Miszelle Eine Authentische Halder-Ansprache?
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ITSETEHOSTUKSESTA NÖYRYYTEEN SUOMENSAKSALAISET 1933–46 Lars Westerlund Kansikuva: Korkean tason saksalais-suomalaista kanssakäymistä presidentinlinnassa huhtikuussa 1938. Vasemmalta kenraali Rüdiger von der Goltz, presidentti Kyösti Kallio, marsalkka Gustaf Mannerheim ja Saksan Suomen lähettiläs Wipert von Blücher. Erik von Frenckellin kokoelma. Svenska Litteratursällskapet Kansallisarkisto 2011 Tekninen toimitus: Jyri Taskinen Painopaikka: Oy Nord Print Ab, Helsinki 2011 ISBN 978-951-53-3373-5 2 SISÄLLYS JOHDANTO ................................................................................................. 6 Tarkoitus ja jäsentely ................................................................................. 6 Suomen saksalaisyhteisö ............................................................................ 7 Aikaisempi tutkimus ................................................................................ 21 Käytetty arkisto- ja lehtiaineisto .............................................................. 37 YHDISTYKSET .......................................................................................... 41 Suomen Saksalainen Siirtokunta – Die Deutsche Kolonie ...................... 41 Saksalaisen Siirtokunnan jäsenistö 1935–42 ........................................... 57 NSDAP:n Suomen puoluejärjestö ............................................................ 70 Deutscher Verein Helsingissä .................................................................. 93 Deutscher Frauenverein ........................................................................ -
USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #27 Military Planning and National Policy: German Overtures to Two World Wars Harold C
'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #27 Military Planning and National Policy: German Overtures to Two World Wars Harold C. Deutsch, 1984 The celebrated dictum of Carl von Clausewitz that war is the continuation of policy has bred variants which, although not necessarily contradictory, approach the problem of war and peace rather differently. Social revolutionists, notably Lenin, like to switch emphasis by perceiving peace as a moderated form of conflict. Our concern here, the interplay between military planning and preparation for war with the form and con duct of national policy, has less to do with maxims than with actuality in human affairs. The backgrounds of the two world wars of our century tell us much about this problem. They also indicate how greatly accidents of circumstance and personality may play a role in the course of events. This was notably true of Germany whose fate provides the central thread for the epoch of the two world conflicts. At some future time they may yet be known historically as "the German Wars." This is not to infer that, had Germany not existed as a nation, and, let us say, France and Russia had been geographic neighbors, the first half of our century would have been an era of peace. Some of the factors that led to international stress would have been at work in any event. But the reality of Germany's existence largely determined the nature and sequence of affairs as they appeared to march inexorably toward disaster. -
Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-09-30 Ten Principles of Soviet Operational Art: Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942 Brisson, Kevin Brisson, K. (2014). Ten Principles of Soviet Operational Art: Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27996 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1872 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Ten Principles of Soviet Operational Art: Red Army Operations in Theory and Practice, 1936-1942 by Kevin M. Brisson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2014 ©Kevin M. Brisson 2014 2 Abstract Over the course of the Great Patriotic War, fought from 22 June, 1941 to 9 May, 1945, there was a dramatic transformation in the way the Red Army conducted battle. From an army on the cusp of annihilation to one that quickly recovered to vanquish the invading forces of Nazi Germany, this resurgence can be traced in part to its mastery of operational art. -
Military History Anniversaries 16 Thru 31 January
Military History Anniversaries 16 thru 31 January Events in History over the next 15 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests JAN 16 1776 – Amrican Revolutionary War: African-American Soldiers » It was an uncomfortable fact for many in the colonies that at the same time they were fighting the British for their liberty and freedom they were depriving slaves of that same opportunity. African-American soldiers, in fact, had participated in major Revolutionary War battles from its very start: around 5% of American forces at the battle of Bunker Hill were black. New England units were completely integrated with soldiers receiving the same pay regardless of color. Still, fears of a rebellion of armed slaves tempered official American recognition of the contribution of blacks. On this date General George Washington allowed for the first time for free blacks with military experience to enlist in the revolutionary army. A year later, as the American need for manpower increased, Washington dropped the military experience requirement, allowing any free black who so wishes to enlist. The Continental Congress tried to recruit more African-Americans by offering to purchase them from the Southern slaveholders. Unsurprisingly, few agreed. But enterprising states like Rhode Island made an end run around the slaveholders, announcing any slave who enlisted would immediately be freed. (Rhode Island compensated the slaveholder for the market value of their slave.) The “1st Rhode Island Regiment” was comprised mostly of those freed slaves, becoming the only Continental Army unit to have segregated units for blacks. -
An Analysis of the Effect of Civil-Military Relations in the Third Reich on the Conduct of the German Campaign in the West in 1940
