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Protozoos En El Fango Activo

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Protozoos En El Fango Activo PROTOZOOS EN EL FANGO ACTIVO Autores de texto Laura Isac, Eva Rodríguez, Mª Dolores Salas y Natividad Fernández Grupo Bioindicación Sevilla (GBS) Responsables de revisión científica Blanca Pérez-Uz y Susana Serrano Departamento de Microbiología III. Facultad de Biología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Autores de fotografías Andrés Zornoza y GBS 26. EPISTYLIS SP. 66. SUCTOR PROTOZOOS EN EL FANGO ACTIVO 27. EPISTYLIS CHRYSEMYDIS 67. GRUPOS DE SUCTORES 28. EPISTYLIS ENTZII 68. ACINETA SP. FLAGELADOS 29. EPISTYLIS PLICATILIS 69. TOKOPHRYA SP. ZOOFLAGELADOS 30. EPISTYLIS ROTANS 70. TOKOPHRYA INFUSIONUM BODÓNIDOS 31. CAMPANELLA UMBELARIA 71. TOKOPHRYA QUADRIPARTITA 01. PEQUEÑOS FLAGELADOS 32. ZOOTHAMNIUM SP. 72. TOKOPHRYA LEMNARUM 02. BODO SALTANS 33. OPERCULARIA SP. 73. SOLENOPHRYA SP. COANOFLAGELADOS 34. OPERCULARIA MINIMA 74. METACINETA CUSPIDATA 03. COANOFLAGELADOS 35. OPERCULARIA MICRODISCUM 75. METACINETA MYSTACINA 36. OPERCULARIA ARTICULATA 76. PERIACINETA SP. FITOFLAGELADOS 37. OPERCULARIA COARCTATA 04. ENTOSIPHON SP. NADADORES DEPREDADORES/OMNÍVOROS 38. VAGINICOLA SP. 05. PERANEMA TRICHOPHORUM 77. COLEPS HIRTUS 39. THURICOLA SP. 06. EUGLENA SP. 78. PERISPIRA SP. 40. STENTOR SP. 79. LITONOTUS SP. SARCODINOS NADADORES BACTERÍVOROS 80. LITONOTUS LAMELLA RIZÓPODOS 41. ASTYLOZOON FALLAX 81. LITONOTUS CYGNUS AMEBAS DESNUDAS 42. OPISTHONECTA SP. 82. LITONOTUS CRYSTALLINUS 07. AMEBA DESNUDA 43. COLPODA ECAUDATA 08. AMOEBA RADIOSA 44. PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM METAZOOS AMEBAS TESTÁCEAS 45. PARAMECIUM AURELIA-COMPLEX ROTÍFEROS 09. ARCELLA SP. 46. PARAMECIUM BURSARIA 83. ROTARIA SP. 10. ARCELLA GIBBOSA 47. URONEMA SP. 84. PHILODINA SP. 11. PYXIDICULA SP. 48. URONEMA NIGRICANS 85. LECANE SP. 12. CENTROPYXIS SP. 49. CINETOCHILUM MARGARITACEUM 86. TESTUDINELLA SP. 13. EUGLYPHA SP. 50. CYCLIDIUM SP. 87. CEPHALODELLA SP. ACTINÓPODOS (HELIOZOOS) 51. SPIROSTOMUM SP. GASTROTRICOS 14. HELIOZOOS 52. BLEPHARISMA SP. 88. GASTROTRICO REPTANTES BACTERÍVOROS ANÉLIDOS CILIADOS 53. EUPLOTES SP. 89. AELOSOMA VARIEGATUM SÉSILES BACTERÍVOROS 54. EUPLOTES AEDICULATUS 90. AELOSOMA SP. 15. CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES. 55. EUPLOTES MOEBIUSI 91. ESTRUCTURAS DE ANÉLIDOS FORMAS DE REPRODUCCIÓN NEMATODOS 16. COMPLEJO VORTICELLA CONVALLARIA 56. EUPLOTES PATELLA 17. COMPLEJO VORTICELLA INFUSIONUM 57. ASPIDISCA CICADA 92. NEMATODO 18. COMPLEJO VORTICELLA MICROSTOMA 58. OXYTRICHA SP. ÁCAROS 19. COMPLEJO VORTICELLA AQUADULCIS 59. STYLONYCHIA MYTILUS-COMPLEX 93. ÁCARO 20. VORTICELLA STRIATA 60. FILOFARÍNGIDOS COPÉPODOS (COMPLEJO V. AQUADULCIS) 61. CHILODONELLA UNCINATA 94. COPÉPODO 21. VORTICELLA ALPESTRIS 62. GASTRONAUTA MEMBRANACEUS QUIRONÓMIDOS (COMPLEJO V. MICROSTOMA) 63. TROCHILIA MINUTA 95. LARVA DE QUIRONÓMIDO 22. VORTICELLA FROMENTELI REPTANTES OMNÍVOROS TARDÍGRADOS 23. VORTICELLA PICTA 64. HOLOSTICHA SP. 96. TARDÍGRADOS 65. ACINERIA UNCINATA 24. VORTICELLA CAMPANULA BIBLIOGRAFÍA 25. CARCHESIUM POLYPINUM SÉSILES DEPREDADORES/OMNÍVOROS 1 ZOOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Pequeños flagelados Probablemente Bodo saltans Ehrenberg, 1831 BODÓNIDOS 400x. Campo claro. In vivo. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FUNCIONALES GENERALES DEL GRUPO CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS TAXONÓMICAS Forma corporal: Ovoide o arriñonada. Alimentación: Carecen de cloroplastos o Grupo: Protistas Movimientos locomotores: Variables según estructuras fotosintéticas, por lo que se les flagelados. especie. La mayoría por deslizamiento. considera heterótrofos estrictos. Phylum: Euglenozoa. Estructuras especializadas: Flagelos en número y Bacterívoros. Subphyllum: disposición variable según la especie Parámetros bioindicadores asociados: Kinetoplastida. Clave identificativa: El pequeñísimo tamaño y el Aparecen en las fases iniciales de Orden: Kinetoplastea. movimiento. colonización de un fango activo. No Familia: Bodonidae. Tamaño: 5-12 µm. obstante, si aparecen en fangos de cierta Género: Bodo. madurez indican un empeoramiento en el estado de depuración del sistema. 2 ZOOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Bodo saltans. Género Bodo Ehrenberg, 1831 BODÓNIDOS 400x. Contraste de fases. In vivo. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FUNCIONALES CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS TAXONÓMICAS Forma corporal: Células más o menos ovaladas o arriñonadas. Alimentación: Heterótrofo estricto. Grupo: Protistas Movimientos locomotores: Movimientos espasmódicos debi- Bacterívoro. flagelados. dos a la contracción del flagelo recurrente, fijo al sustrato. Parámetros bioindicadores asociados: Phylum: Euglenozoa. Estructuras especializadas: Un flagelo de igual longitud que Deficiencias de oxígeno. Presentes durante las Subphyllum: el cuerpo, dirigido hacia delante, y otro tres veces mayor, que primeras fases de colonización del Kinetoplastida. utiliza normalmente para fijarse al sustrato y producir corrien- reactor junto a Uronema sp., Cyclidium sp., Orden: Kinetoplastea. tes de agua para su alimentación. Colpidium sp. y Cercomonas sp. Indicador Familia: Bodonidae. Clave identificativa: Observación clara de los dos flagelos. de sobrecarga orgánica, cambios bruscos Género: Bodo. Tamaño: 5-20 µm. en las condiciones físico-químicas del agua residual y entradas de tóxicos. Trabajo realizado por: Grupo Bioindicación Sevilla y A. Zornoza realizado Grupo A. por: Bioindicación Sevilla AGUA y TECNOLOGIA Trabajo - DEL por: Editado TA 253.PROTOZOOS.indd 1 23/5/08 14:35:12 3 ZOOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Coanoflagelados. Probablemente género Salpingoeca James-Clark, 1868 400x. Contraste de fases. In vivo. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FUNCIONALES GENERALES DEL ORDEN CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS TAXONÓMICAS Forma corporal: Células envueltas en una lóriga. Alimentación: Heterótrofos estrictos, Grupo: Protistas Movimientos locomotores: Mayoría fijos al sustrato, específicamente bacterívoros. flagelados. Flagelados por un pedúnculo o la lóriga. Parámetros bioindicadores asociados: “Incertidae Sedis” Estructuras especializadas: ”Collarete” cilíndrico en Buena calidad del fango. Clase: forma de embudo alrededor de la parte inferior del flagelo. Observaciones: Algunos de ellos están Choanoflagellata. Su movimiento le sirve para alimentarse, asociados a salobridad alta. Orden: filtrando las partículas. Choanoflagellida. Clave identificativa: Lóriga. Algunos de ellos son coloniales. Membrana en forma de collar rodeando al flagelo. Tamaño: 8-60 µm. 4 FITOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Entosiphon sp. Entosiphon Stein, 1878 EUGLÉNIDOS HETERÓTROFOS 400x. Contraste de fases. In vivo. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FUNCIONALES DEL GÉNERO CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS TAXONÓMICAS Forma corporal: Células redondeadas rígidas. Alimentación: Heterótrofo y fagotrofo. Ingiere Grupo: Protistas Movimientos locomotores: Desplazamiento suave. bacterias y otras presas mayores. flagelados. Estructuras especializadas: Dos flagelos de similar Parámetros bioindicadores asociados: Phylum: Euglenozoa. longitud, uno dirigido hacia delante y otro hacia detrás. Condiciones de baja carga orgánica Clase: Euglenoidea. Clave identificativa: Costillas longitudinales visibles. en el reactor. Orden: Euglenida. Tamaño: 20-25 µm. Suborden: Heteronematina. Género: Enthosiphon. Trabajo realizado por: Grupo Bioindicación Sevilla y A. Zornoza Grupo realizado A. por: Bioindicación Sevilla AGUA y TECNOLOGIA Trabajo - DEL por: Editado TA 253.PROTOZOOS.indd 2 23/5/08 14:35:15 5 FITOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Peranema trichophorum Peranema trichophorum Dujardin, 1841. EUGLÉNIDOS HETERÓTROFOS 400x . Campo claro. In vivo. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FUNCIONALES CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS TAXONÓMICAS Forma corporal: Cuerpo alargado y fácilmente deformable. Alimentación: Heterótrofo estricto. Grupo: Protistas Movimientos locomotores: Desplazamiento del flagelo Se alimentan de bacterias y otras flagelados. en el sentido del movimiento (permanece rígido), del que presas mayores. Phylum: Euglenozoa. tan sólo el extremo distal serpentea. Parámetros bioindicadores asociados: Clase: Euglenoidea. Estructuras especializadas: El flagelo. Carga orgánica débil en el reactor. Orden: Euglenida. Clave identificativa: Desplazamiento del flagelo y plegamien- No obstante, compatibles con buenos Suborden: to del cuerpo. rendimientos en la depuración. Heteronematina. Tamaño: 40-70 µm. Género: Peranema. FITOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Peranema sp. (A) Peranema sp. 400x, contraste de fases. (B) Peranema trichophorum. 400x, campo claro. A In vivo. B Trabajo realizado por: Grupo Bioindicación Sevilla y A. Zornoza realizado Grupo A. por: Bioindicación Sevilla AGUA y TECNOLOGIA Trabajo - DEL por: Editado TA 254.PROTOZOOS.indd 1 23/5/08 14:42:28 6 FITOFLAGELADOS Organismo: Euglena sp. Género Euglena Ehrenberg, 1830 EUGLÉNIDOS 400x. Contraste de fases. In vivo. CARACTERÍSTICAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FUNCIONALES DEL GÉNERO CARACTERÍSTICAS ECOLÓGICAS TAXONÓMICAS Forma corporal: Células fusiformes y flexibles, redondeadas Alimentación: Primariamente autótrofo Grupo: Protistas anteriormente y generalmente apuntadas posteriormente. (presentan plastos), aunque no estricto ya flagelados. Movimientos locomotores: Variados, desde deslizamiento que necesitan ciertos componentes del medio Phylum: Euglenozoa. hasta desplazamientos muy activos. para sobrevivir (vitaminas). Puede comportarse Clase: Euglenoidea. Estructuras especializadas: Estructura corporal espiralada. como heterótrofo en ausencia de luz o en Orden: Euglenida. Un flagelo más o menos largo según la especie. condiciones limitantes. Osmótrofo. Suborden: Euglenina. Clave identificativa: Cuerpo alargado, más o menos coloreado. Parámetros bioindicadores asociados: Baja Género: Euglena. Tamaño: 25-200 µm. concentración de SSLM.
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