6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89873-7 - The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652-2000 Jens Meierhenrich Index More information

Index

Abel, Richard, 209, 256, 326 and the Truth and Reconciliation Ackerman, Laurie, Justice, 172 Commission of South Africa administrative law, 65, 75, 227 (TRC), 205–207 Administrator, Transvaal v. Traub and township unrest, 179 (1989), 163 and township youth, 179 African customary law leaders and the law, 226–231, 262–263 influence of on South African law, 92 African nationalism, 248, 255 African National Congress (ANC), 7, 8, Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 9, 27, 117, 122, 138, 147, 150, 152, (AWB), 27 153, 169, 182, 183, 184, 196, 259, and constitutional design, 199 261, 267, 268, 272, 282, 289. Afrikaners, 84, 86, 88, 95, 96, 97, 98, See also South African Native 101, 103, 170, 177, 188, 227, National Congress (SANNC) 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, and apartheid’s endgame, 191–207, 248, 261 263, 276–277 Alessandri, Arturo, 297 and constitutional design, 197–205 Allende, Salvador, 298, 308 and electoral design, 196–197 Allott, Philip, 15 and Ethiopianism, 255–258 analytic narratives, 2, 9, 11, 195, 290, and National Front for the Liberation 291, 310, 327 of Angola (FNLA), 176 ANC. See African National Congress and National Union for the Total (ANC) Independence of Angola Anglican Church of the Province (UNITA), 176 (CPSA), 248 and Nelson Mandela, 279–281 apartheid, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 15, 47, 52, 79, and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 122 83, 86, 87, 101, 112, 120, 151, 152, and preference formation, 190–195 154, 187, 188, 192, 196, 197, 198, and religious constitutionalism, 255–258 199, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 220, and the “Third Force,” 123–125 261, 266, 275, 276, 279, 280, 295, and the end of the Cold War, 184–187 296, 316 and the independent church movement, and administration, 107–108 255–258 and anti-apartheid lawyering, 208–214, and the Rivonia Trial, 136–137 235, 238, 255 and the Treason Trial, 136–137, 147 and bureaucracy, 103–104 369

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89873-7 - The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652-2000 Jens Meierhenrich Index More information

370 Index

apartheid (cont.) substantively irrational, 171, 172 and constitutional tradition, 172 survey data on perceptions of, 220–239 and death sentences, 121 apartheid state, 11, 83, 84, 86, 112, 172, and fundamental rights, 286–287 175, 183, 285 and human rights violations, 113–129, and democracy, 175, 238, 277 205 and democratization, 276 and job reservation laws, 133 and emergency powers, 297 and law, 140, 168, 112, 208, 239, 255, and racial domination, 171 261, 295, 316 and taxation, 217–218 and state formation, 277 as dual state, 112, 127, 191, 268, 273 and states of emergency, 105–106, 122, as normative state, 129–131, 139, 128, 140, 157, 161, 168, 179, 192, 129–140 223, 229 as prerogative state, 113–129 and the collapse of the Portuguese as preserved state, 218, 291 empire, 175–176 as usable state, 268 and the dual state, 112 confidence in institutions of, 223–226, and the end of the Cold War, 229–230 184–187 dual nature of, 152 and the legal system, 170, 112, evolution of, 102–111 220–239, 258 structure of, 4, 288 and the limits of the prerogative state, surviving remnants of, 272–273 130, 215, 283–289 transformation of, 279 and the normative state, 129–169, 276, apartheid’s crisis, 175–176, 182 283–289 and international influence, 182 and the prerogative state, 113–129, and investment u-turn, 178–179 269, 276, 278 economic downturn and, 177–178 evolution of, 102–111 international dimensions of, 184–187 legal struggle against, 208, 209 Portuguese empire and, 175–176 legality of, 317 township resistance and, 179–181 opposition to, 195 apartheid’s endgame, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, Rabie Commission and, 214–215 15, 27, 30, 47, 48, 52, 79, 83, 84, 87, repression under, 192 109, 117, 123, 128, 131, 136, 139, resistance to, 179 169, 174, 184, 186, 187, 192, 196, Riekert Commission and, 213 207, 216, 255, 257, 268, 274, 279, transition from crisis to endgame, 280, 281, 289, 291, 307, 310, 311 181–182 advanced stages of, 274 Wiehahn Commission and, 213 agents and preferences in, 191–192, 195 apartheid law, 3, 4, 10, 107, 172, 208, analytic narratives of, 9, 195 256, 264, 285 and anti-apartheid lawyering, 208–218 and democracy, 195 and behavioral cultures, 216 and Nazi law, 170 and bill of rights, 202–205 and racial domination, 172 and confidence in the legal system, 221 formally rational, 171 and law, 200, 205, 208, 231, 263, 270, legality of, 231 316 morality of, 231 and legal tradition, 231, 258–264 opposition against, 102 and the dual state, 83, 175, 317 procedural understanding of, 172 and the legal tradition, 219 statutes of, 216, 284, 285 and the problem of outcome structure of, 171 knowledge, 9