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 6-1-1964 An analysis of the effect of civil-military relations in the Third Reich on the conduct of the German campaign in the West in 1940 John Ogden Shoemaker University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Shoemaker, John Ogden, "An analysis of the effect of civil-military relations in the Third Reich on the conduct of the German campaign in the West in 1940" (1964). Student Work. 374. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/374 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN THE THIRD REICH ON THE CONDUCT OF THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST IN 1940 by John Ogden Shoemaker A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of History University of Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts June 1964 UMI Number: EP73012 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. DissertationPublishing UMI EP73012 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. -
Command & Commanders in Modern Warfare
COMMAND AND COMMANDERS , \ .“‘,“3,w) .br .br “Z ,+( ’> , . I ..M IN MODERN WARFARE The Proceedings of the Second Military History Symposium U.S. Air Force Academy 23 May 1968 Edited by William Geffen, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy O5ce of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy 1971 2nd edilion, enlarged let edition, United States Air Force Academy, 1969 Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number 0874-0003 ii PREFACE The essays and commentaries which comprise this book re- sulted from the Second Annual Military History Symposium, held at the Air Force Academy on 2-3 May 1968. The Military History Symposium is an annual event sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. The theme of the first symposium, held on 4-5May 1967 at the Air Force Academy, was “Current Concepts in Military History.” Several factors inspired the inauguration of the symposium series, the foremost being the expanding interest in the field of military history demonstrated at recent meetings of the American Historical Association and similar professional organizations. A professional meeting devoted solely to the subject of military his- tory seemed appropriate. The Air Force Academy’s Department of History has been particularly concerned with the history of military affairs and warfare since the founding of the institution. -
The Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad: The Turning Point on the Eastern Front in WWII F. Courtney Lockwood Senior Thesis 1 Contents List of Maps 3 Introduction: Setting The Stage 5 The Battle Part 1: September-November 1942 13 The Battle Part 2: November 1942-late January 1943 21 Surrender and the March into Captivity 42 National Myth: Propaganda, Vergeltung, Total War 50 The Shockwave of Stalingrad: Psychological Shift, German Morale, Shortcomings of German High Command 60 Conclusion: Russian Agency and the Legacy of Stalingrad 74 2 List of Maps German Invasion of Soviet Union 1941-1942 4 Operation Blau 9 German Advance on Stalingrad, Autumn 1942 14 Operation Uranus 21 Manstein’s Breakout Attempt/Operation Winter Storm 31 Operation Ring 38 3 ‘German Invasion of Soviet Union 1941-1942’ Source: after map in Showalter, D. (2009) Hitler’s Panzers, p. 2 4 Introduction: Setting the Stage The rise and fall of the Third Reich continues to fascinate and confuse historians today. In particular the war against Russia not only was a monumental undertaking for the Nazi State in terms of economic and military resources, but also the invasion included an inherent all or nothing attitude for the future of National Socialism. Russia tempted Germany with land, natural resources, and possibly an end to Bolshevism and Judaism. Southern Russia looked particularly ripe for Hitler as he focused on gaining control of the lucrative grain and oilfields in the Caucuses. A total victory in Russia also spelled out the demise of the Jews and Communists, as Hitler believed Judaism and Bolshevism were intertwined and the extermination of both would allow the Aryan race and ethnic Germans to assert their supremacy. -
Military History Anniversaries 0116 Thru 013116
Military History Anniversaries 16 thru 31 January Events in History over the next 15 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests JAN 16 1861 – Civil War: Crittenden Compromise. The last chance to keep North and South united, dies in the U.S. Senate. Essentially, the Crittenden Compromise sought to alleviate all concerns of the Southern states. Four states had already left the Union when it was proposed, but Senator Crittenden hoped the compromise would lure them back. Jan 16 1916 – WWI: After an eight-day offensive that marked the beginning of a new, aggressive strategy in the region, Austro-Hungarian troops under commander in chief Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf take control of the Balkan state of Montenegro. Jan 16 1945 – WW2: Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so–called Führerbunker. Jan 16 1964 – Vietnam: President Johnson approves Oplan 34A, operations to be conducted by South Vietnamese forces supported by the United States to gather intelligence and conduct sabotage to destabilize the North Vietnamese regime. The Oplan 34A attacks played a major role in what became known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Jan 16 1969 – Vietnam: An agreement is reached in Paris for the opening of expanded peace talks. It was agreed that representatives of the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the National Liberation Front would sit at a circular table without nameplates, flags or markings. Jan 16 1990 – Cold War: In the wake of vicious fighting between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces in Azerbaijan, the Soviet government sends in 11,000 troops to quell the conflict. -
Nazism - Rationalwiki
