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Diversidad De Los Protozoos Ciliados

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Diversidad De Los Protozoos Ciliados Diversidad biológica e inventarios Diversidad de los protozoos ciliados Ma. Antonieta Aladro Lubel, Margarita Reyes Santos y Fernando Olvera Bautista. Laboratorio de Protozoología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México [email protected] Muchas de las especies de protozoos que se encuentran Introducción en el medio acuático también se pueden encontrar en el suelo, especialmente si existe cierta humedad. Hay Los ciliados son protozoos caracterizados por presentar especies que carecen de una superficie protectora y cilios por lo menos en una etapa de su ciclo de vida, dependen de una humedad relativa en el medio para por exhibir dualismo nuclear y llevar a cabo el proceso poder alimentarse y crecer. Sin embargo, un buen sexual conocido como conjugación. Son considerados número de protozoos son capaces de formar un quiste como el grupo de protozoos más homogéneo, por lo durante la época de secas o bajo condiciones desfavo- que su monofilia es ampliamente reconocida. rables. En general, se ha estimado que el grosor mínimo de la película de agua que se requiere para que pueda De las aproximadamente 8000 especies de ciliados darse la actividad de los protozoos es de 3 µm, ya que conocidas hasta la fecha, las dos terceras partes son por debajo de este límite, éstos mueren o se enquistan de vida libre, con una amplia distribución mundial en (Alabouvette et al., 1981). cualquier hábitat donde el agua se encuentre acumu- lada y sus recursos alimentarios estén presentes, sien- El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer la do estos dos factores determinantes en su superviven- diversidad de los protozoos ciliados, tanto libres nada- cia, así como el número de especies en una localidad. dores como sésiles, identificados en varios sitios de los Los ciliados son muy comunes en el plancton y en el estanques de la Cantera Oriente, que constituye la Zona bentos marino, de aguas dulces y salobres, así como de Amortiguamiento A 3 de la Reserva Ecológica del Pe- en el suelo y en ambientes extremos, tales como las dregal de San Ángel. Este estudio también puede ser- aguas termales y las aguas frías del Antártico y Ártico vir como referencia para futuras investigaciones que se (Lynn, 2001). El papel que desempeñan los ciliados en lleven a cabo en otros sitios de la Reserva Ecológica, con el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas es clave, pues las condiciones de humedad anteriormente señaladas. están vinculados al flujo de energía y los ciclos de los nutrientes (Anderson, 1987). Materiales y métodos Los cuerpos de agua de la Cantera Oriente de Ciudad Universitaria, constituyen sitios ideales para observar la El presente estudio se llevó a cabo durante varios meses gran diversidad de protozoos que habitan en la columna de 2006 y 2007. de agua y en los sedimentos, así como la asociación que presentan con las diferentes especies de algas, plantas Se recolectaron muestras de agua y sedimento de dife- acuáticas (Aladro- Lubel et al., 2007) y animales presen- rentes sitios de La Cantera, entre los que se cuentan tes en el lugar. los canales (Fig. 1), los bordes de las comunidades de 61 Diversidad de los protozoos ciliados Aladro y colaboradores FIG. 1. Vista de un canal de la Cantera Oriente. Typha latifolia, los sitios en los que estaba presente la de interferencia (DIC). Se realizaron algunas técnicas fanerógama Stuckenia pectinata (Potamogetonaceae) y micrográficas (nigrosina-cloruro de mercurio-formol, en los que se presentaba el alga Oedogonium sp. hematoxilina, tricrómica y la argéntica en seco) (Lee et al., 1985), para resaltar varias estructuras que nos Se siguieron las técnicas de recolección de las muestras permiten identificar a las diferentes especies de ciliados. en el campo, de mantenimiento y de cultivo en el labo- El registro microfotográfico se realizó con la cámara ratorio descritas en Aladro-Lubel et al. (2007). Nikon Digital Sight DS-2MV® adaptada al microscopio Nikon Labophot-2® De manera complementaria se inició un estudio sobre la comunidad de ciliados sésiles, para lo cual se colocaron bajo el agua tiras de plástico (Aladro-Lubel y Martínez- Resultados Murillo, 1999) y portaobjetos como sustratos artificiales. A las tiras de plástico se les adhirió un cordel delgado Se registró un total de 75 especies de ciliados en los dife- el cual se sujetó a dos estructuras fijas en el estanque, rentes cuerpos de agua de la Cantera Oriente, las cuales mientras los portaobjetos se colocaron verticalmente, pertenecen a 53 géneros, 39 familias, 22 órdenes, 11 sub- clavándolos por uno de sus extremos sobre una tabla clases, ocho clases y dos subphyla. Del número total de de poliuretano. Una vez que estas estructuras estuvier- especies de ciliados encontradas, nueve de ellas fueron on sumergidas, cada tres días durante un mes, se extrajo determinadas sólo a nivel de género. una porción de la tira y un portaobjetos. Estos sustratos artificiales se colocaron en una caja de Petri con agua De acuerdo con su forma de vida, los ciliados observados, del medio para su transporte. corresponden a dos grupos: los libres nadadores (Fig. 2) y los sésiles (por lo menos en una parte de su ciclo de vida) En el laboratorio se analizaron bajo el microscopio (Fig. 3). El 60% de las especies observadas pertenece al óptico con contraste de fases y contraste diferencial primer grupo, y el 40% restante a los sésiles. 