Index 371

and transitional justice, 205–207, appeals in the 1950s, 154–155 266–267, 269–273 appeals in the 1960s and 1970s, as assurance game, 190 155–156 as coordination problem, 190, 191 appeals in the 1980s, 156–166 as intensified prisoner’s dilemma, 190, Appellate Division, 134, 135, 138, 139, 191 142, 153. See also Supreme Court of bargaining in, 190 South Africa common knowledge and, 260, 258–264 and defense of civil liberties, 135 common law principles and, 287 and policy of judicial restraint, 153 confidence in, 238, 288 and rule of law, 145 constitutional design and, 197–202, increase in size of, 135, 155 269–273 jurisprudence of, 153–167 cooperative solution of, 9, 258–264 on abuse of power, 133 de Klerk’s role in, 281–283 Appellate Division Quorum Act (1955), democracy’s constitution in, 278 135 deterministic explanations of, 7–10 Armaments Development and Production electoral design and, 196–197 Corporation (Armscor), 110 empiricist explanations of, 5–6 Asmal, Kader, xi, 205, 262, 281 individualistic explanations of, 6–7 authoritarianism, 317 international dimensions of, 182–187 and the dual state, 323 justicial design and, 205–207 competitive regimes under, 321 law as common knowledge in, 190–191, electoral regimes under, 321 208–218, 258–264, 258–264 hybrid regimes under, 321–323 leadership in, 258–264, 279, 289–290 in Chile, 302 Mandela’s role in, 279–281 in South Africa, 274 redescription of, 10, 291, 327 pure regimes under, 321 resolution of, 260, 263, 268, 277, 289 authority, 286 role of the state in, 275–279 abuse of, 133 stalemate hypothesis and, 6 Axelrod, Robert, 56 state and, 217, 275, 276, 290, 291 Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO), state as prize in, 276–277 269, 271 state as problem in, 275–276 and constitutional design, 199 state as solution in, 277–279 Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO) strategies and outcomes in, 192–195 and others v. the President of the transformation of preferences in, Republic of South Africa and others 194–195 (1996), 269 transformation to assurance game, 190–191 Bank of Lisbon and SA Ltd v. De Ornelas transition to legitimate law in, 265 (1988), 164 trust in, 4, 260, 288, 289 Bantu administration, 108 Truth and Reconciliation Commission Bantu Affairs Administration of South Africa (TRC) and, 267 Board, 141 utility of the state in, 217–218, 267, Bantu Authorities Act (1951), 87, 102 277 Bantu Land Act (1913), 113 voluntaristic explanations of, 282 Bantu Trust and Land Act (1936), 113 white fears and, 188–190 Bantu Urban Areas Consolidation Act Apleni v. Minister of Law and Order and (1945), 141, 143 Others (1989), 165 Basson, Wouter, 123, 271 appeal courts in South Africa Baxter, Lawrence, 158

372 Index

Beinart, William, 101 Chile’s endgame Belarus, 266 and military constitutionalism, Bendix, Reinhard, 44, 278 302–308 Bentham, Jeremy, 20, 21 cooperative solution of, 308 Bethal Trial, 152 evolution of cooperation in, 304, 318 Biko, Steve, 123, 129, 130, 151, Chilean National Commission 269, 270 on Truth and Reconciliation, Bill of Rights, 166, 200, 202, 204, 257 300, 301 Bill v. State President (1987), 159 Christianity, 91, 250, 251 Black People’s Convention (BPC), 148 Church of England in South Africa Black Sash, 142, 143, 144, 195, 210, 213 (CESA), 248 Bloem v. State President of the Republic Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB), 121 of South Africa (1986), 158, 159 civil law, 65 Boer War, 94, 95, 97, 170 Code Civil, 21 Boipatong massacre, 124–127, 192, 193 Cold War, 321 Bophuthatswana, 108, 117 end of, 184–187 Botha, Louis, 98, 246 collective action, 116, 271, 279 Botha, P. W., 105, 109, 120, 170, 177, colonialism, 316 181, 192, 207 “Coloureds,” 113, 116, 117, 118, 134, Bratton, Michael, 183 147, 220, 224, 226 British constitutionalism, 169 and confidence in the legal system, 220, Broederbond, 86 221, 223 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and labor, 133 (1954), 115 and voting, 92, 102, 114, 134, 135, Budlender, Geoff, 164 136, 154 Bureau of State Security (BOSS), 105 Comaroff, John, and Jean, 249, bureaucracy, 267, 273, 280 253, 258 and apartheid’s endgame, 277, 278 Commission for Administration Act and the usable state, 268 (1984), 103 in Chile, 297, 298, 309 commitment problems, 34, 37, 39, 48, independence of, 103 52, 55, 76, 78, 195, 198, 204, 207, Buthelezi v. Attorney General, Natal 273, 282 (1986), 153 common law, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 65, 238, Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 27, 181, 207. 283, 284, 285 See also Inkatha Freedom and apartheid, 287, 283–289 Party (IFP) and customary law, 200 and economic rights, 132 Cameron, Edwin, Justice, 108, 156, 219 and equality of treatment, 115, 154 Cape Colony, 11, 88, 89, 90, 92, 96, and fundamental rights, 286–287 170, 240 and property rights, 132 Cape Supreme Court, 93 and reasonableness, 287–288 Cape Town, 117, 138, 141, 188, 213, and statutory interpretation, 283, 284, 214, 229, 231, 249 285, 287 Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS), and the principle of equality, 286 140, 212, 213, 214 and the right to be heard, 286, 287 Chanock, Martin, 94, 129, 130, 133, 169 and the right to counsel, 286 Chaskalson, Arthur, Justice, 141, 208, and the struggle against 212, 215, 216, 261, 262, 283, apartheid, 212 287, 295 Anglo-American, 22