Nazism - RationalWiki https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Nazism Nazism From RationalWiki Nazism (less commonly known as National Socialism ) refers to the political A lunatic Chaplin imitator beliefs held by the Nazi Party (officially the "National Socialist German and his greatest fans Workers' Party" - Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , commonly Nazism shortened to NSDAP). It resembled the contemporary doctrine of fascism in many particulars, such as its authoritarianism and ethnic nationalism, although it had a much stronger emphasis on race. It destroyed terrorized ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945, during a period known as the "Third Reich." In case you were wondering, the first Reich was the Holy Roman Empire and the second Reich was the German Empire. Despite being in office longer than Hitler, the Weimar Republic doesn't count. First as tragedy Communists of that time lumped all their authoritarian enemies together under Erwin Rommel the label of "fascist". Today, continuing this usage, many people use the terms Savitri Devi Vidkun Quisling Nazi and fascist interchangeably. Since very few true Nazis are still living Muhammad Amin al- (although there are quite a few neo-Nazi groups), the term is often used more Husseini generally in reference to various authoritarians, especially those who focus on Question of hate, racism, or grammar; though brandishing the term Nazi around to anyone Homosexuality who disagrees with you in a haphazard fashion rather diminishes the atrocities Social Darwinism committed by the Nazi regime. -
The German Armed Forces in the Interwar Period
CHAPTER FOUR THE GATHERING STORM: THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD Introduction When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, its army numbered 2,758,000 men and was organised into 103 divisions, 53 of which, includ- ing 6 armoured divisions, had already belonged to the active peacetime army.1 This strong army bore hardly any resemblance to the army of the Weimar Republic, which in 1933, according to the Chef des Truppenamtes, General Wilhelm Adam, would only have been able to withstand two weeks at most of any military conflict. Had it been invaded by France, all it would have been able to do was “inflict a few pinpricks here and there”.2 The weakness of the Reichswehr, as the army of the Weimar Republic was known, was due to the stipulations of the Treaty of Versailles. Article 231, for example, stated that Germany and its allies were wholly responsible for the outbreak of the First World War. One of the consequences of this Kriegsschuldartikel was that a number of restrictions were imposed on the Weimar Republic in terms of the structure and size of its armed forces, with a view to preventing any more German military operations. Germa- ny was, for instance, not permitted to have tanks or heavy guns, could not have an air force and the size of the German navy was severely restricted: large warships and submarines were forbidden and the personnel comple- ment was not allowed to exceed 15,000. There were also stringent restrictions on the number of personnel in the Reichswehr. -
From CK Glantz Vol III Book 2 +Index.Indd
© University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Contents List of Maps, Tables, and Illustrations ix Preface xv Selected Abbreviations xxi Part I. Defeating German Relief Attempts, 1–19 December 1942 1. Competing German and Soviet Dilemmas 3 Context 3 Hitler, Manstein, and Paulus 4 The Stavka, Vasilevsky, and Vatutin 20 2. The Southwestern Front’s Battles along the Krivia and Chir Rivers, 1–15 December 39 Context: German Relief Plans 39 Soviet Plans and Preliminary Operations, 1–6 December 40 The Chir (Tormosin) Offensive, 7–15 December 46 3. The Stalingrad Front’s Defense against Operation Wintergewitter (Winter Tempest), 1–19 December 86 The Kotel’nikovo Axis and Preparations for Wintergewitter, 1–12 December 86 Operation Wintergewitter and the Battle for Verkhne-Kumskii, 12–19 December 107 4. The Don and Stalingrad Fronts’ Battle for the Stalingrad Pocket, 1–15 December 159 The Offensive, 1–5 December 159 Preparing the Way for 2nd Guards Army, 6–15 December 185 Conclusions 206 Part II. The Expanding Soviet Offensive, 16–31 December 1942 5. Operation Little Saturn and the Tormosin Offensive, 16–31 December 223 Context 223 Operation Little Saturn, 16–31 December 227 5th Tank, 5th Shock, and 2nd Guards Armies’ Tormosin Offensive, 16–31 December 245 © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. viii Contents 6. The End of Wintergewitter and Donnerschlag (Thunder Clap) and the Stalingrad Front’s Kotel’nikovo Offensive, 16–31 December 1943 286 Wintergewitter and Donnerschlag, 16–23 December 286 The Climax of Wintergewitter, 19–24 December 297 The Stalingrad Front’s Kotel’nikovo Offensive, 24–27 December 317 The Consequences of German Defeat 327 7. -
The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel
The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel Edited with an Introduction and Epilogue by WALTER GÖRLITZ Translated by David Irving First published in the United States of America in 1966 by Stein and Day/Publishers © William Kimber and Co., Limited, 1965 English translation copyright © 1965 by David Irving Classic edition Copyright © 2010 Parforce UK Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Inquiries should be addressed by email to Permissions, [email protected]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-14954 Irving, David John Cawdell, 1938– The Memoirs of Field Marshal Keitel. © Musterschmit-Verlag, Göttingen, Germany 1961 p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-872197-20-3 1. Keitel, Wilhelm, 1882– 1946. 2. Statesmen– Germany– Biography. 3. National socialists– Biography. 4. Germany– History– 1933– 1945. I. Title. DD247.K42 A313 1966 943.086´092´4– dc19 Printed in the United States of America focal point publications Windsor SL4 6QS (UK) Focal Point Classic Edition A Note by the Translator The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel were written in manuscript in six weeks in the prison at Nuremberg, beginning on September 1, 1946. The original was (as of 1961) in the possession of the Keitel family. His full narrative of the years 1933 to 1938 was included in the German edition, but in this English edition Keitel’s life up to 1937 is dealt with in the editor’s introduction, which contains sufficient extracts from Keitel’s own account of those years.