGANIC WATER POLLUTION BY MICHAEL STEVENS HENEBRY THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS I HEREBY RECOMMEND TH IS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING I . THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE I ;4, A,~,, JCf 1r( DATE ADVISER 2-fa,;'t. .;171' DEPARTMENT ' HEAD DAE/ The Undersigned, Appointed by the Chairman of the Department of Zoology, Have Examined a Thesis Entitled EPIZOIC PROTOZOA OF PLANKTONIC COPEPODA AND CLADOCERA FROM A SMALL EUTROPHIC LAKE, AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE AS INDICATORS OF ORGANIC WATER POLLUTION Presented by Michael Stevens Henebry A Candidate for the Degree of Master of Science And Hereby Certify That, In Their Opinion, It Is Acceptable ii 36697() ABSTRACT . The epizoic protozoa of planktonic copepoda and cladocera from a eutrophic lake (Ashmore Lake, Coles County, Illinois) were studied over a 13-week period in the summer and fall of 1975. All organisms were collected with a 125 micron mesh plankton net. Epizoans (all peritrichs and suctorians) were hosted by three of four species of copepods and four of the ten species of cladocerans . The percentage of total organisms hosting epizoans varied significantly (0 . 001 alpha level) by month, but averaged 11.6 percent . This h i gh occurrence of epizoans was thought to be related to the highly- eutrophic conditions existing in the lake. If the occurrence of epizoans is related to the degree of organic enrichment of a body of water then the percentage of planktonic organisms hosting them could be a useful index of water quality. Several interesting symbiotic associations were found. Tokophrya cyclopum was always found on the anterior ends of its cyclopoid copepod hosts, and Vorticella microstoma occurred exclusively on the cladoceran Scapholeberis kingi . These associations were thought to result in feeding and defense advantages for the protozoa, but may have harmed the host organisms. Evidence from other studies was presented in support of these hypotheses. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express sincere appreciation to my major professor, Dr . Bill T. Ridgeway, for his encouragement, guidance, and patience in the preparation of this thesis. Appreciation is also expressed to Drs. Leonard L. Durham, Michael A. Goodrich, William S. James, and Frederick R. Schram for serving on the Advisory Committee, reviewing the thesis , and contributing many useful comments during preparation of the manuscript. I would also like to thank Dr. William H. Yongue for help with identification of some of the protozoa and Dr . Arthur L. Buikema for pointing out the problems of epizoic protozoa in laboratory cultures of Daphnia spp. Drs. Yongue and Buikema are associate professors of biology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ... iii LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF PLATES . vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii INTRODUCTION . 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 Description Of The Study Area 4 Weekly Sampling Procedure 5 Additional Sampling 7 Statistical Analysis 7 RESULTS 9 DISCUSSION 13 CONCLUSIONS 28 LITERATURE CITED. 60 APPENDIX. 64 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Epizoic protozoa found on copepoda and cladocera from Ashmore Lake . 30 2. Water quality-Ashmore Lake, 1975. 32 3 . Vorticella microstoma found on Scapholeberis kingi on each collection date . 36 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. General map of Ashmore Lake and surrounding area. Collection site marked with "X" . 38 2. Enlarged section of area to left of dotted line in Figure 1 . ...... 40 3 . Percent of organisms hosting epizoic protozoa by month of collection .... ... 42 4. Comparison of total number of potential host organisms with number actually hosting epizoic protozoa .... 44 5. Total number of Scapholeberis kingi collected on each date compared with number which hosted Vorticella microstoma. ... 46 vi LIST OF PLATES Plate Page I. Scapholeberis kingi (575 microns long) hosting many Vorticella microstoma ..... 48 II. Closeup of three V. microstoma attached to S. kingi in Plate I . .. 48 III. Scapholeberis kingi (310 microns long) hosting a single V. microstoma. .. 50 IV. Closeup confirming that epizoic protozoa attached to S . kingi in Plate III is V. microstoma .. 50 V. Eucyclops agilis hosting several small colonies of Epistylis plicatilis . ... 50 VI. Eucyclops agilis hosting Tokophrya cyclopum and E. plicatilis on the anterior end of the head and first antennae .... 52 VII . Eucyclops agilis (same organism as in Plate VI) hosting T. cyclopum on both the leading and trailing edges of the right first antenna . 52 VIII. Showing Tokophrya quadripartata attached to empty (no zooids) stalks of Epistylis .§_£. which is epizoic on Eucyclops agilis . 54 IX. Closeup of right-hand T. quadripartata in Plate VIII . 54 X. Epistylis vermicola attached to a copepodid stage of a cyclopoid copepod 56 XI. Closeup of the two E. vermicola in Plate X 56 XII. Three young Scapholeberis kingi (225 microns long) just after hatching from an adult female (650 microns long) . 58 XIII . A Eucyclops agilis collected from Ashmore Lake in March 1976 which was completely covered with an uncountable number of Epistylis plicatilis . 58 vii INTRODUCTION Peritrich and suctorian protozoa have been found on the external surfaces of a wide variety of aquatic organisms. Their hosts have included hydras, sponges, annelid worms, insect larvae, crustaceans, tadpoles, and fish (Hyman 1940). Kahl (1930, in his monograph on the ciliate protozoa of Germany, listed many peritrichs which were epizoic on microcrustaceans; and Kudo (1966) added several new species to the list of suctorian protozoa found on these organisms. In recent years there has been increased interest in the epizoic protozoa of planktonic organisms yet few quantitative studies of these associations have been reported. Laird (1960) discovered a new species of Epistylis attached to copepods of the genus Mesocyclops, and Vorticella microstoma attached to mosquitoe larvae, from the surface zone of several bodies of water near Singapore. Vavra (1962) in a study of the epizoic protozoa of organisms from a temporary pool of water near Prague, Czechoslovakia found Epistylis helicostylum was specifif for the ostracod Eucypris virens. Green (1964) discovered two kinds of epizoic peritrichs on parasitic copepods attached to fish in Lake Albert, Uganda. These last two studies were taxonomic in nature and did not discuss the possible significance of these associations. 1 2 Chance (1968) found several species of peritrich and suctorian protozoa attached to planktonic organisms during a survey of Ashmore Lake in east-central Illinois . Vorticella ~· was found on several species of copepods and cladocerans . Cothu rnia canthocampti was seen on Canthocamptus ~·, and Tokophrya cyclopum and Epistylis ~· were attached to Cyclops~· This study was comprehensive for epizoans, but not quantitative, nor were the ecological or symbiotic implications of these associations discussed. During a quantitative survey of Atlantic zooplankton Sherman and Schaner (1965) discovered a new species of suctorian attached to copepods in the Gulf of Maine. Of the 21 species of copepods and 19 other zooplankton groups examined only copepods of the genus Metridia hosted the suctorian . They found that larger Metridia had a significantly greater incidence of epizoic suctorians, and higher numbers per hosts, than did smaller individuals; and that immature copepods, with a single exception, hosted no epizoics. The suctorian (Paracineta ~.) was found to be relatively
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