Index 373

confrontation of English and in endgame situations, 26–41 Roman-Dutch law, 92 in Pinochet’s endgame, 298–307 connection to English law, 92 in townships, 179, 225 connection to Roman-Dutch law, 92 role of F. W. de Klerk in, 280–282 development and application of, 287 role of Nelson Mandela in, 280–282 doctrine of precedent in, 20, 22, 48 summary of argument about, 2–9, English, 23 219–220, 319 evolution of, 79 Congress of South African Trade Unions familiarity with the South African legal (COSATU), 120, 182, 282 system, 137 Conservative Party (CP), 189, 193, 198, 261 influence of European on South African Constitutional Assembly (CA), 199, 200, law, 92 201, 262 influence on apartheid jurisprudence, Constitutional Court of Chile, 307 286 Constitutional Court of South Africa legacies of, 288 108, 138, 141, 153, 172, 200, 204, legacies of in South Africa, 288 208, 227, 261, 262, 263, 269, 270, principles of freedom and justice in, 272, 279 287 Azanian People’s Organization progressive elements of, 22 (AZAPO) and, 270 rationalization of, 94 confidence in, 271 South African, 283, 285, 287, constitutional design, 48, 54, 78, 195, 283–289 197, 200 Community Agency for Social Inquiry and African National Congress (ANC), (CASE), 225 197–205 conceptual jurisprudence and Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Begriffsjurisprudenz), 15, 17 (AWB), 199 confidence, 78, 95, 288. See also trust and Azanian People’s Organization and path dependence, 220, 319 (AZAPO), 199 in apartheid law, 214 and Democratic Party (DP), 202–205 in institutions, 78, 288 and Herstigte National Party, 199 in the apartheid state, 238, 288, 289 and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in the dual state, 78 197–205 in the law, 4, 60, 208, 211, 216, 220, and National Party (NP), 197–205 235, 239, 264, 315, 316 in South Africa, 197–205 in the legal system, 258, 274 constitutionalism in the normative state, 78 African, 229 in the state, 54 and religion, 253 in the state in Chile, 304, 318 as shared mental model, 174 in the state in South Africa, 265 black, 258 investor, 178, 179, 180 Chilean bureaucratic, 296 investor, in Chile, 310 in Chile, 303, 302–308 sources of, 239 in South Africa, 172, 257 conflicting imperatives, 11, 17, 19, 43, 44, military, in Chile, 303 52, 70, 75, 84, 152, 166, 268, 323 religious, 258 confrontation, 136 secular, 258 and path dependence, 51–56 contract labor, 248 in apartheid’s endgame, 123–124, 175, Convention for a Democratic 183–184, 187–198, 214, 258–264, South Africa (CODESA), 124, 288–289 181, 198

374 Index

cooperation, 107 Defiance Campaign, 136, 137, 214, and path dependence, 51–56, 62 256 in apartheid’s endgame, 123–124, 175, Defiance of Unjust Laws Campaign, 255 183–184, 187–208, 214, 258–264, democracy, 326 268, 271, 288–289 and usable state in Chile, 307, 310 in endgame situations, 26–41 breakdown of in Chile, 298, 299 in Pinochet’s endgame, 298–307, consolidated, 25 317–318 consolidation of, 25 role of F. W. de Klerk in, 280–282 in Chile, 296, 298, 310 role of Nelson Mandela in, 280–282 in South Africa, 267 summary of argument about, 2–9, legal origins of, 45 219–220, 319 satisfaction with in South Africa, coordination problem, 190, 191, 260 265, 311 and apartheid’s endgame, 190 satisfaction with in Spain, 266, 311 apartheid’s endgame as, 190, 258 strong-state path to, 84 constitution making in South Africa sustainable, 62, 76, 268 as, 198 theory of, 1, 4, 44, 45, 73, 291, 314 definition of, 190 transition to, 275 Corbett, Michael, Chief Justice, 157, 161, transition to in Chile, 301, 304, 308, 163, 261, 284 318 Corder, Hugh, 145, 154, 156, 316 transition to in South Africa, 238, Counter-Revolutionary Target Centre 266, 295 (TREWIS), 121 Democratic Party (DP) courts and constitutional design, 202–205 and abuse of law, 145 democratisation and anti-apartheid activists, 232 in South Africa, 186 and commitment to law, 167–168 democratization, 2, 6, 11, 15, 21, 25, 44, appeal, 145 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 60, 62, 76, 78, in Grahamstown and Kimberly, 93 187, 188, 195, 202, 205, 219, 273, jurisprudence of trial, 146–153 311, 314, 315, 326 lower, 70, 145, 147, 150, 167, 236 and contention, 27 maintaining legitimacy of law, 232 and game theory, 41 crime, 277 and Hirschman’s hydraulic model, criminal justice system, 278 31–34 criminal law and power, 27–29 English, 20 and social order, 25 in South Africa, 150, 226 and the Denzau/North learning model, popular elements in, 17 58–62 Criminal Procedure Act (1977), 150 and transaction costs, 61, 62 and wealth, 29 Davis, Dennis, 158, 316 as endgame, 26–30 de Klerk, F. W., 2, 7, 8, 169, 181, 182, 186, commitment problems in, 37–39 196, 218, 222, 226, 259, 271, 288 contagion perspective on, 182, 183, 184 and 1992 whites-only referendum, 261 definition of, 25–26 and Nelson Mandela, 194, 288–290 dynamics of, 41 and the “Third Force”, 124–129 fears of victimhood in, 27–30 legal experience of, 281–283 in Chile, 296 de Kock, Eugene, 120, 126, 277, 278 in South Africa, 276, 278, 281 de Kock, Gerhard, 181 in Spain, 266