62 Diversidad biológica e inventarios C B A D E G F H I J K FIG. 2. Ciliados libres nadadores (40×). Se señala con un asterisco las micrografías electrónicas de barrido. A) Coleps hirtus B) Euplotes eurystomus* C) Euplotes-Paramecium* D) Holosticha monilata E) Lembadion lucens F) Litonotus cygnus G) Loxophyllum helus H) Paramecium caudatum I) Spirostomum teres J) Tachysoma pellionellum K) Trithigmostoma cucullulus 63 Diversidad de los protozoos ciliados Aladro y colaboradores L M N O Q R P S T U V W X Y Z FIG. 3. Ciliados sésiles epibiontes (40×). Se señala con asterisco las micrografías electrónicas de barrido. L) Calyptotricha pleuronemoides M) Cothurnia annulata N) Epistylis entzii* O) Epistylis entzii P) Epistylis plicatilis Q) Heliophrya minima* R) Opercularia sp. S) Platycola decumbens T) Pseudovorticella chlamydophora U) Pseudovorticella monilata V) Pyxicola annulata W) Stentor igneus X) Thuricola folliculata Y) Vorticella campanula Z) Vorticella chlorellata 64 Diversidad biológica e inventarios Se determinaron 15 nuevos registros para México (Aladro- Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) ¤ Lubel et al., 2007), los cuales aparecen con un asterisco Subclase Oligotrichia Bütschli, 1887 en la lista taxonómica que se presenta a continuación. En Orden Halteriida Petz & Foissner, 1992 dicha lista se señala con ¤ a los ciliados libres nadadores Familia Halteriidae Claparède & Lachmann, 1858 y con ∆ a los sésiles. La lista sigue la clasificación de Lynn Halteria grandinella (Müller, 1773) ¤ y Small (2000). *Pelagohalteria cirrifera (Kahl, 1932) ¤ Sedis mutabilis en el Subphylum Intramacronucleata Orden Armophorida Jankowski, 1964 Phylum CILIOPHORA Doflein, 1901 Familia Metopidae Kahl, 1927 Subphylum POSTCILIODESMATOPHORA Gerassimova & *Brachonella spiralis (Smith, 1897) ¤ Seravin, 1976 Metopus es (Müller, 1786) ¤ Clase Karyorelictea Corliss, 1974 Clase Litostomatea Small & Lynn, 1981 Orden Loxodida Jankowski en Small & Lynn, 1985 Subclase Haptoria Corliss, 1974 Familia Loxodidae Bütschli, 1889 Orden Haptorida Corliss, 1974 Loxodes sp. ¤ Familia Lacrymariidae de Fromentel, 1876 Clase Heterotrichea Stein, 1859 Lacrymaria olor (Müller, 1786) ¤ Orden Heterotrichida Stein, 1859 *Phialina sp. ¤ Familia Blepharismidae Jankowski en Small & Lynn, 1985 Orden Pleurostomatida Schewiakoff, 1896 Blepharisma americanum (Suzuki, 1954) ¤ Familia Amphileptidae Bütschli, 1889 Familia Spirostostomidae Stein, 1867 *Amphileptus pleurosigma (Stokes, 1884) ¤ Spirostomum minus (Roux, 1901) ¤ Familia Litonotidae Kent, 1882 Spirostomum teres Claparède & Lachmann, 1858 ¤ Litonotus cygnus (Müller, 1773) ¤ Familia Stentoridae Carus, 1863 Litonotus lamella (Müller, 1773) ¤ Stentor coeruleus (Pallas, 1766) ∆ Loxophyllum helus (Stokes, 1884) ¤ Stentor igneus Ehrenberg, 1838 ∆ Clase Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al., 1974 Stentor polymorphus (Müller, 1773) ∆ Subclase Phyllopharyngia de Puytorac et al., 1974 Subphylum INTRAMACRONUCLEATA Lynn, 1996 Orden Chlamydodontida Deroux, 1976 Clase Spirotrichea Bütschli, 1889 Familia Chilodonellidae Deroux, 1970 Subclase Hypotrichia Stein, 1859 Chilodonella uncinata (Ehrenberg, 1838) ¤ Orden Euplotida Small & Lynn, 1985 Trithigmostoma cucullulus (Müller, 1786) ¤ Suborden Euplotina Small & Lynn, 1985 Trithigmostoma sp. ¤ Familia Aspidiscidae Ehrenberg, 1838 Familia Lynchellidae Jankowski, 1968 Aspidisca cicada (Müller, 1786) ¤ *Chlamydonellopsis plurivacuolata Blatterer & Foissner, 1990 ¤ Aspidisca turrita (Ehrenberg, 1831) ¤ Orden Dysteriida Deroux, 1976 Familia Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 Familia Dysteriidae Claparède & Lachmann, 1858 Euplotes aediculatus Pierson, 1943 ¤ Trochilia minuta (Roux, 1899) ¤ Euplotes eurystomus Wrześniowski, 1870 ¤ Subclase Suctoria Claparède & Lachmann, 1858 Euplotes trisulcatus Kahl, 1932 ¤ Orden Exogenida Collin, 1912 Euplotes woodruffi Gaw, 1939 ¤ Familia Metacinetidae Bütschli, 1889 Subclase Choreotrichia Small & Lynn, 1985 Metacineta micraster (Penard, 1914) ∆ Orden Choreotrichida Small & Lynn, 1985 Familia Podophryidae Haeckel, 1866 Suborden Strobilidiina Small & Lynn, 1985 Podophrya fixa (Müller, 1786) ∆ Familia Strobilidiidae Kahl en Doflein
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