Index 375

in the former Soviet Union, 183–184 Duncan, Sheena, 142, 210. See also information failures in, 35–37 Black Sash international dimensions of, 182–187 During NO v. Boesak (1990), 163 law and, 315 Dyzenhaus, David, 107, 154, 209 modes of, 25, 314 path dependent explanations of, 52–55 Economic Enterprise Law, 67 security dilemmas in, 39–40 electoral design, 54, 195, 196 Dempsey v. Minister of Law and Order Ellmann, Stephen, 165, 166, 196, 214, (1986), 157 221, 222, 223, 231, 233, 234, 236, Denzau/North learning model, 58–60 237, 238, 263, 264, 289 Department of Bantu Administration and emergency powers, 300 Development (DBAD), 118 endgame Department of National Security as strategic interaction, 26–30 (DONS), 105 Pinochet’s, 295, 301–304 Department of Native Affairs (DNA), 104 Ethiopianism, 254, 255 Derrida, Jacques, 230, 231 Evans, Ivan, 108 Dicey, A. V., 169 Ex parte Moseneke (1979), 227 dictatorship exit, 31, 32, 34, 39, 52, 191, 273 in Chile, 299, 300, 302, 318 legal origins of, 44 Fagan Commission, 177 limited dictatorship in Chile, 303 Fani v. Minister of Law and Order of law, 300, 304 (1985), 159 disinvestment, 178 Ford Foundation, 211, 324 District Six, 117, 229 Forsyth, C. F., 145, 316 Dlamini v. Minister of Law and Order Fort Hare, 280 (1986), 151 Fraenkel, Ernst, 3, 4, 11, 42, 43, 44, 69, dual state, 3, 4, 11, 17, 45, 46, 50, 52, 62, 79, 115, 164, 170, 314. See also 70, 71, 84, 95, 103, 112, 195, 323 Ju¨ rgens, Conrad (pseudonym) and apartheid, 112 and the concept of the dual state, 62–76 and authoritarianism, 323 and the history of the concept of the and ideal types of law, 16 dual state, 42–45 as a conceptual variable, 44, 195 and the Sozialistische Warte, 42–43 as hybrid regime, 321 and the Urdoppelstaat, 42–43 as usable state in apartheid’s Frank, Jerome, 166 endgame, 175 Frederick the Great, 74 as usable state in Chile, 309 Fredrickson, George, 8 concept of, 62–76 Freedom Charter (1956), 153, 203, critique of the concept of, 66 256, 257 evolution of the concept of, 42–44 Freedom House, 4 in Chile, 295, 296, 303, 307, 309, 310, Friedman, G., Justice, 168 311 Fuller, Lon, 73, 74, 75 in South Africa, 83, 112, 211, 238, 273, 278, 316, 317, 323 Germany, 21, 43, 69, 70, 274, 289, 296 influences on conceptualization of, Nazi, 3, 63, 64, 65, 68, 71, 72, 79, 73–76 99, 105 origin of, 171 Weimar, 38, 43, 64, 299 summary of argument about, 79 Gibson Thlokwe Mathebe and others v. Dugard, John, 139, 140, 147, 148, 160, KwaNdebele Commissioner of Police 170, 204, 212, 285 and another (1987), 162

376 Index

Giliomee, Hermann, 91, 246, 289 in Chile, 304 glasnost, 183, 184 judicial, 167 Goldstone Commission, 125, 126, 127, 220 of law, 60, 190, 219, 289, 315 Goldstone, Richard, Justice, 50, 51, 125, of the rule of law, 245 126, 153, 210 Income Tax Act (1962), 103 golpistas, 299 Incorporated Law Society, Transvaal v. Government of Lebowa v. Government Mandela (1954), 137 of the Republic of South Africa and increasing returns, 15, 45, 51, 52, 62, Another (1988), 162 174. See also path dependence Great Trek, 89, 92, 96, 97, 240 Independent Methodist Church, 252, 253 Grosskopf, E. M., Justice, 162 Indians, 114, 116, 134, 226 Group Areas Act (1950), 87, 102, 118, influx control, 86, 145, 213 122, 155 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 7, 27, 124, Gruchmann, Lothar, 66, 68, 72 127, 128, 187, 191, 270, 271. See also Buthelezi, Mangosuthu habeas corpus, 301 and constitutional design, 197–205 Habermas, Ju¨ rgen, 272 and electoral design, 196–197 Haggard, Stephan, 116 Institute for a Democratic South Africa Hani, Chris, 193, 199 (IDASA), 265 Hardin, Russell, 76, 197, 270 institutional design, 20, 44, 55, 64, 74, Harms Commission, 125 102, 159, 203, 324 Harris v. Minister of the Interior (1952), ontology of, 47 134, 135, 136, 154 theory of, 47, 57, 64, 74 Hart, H. L. A., 73 institutionalism, 314, 318 Herstigte National Party historical, 10 and constitutional design, 199 new economic, 55, 57–58 Hertzog, Barry, 99, 102, 246, 247 rational choice, 10 Heunis, Chris, 163 Interim Constitution of South Africa Hiemstra, V. G., Justice, 149 (1993), 197–207, 238, 270 High Court of Parliament Act (1952), 135 Internal Security Act (1950), 114, 148, 156 Hirschman, Albert, 30, 31, 32, 327 Internal Security Amendment Act and strategies of conflict, 31–32 (1976), 87 Hobbes, Thomas, 240 Human Rights Commission, 235 Jaffer v. Minister of Law and Order Human Sciences Research Council (1986), 157 (HSRC), 224, 233 Johannesburg, 97, 108, 117, 120, 122, Hungary, 266 123, 143, 149, 157, 179, 210, 255, Huntington, Samuel, 187 259, 260, 269, 274, 279 hybrid regimes, 321–323. See also Ju¨ rgens, Conrad (pseudonym), 42. authoritarianism See also Fraenkel, Ernst justice. See also transitional justice Iban˜ ez, Carlos, 297 restorative, 268 ideographic reasoning, 10, 327 retributive, 268 ideology, 18, 68, 87, 97, 100, 102, 133, 155, 220, 246, 256, 270, 304 Kentridge, Sir Sydney, 129, 212, 228, Afrikaner, 97 268, 316 and the Azanian People’s Organization Kirchheimer, Otto, 71 (AZAPO), 270 Komani v. Bantu Affairs Administration apartheid as, 102 Board (1979), 141

Index 377

Kotze, J. G., Chief Justice, 95 ideology of, 60, 219, 289, 315 Krohn v. Minister of Defence (1915), 169 in apartheid’s endgame, 231 Kruger, Paul, 96, 97, 239, 240, 241, 242, in democratization, 315 246, 247 inclusionary nature of in South Africa, Kuyper, Abraham, 241, 242 142 KwaNdebele, 162 instrumental function of, 317 language of, 259 Labor Relations Act (1979), 213 legacies of, 12, 44, 48, 50, 51, 59, 62, Labor Relations Act (1988), 214 79, 174, 232, 271, 289, 291, 295, Laitin, David, 2 313, 314, 317, 326 Land Act (1913), 132, 256 legality and legitimacy of, 23–25 Langa, Pius, Chief Justice, 108, 261 legality of, 208 law, 15 legitimacy of, 231, 264, 268, 270, 273 and apartheid, 316 legitimacy of in South Africa, 264–275 and apartheid’s endgame, 175, 205, legitimization of the, 272 208 Max Weber’s ideal types of, 15–23 and democracy, 175 modernization of, 323 and legitimacy, 208 multiple functions of in South Africa, and political and economic reform, 317 324 natural law theory, 73 and resolution of endgames, 315 new institutionalism and path and struggle against apartheid, 208 dependent effects of, 59–62 and truth commissions, 273 Philip Allott on social function of, 15 as common knowledge, 190, 258, political economy of, 16, 50, 318 264, 287 principle of the inviolability of, 63, 75 as common knowledge in apartheid’s procedural theory of, 25, 73–74, 172 endgame, 258–264 rationalization of, 21 behavioral effect of, 50 rhetoric of, 314 bifurcated history of in South Africa, rule of, 12, 20, 23, 47, 65, 95, 133, 209 138, 139, 140, 141, 158, 164, command theory of, 64, 73, 75 165, 169, 172, 211, 227, conception of, 56–57, 258 232, 245, 261, 262, 264, 266, constitutional, 287 267, 272, 273, 274, 301, 310, cultural study of, 62 323, 325, 326 culture of, 78 rules of, 79, 314 definition of, 15 social function of in times of development of in South Africa, 92–95 transition, 168 evolution of, 48, 174 South African, 284 evolution of in Chile, 315 South African statutory, 283 evolution of in South Africa, 315 substantively irrational, 17–18 expressive function of, 317 substantively rational, 18–19 formally irrational, 17 theory of, 11, 15, 62, 73, 74, 75, 314 formally rational, 20, 19–23, 207, 227, transformation of in South Africa, 93 273, 290, 304, 315 Le Grange, Louis, 111 formally rational, in Chile, 298, 303 Lebowa, Government of the Republic of function of, 237, 240 South Africa and another v. function of in times of transition, 158 Government of KwaZulu and gap between and justice, 213 another (1983), 162 hermeneutic effect of, 50 Lederer, Emil, 44

378 Index

legal action Leigh, Gustavo, 302 affectual, 236 Lesotho, 111, 117 and attitudes toward legal system, Lieberman, Evan, 217 237–239 Lijphart, Arend, 2, 114 definition of, 236 Linz, Juan, 4 emotional, 237 Lobban, Michael, 145, 149, 150, 152, ideal types of, 236 167, 215 instrumental, 236, 238, 316 Locke, John, 63, 64 traditional, 236, 237 London Missionary Society, 91, 250 value-oriented, 236, 237, 316 Lower Courts Amendment Act legal culture, 325 (1977), 150 creation of, 324, 326 Luhmann, Niklas, 19 formalism of, 323 Luthuli, Albert, Chief, 256 in South Africa, 261 transformation of, 324 magistrates’ courts in South Africa, 146, legal profession 236, 279 and apartheid, 139 Maharaj, Mac, 281 critique of, 208 Mahomed, Ismail, Chief Justice, 226, reorganization of in South Africa, 93 228, 232, 261 Legal Resources Centre (LRC), 140, Malan, D. F., 96, 102, 104, 170 141, 142, 143, 209, 210, 212, 213, Mandela v. Minister of Prisons 214, 234 (1983), 286 legal system Mandela, Nelson, 2, 9, 108, 123, 137, and apartheid, 170 153, 181, 183, 192, 196, 211, 218, attitudes toward, 233–235 222, 226, 233, 259, 262, 282, confidence in South African, 220–231, 283, 288 258 and code of discipline in the 1952 in Chile, 300 Deﬁance of Unjust Laws in South Africa, 236, 295 Campaign, 255 in South Africa as mixed jurisdiction, 22 and defiance of the law in the 1960s, legal tradition 230–231 and transition to democracy in South and F. W. de Klerk, 194, 288–290 Africa, 219–220 and Rivonia Trial, 137–138, 279 Anglican, 248–249 and the “Third Force,” 123–124 as shared mental model, 219–220, 319 and the law, 279–281 Calvinist, 239–248 and the Treason Trial, 136–137 definition of, 219 and Treason Trial, 234 in Chile, 317 legal experience of, 279–281 in South Africa, 219, 238, 317, 319 release from prison of, 182 religious foundations of in South Mandela, Winnie, 179 Africa, 229, 239 Markinor, 220, 221, 223, 224 vernacular, 249–257 martial law. See also state of emergency legalism, 64, 112, 249, 253, 263, 272, declaration of in South Africa, 98 313, 314, 317 Mathebe v. Regering van die Republiek religious, 252, 254, 255 van Suid-Afrika en andere secular, 254, 255 (1988), 162 legality Mathebe, Tlokwe Gibson, Chief, 162 culture of, 258 Mathews, Anthony, 114, 160 habit of, 61, 62, 315 Mbeki, Thabo, 280, 281, 282

Index 379

Mendoza, Cesar, 302 National Association of Youth mental models, 57, 59, 60, 219, 315, 319 Organizations (NAYO), 148, Merino, Jose´ Toribio, 302 149, 150 Metal and Allied Workers’ Union v. State National Front for the Liberation of President (1986), 157, 159 Angola (FNLA), 176 methodological individualism, 6, 46, 281, National Intelligence Service (NIS), 105, 290 169 methodological structuralism, 290 National Party (NP), 9, 101, 111, 134, Meyer, Roelf, 259, 260, 281, 290 135, 187, 281, 282, 289 migrant workers, 141, 142, 143, 145 and apartheid’s crisis, 263–264 Mines and Works Act (1911), 133 and apartheid’s endgame, 263–264, Mines and Works Amendment Act 276–277 (1926), 133 and constitutional design, 197–205 Minister of Law and Order and another and electoral design, 196–197 v. Swart (1989), 165 and expansion of the apartheid state, Minister of Law and Order and others v. 86–87 Hurley and another (1986), 156 and preference formation, 190–195 Minister of Law and Order v. Dempsey and racial domination, 101 (1988), 158, 163 andtheendoftheColdWar, Minister of Posts and Telegraphs v. 186–187 Rasool (1934), 115 and Truth and Reconciliation Minister of the Interior v. Harris (the Commission of South Africa High Court of Parliament case (TRC), 205–207 1952), 134, 135, 136, 154 National Party v. Desmond Mpilo Tutu Minister van Wet en Orde v. Matshoba and others (1997), 271 (1990), 163 National Peace Accord, 282 Mokoena v. Minister of Law and Order National Security Management System (1986), 153 (NSMS), 109 Mokwena v. State President (1988), National Socialism, 3, 42, 43, 65, 67 158 National Union for the Total Moseneke, Dikgang, Justice, 226, Independence of Angola 227, 232 (UNITA), 176 Msimang, R. W., 255 National Unity and Reconciliation Act Mugabe, Robert, 176 (1995), 269, 270 Multiparty Negotiating Process (MPNP), Native Affairs Department (NAD), 86 198, 199, 201 Native Independent Congregational Municipal Labour Officers (MLO), 143 Church (NICC), 250 Mureinik, Etienne, 166, 216, 283, Ndlwana v. Hofmeyr (1937), 134 284, 285 Neumann, Franz, 42, 43, 67, 71 Ngqumba v. Staatspresident (1988), Napoleon I, 21 158, 165 Natal, 88, 89, 90, 94, 212 Nkondo and Gumede v. Minister rebellion, 98 of Law and Order (1986), 153, Natal Indian Congress v. State President 156 (1988), 168 Nkwentsha v. Minister of Law and Order Natal Newspapers (Pty) Limited v. State and another (1988), 165 President (1986), 157 Nkwinti v. Commissioner of Police National Association of Democratic (1986), 158 Lawyers (NADEL), 146 nomothetic reasoning, 10, 327

380 Index

normative state, 4, 5, 11, 16, 43, 44, and understanding of apartheid’s 45, 48, 52, 62, 65, 66, 76, 90, 112, endgame, 9 197, 199, 200, 202, 209, 215, 230, 268, 271 pacta sunt servanda (sanctity of and apartheid, 100–111, 129–140, contract), 68 129–169, 274, 276, 289 Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 122, 147, and apartheid’s endgame, 182, 190, 152, 182, 227, 229, 269 197–216, 259 pass laws, 102, 122, 152, 256 and Appellate Court of Cologne, 72 repeal of, 145 and Appellate Court of Hamburg, 72 path dependence, 1, 15, 48, 45–48, 50, 62. and Bavarian Administrative Court, 69 See also increasing returns and colonialism, 90–95 and confrontation, 51–56 and Federal Supreme Court of the and cooperation, 51–56 Reich, 70 and law, 1, 48–50, 295 and government by law, 65 and transaction costs, 61–62 and hybrid authoritarian regimes, 323 between law and democracy, 175 and law as constraint, 65–66 core claims of, 52 and Prussian Supreme Administrative initial conditions of, 50–51 Court, 67 perestroika, 183, 184 and segregation, 96–100 Philip, John, Reverend, 91 as guardian of law under Nazi Pinochet, Augusto, 295, 297, 300, 302, dictatorship, 66–73 303, 308, 309 collective memory of, 264 plausibility probe, 295, 315 concept of, 65–76 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 115 decline of in Chile, 299 Popular Movement for the Liberation of in Chile, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, Angola (MPLA), 176 307, 308, 310, 317 Population Registration Act (1950), 102 in Nazi Germany, 66 Powell v. National Director of Public in South Africa, 139, 157, 288 Prosecutions (2005), 95 interplay with the prerogative state in power, 27–29, 30 South Africa, 174 prerogative state, 4, 5, 7, 11, 16, 43, 44, remnants of in Chile, 300 52, 62, 63, 66, 112, 188, 209, 210, North, Douglass, 45, 57 215, 230, 271 Nqumba [sic] v. State President and apartheid, 100–111, 113–129, (1987), 159 129, 269, 274, 276 and apartheid’s crisis, 180 O’Donovan, J. B., Justice, 143 and apartheid’s endgame, 182, 259 O’Meara, Dan, 186, 192, 261 and colonialism, 95–96 Official Secret Act (1958), 103 and emergency powers, 297 Omar v. Minister of Law and Order and government by decree, 63 (1987), 145, 158, 159, 165, 262 and hybrid authoritarian regimes, 323 Omar, Dullah, 112, 206, 226, 229, 230 and power, 63 Orange Free State, 88, 89, 94, 131, 133, and segregation, 96–100 246, 247 and the “Third Force”, 129, 282 Orange Free State High Court, 247 collective memory of, 264 Ordinance No. 50, 91 common law constraints on, 283 Organization of African Unity (OAU), concept of, 63–65 176 conceptual relationship to, 65–76 outcome knowledge, 9 expansion of in Chile, 300

Index 381

in Chile, 297, 298, 302, 310 South Africa as racial democracy, 4 in Nazi Germany, 64–65, 66 South Africa as racial oligarchy, 208 in South Africa, 139 Radebe v. Minister of Law and Order interplay with the normative (1987), 157 state, 174 Ramadipe, Richard, 227 Pretoria, 117, 120, 123, 126, 142, 152, Ramaphosa, Cyril, 259, 260, 262, 281, 155, 162, 176, 177, 182, 210, 227, 282, 290 228, 247, 254 Ramsbottom, Justice, 137, 138 Pretoria Twelve, 152 Rand Daily Mail, 142, 147 Pretorius, Andries, 241 Rand rebellion, 99 Prevention of Public Violence and Rawls, John, 36 Intimidation Act (1991), 125 Raz, Joseph, 17, 23, 172 Prisoner’s dilemma Read, James, 91 democratization as intensified, 32–34 redescription, 327 ordinary, 32 as methodological approach, 10 transformation of in apartheid’s Release Mandela Campaign v. State endgame, 190 President (1988), 158 types of uncertainty in, 41 Representation of Natives Act (1936), 134 Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1949), 87, 102 (1953), 102, 115, 116 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act Rex v. Abdurahman (1950), 286 (1959), 87, 116 Rhodes, Cecil, 96 proportional representation, 193, 195, Riekert Commission, 213 196, 261 Rikhoto v. East Rand Administration Public Safety Act (1953), 102, 106, 122, Board (1983), 142 158, 159, 161 Riotous Assemblies Act (1956), 102 Public Service Commission, 103 Roman law, 20, 92 Roman-Dutch law, 287 qadi justice (Kadijustiz), 17, 18 confrontation with the English common law, 92 R. v. Abdurahman (1950), 115 influence of on South Africa, 92, 243 R. v. Adams and Others (1959), 136 origins of, 92 R. v. Lusu (1953), 115 penal provisions of, 93 R. v. Pretoria Timber Co (Pty) Ltd Roman-Dutch legal tradition, 92 (1950), 155 Rose-Innes, Sir James, Chief Justice, 98, R. v. Sisulu and others (1953), 148 99, 132, 169, 211 Rabie Commission of Inquiry, 214 Rossouw v. Sachs (1964), 138 Rabie Court, 157, 161, 163 “rule of law” sector, 323–325 Rabie, Pierre, Chief Justice, 157 Rumpff, F. L. H., Chief Justice, 136, 142, race 243 and agriculture, 131 Ru¨ thers, Bernd, 71 and domination, 8 and state formation, 170 S. v. Alexander (1965), 147 and suffrage, 113 S. v. Cooper and others (1977), 148 and white identity, 95 S. v. Gwala and others (1976), 151 law and racial oligarchy, 208 S. v. Hassim and others (1972), 151 racial nationalism, 98 S. v. Mbhele (1980), 150 racial state, 84 S. v. Molobi (1975), 149 racial statutes, 226 S. v. Molokeng and others (1976), 149

382 Index

S. v. Mothopeng and others, 152 as racial state, 92, 99, 100–101 S. v. Naidoo (1966), 147 as rentier state, 89 S. v. National High Command (1964) as sovereign state, 85, 89 (1), 147 authoritarianism in, 87, 274, 275 S. v. National High Command (1964) expansion of the prerogative state in, (3), 147 104–105 S. v. Ndukwana and others (1976), 149 origins of the normative state in, 90–92 S. v. Nokwe (1962), 147 origins of the prerogative state in S. v. Sexwale and others, 152 95–96 S. v. South African Associated stages of state formation in, 84–87, 87 Newspapers Ltd.(1970), 147 state centralization in, 85–86 S. v. Van Niekerk (1970), 147 strong-state path to democracy in Sachs, Albie, Justice, 99, 138, 139, 208, 84, 275 211, 226, 255, 262, 272, 279, 280 transition and consolidation in, 98–100 sanctions, 97, 116, 178, 180, 181, 251 unification of, 96–98 Schelling, Thomas, 30 Union of, 88 Schmitt, Carl, 64, 68, 105 South Africa Constitution Act (1961), Schreiner, Oliver, Justice, 135 134 security, 27, 29–30, 30 South Africa’s Fundraising Act (1978), security dilemma, 34, 39–40, 177 213 segregation, 9, 23, 52, 83, 86, 96, 98, South African Allied Workers’ Union 100, 102, 103, 105, 112, 113, 131, (SAAWU), 117 142, 171, 192, 194, 210, 316 South African Communist Party (SACP), and state formation, 277 8, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 and unification of South Africa, 96 South African Council of Churches Select Committee on European (SACC), 120 Employment and Labour Conditions, South African Defence Force 100 (SADF), 105 Seme, P. K., 211, 255 South African law. See also common law “separate but equal” doctrine, 115, 154 mix between European common law effects of in South Africa, 115 and African customary law, 92 “separate development,” 11, 30, 86, 102, South African Law Commission, 202 116, 159, 171, 187, 188, 208, 279 South African Law Journal, 99 Separate Representation of Voters Act South African Law Society, 137 (1951), 122, 134 South African Native National Congress Sharpeville massacre, 122, 188 (SANNC), 255, 256. See also Sharpeville Six, 259 African National Congress (ANC) Sisulu, Walter, 138, 148, 231, 279 South African Police (SAP), 105 Skweyiya, Lewis, 232 South African Reserve Bank, 180, 181 Slovo, Joe, 8, 125, 183, 184, 211, 263 South African Student’s Movement Smuts, Jan, 98, 99, 103, 134, 170, (SASM), 148, 150 246, 247 South African Students’ Organization Sobukwe, Robert, 122, 229 (SASO), 148, 176 South Africa, 4 South West Africa’s People’s and states of emergency, 105–107 Organization (SWAPO), 176 as apartheid state, 102–103 Soviet Union, 128, 176, 183, 184, 185, as dual state, 4 186, 289 as garrison state, 109–111 Soweto, 140, 150, 152, 179, 210, 276 as police state, 109 Sparks, Allister, 7, 113, 183

Index 383

Staatspresident en andere v. United in Chile, 301 Democratic Front en ‘n ander in South Africa, 105–106, 122, 128, (1988), 158, 161 140, 157, 161, 168, 192, 223, Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 25 229 stalemate hypothesis, 6. See also legality of, 157 apartheid’s endgame State Security Council (SSC), 120 state stateness and apartheid’s endgame, 275 and stakes, 55 apartheid’s endgame and dual, 216 psychological character of, 55 apartheid’s endgame and usable, 216 statutory interpretation, 283, 284, 285 as prize, 276–277 Steyn Commission, 126 as problem, 275–276 Steyn Court, 139 as solution, 277–279 Steyn, L. C., Chief Justice, 126, authoritarian, 272 138, 156 democratic, 268 Steyn, Marthinus, 246, 247 democratic consolidation in South Steyn, Pierre, 169 Africa and usable, 277 Stinchcombe, Arthur, 22 democratic transition in South Afria strategic interaction, 27, 28, 34, 35, and usable, 277 37, 48, 53, 60, 61, 62, 78, 191, formation, 277, 325 213, 238, 275, 280, 282, 290, formation in South Africa, 83, 170 315 idea of the, 54, 99, 290, 291 commitment problems in, 37–39 in apartheid’s endgame, 275–279 common knowledge in, 59 just, 268 in Chile, 298 legitimacy of the, 273 in South Africa, 190, 273 preservation of in apartheid’s information failures in, 35–37 endgame, 276 security dilemmas in, 39–40 preservation of in Chile, 304 transaction costs in, 61 preservation of in South Africa, 217 Strijdom, J. G., 102, 170 preserved, 53, 56 structured contingency, 45, 46 protective, 52 Sundkler, Bengt, 252 punitive, 52 Suppression of Communism Act (1950), stolen, 53, 56 87, 102, 114, 136, 148 strong, in South Africa, 101 Supreme Court Act (1959), 155, 156 subversive, 128 Supreme Court of Chile, 300 transformation, 275 Supreme Court of South Africa, 95, 160, transformation of in Chile, 310 227, 317. See also Appellate Division transformation of in South Africa, 170, and government-critical cases, 157 291 and legislative acts, 135 usable, 53, 175, 200, 202, 205, 267, and the Treason Trial, 138 271, 273, 277, 290, 309, 310 and workers’ rights, 143 usable, in Chile, 307 ideological influence on, 155 usable, in South Africa, 217 jurisprudence regarding public safety, utility of in apartheid’s endgame, 217 159 utility of the, 195, 272 ruling in Rikhoto case, 143–145 state of emergency, 220. See also under apartheid, 155 martial law survey data, 214, 216, 226, 232, 264 and apartheid’s crisis, 179 Suttner, Raymond, 166 Carl Schmitt’s definition of, 105 Suzman, 172, 247

384 Index

Tambo, Oliver, 9, 184, 279 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Tayob v. Ermelo Local Transportation South Africa (TRC), 146, 151, 195, Board (1951), 288 208, 220, 237, 249, 266, 269, 271, Terrorism Act (1967), 87, 148, 149, 150 280, 300 “Third Force,” 123–129 Amnesty Committee of, 269 “Third Reich,” 43, 66, 67, 68, 71, 74 and the “Third Force,” 123–129 Thompson, Leonard, 2, 96, 101, 199 as intervening variable in apartheid’s townships, 8, 9, 111, 117, 123, 143, 152, endgame, 264–269, 272–275 161, 175, 178, 179, 182, 191, 192, creation of, 205–207 193, 214, 224, 233, 274 documentation of human rights trade unions, 180, 282 violations by, 113–129 and legal means of struggle, 262 Legal Hearing of, 261, 284 and poor whites, 100 Truth and Reconciliation Commission v. black, 262 Du Preez and another (1996), 271 outlawing of multiracial, 102 Tsenoli v. State President (1986), 157 statutory rights of, 262 Tsewu v. Registrar of Deeds and Property transaction costs, 35, 61 of Land (1905), 131, 132 and formally rational law, 62 Tshwete v. Minister of Home Affairs and state centralization, 86 (1988), 286 as enforcement costs, 61 Tutu, Desmond, 2, 249, 271 as negotiation costs, 61 as search costs, 61 U.S. Agency for International for Brazilian businesses, 309 Development (USAID), 324, 326 in democratization, 61 Umkhonto we Sizwe, 138, 179, 282 in strategic interaction, 61 United Democratic Front (UDF), Transitional Executive Council (TEC), 120, 158, 182, 190, 203, 214, 199 225, 228 transitional justice, 205–207, 266–267, United Party (UP), 103, 134, 177 273, 269–273. See also Truth and Unlawful Organizations Act (1960) Reconciliation Commission of South 114, 148 Africa (TRC) Urban Areas Act (1923), 117 Transkei, 117, 128 Transvaal, 84, 88, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 122, Vagrancy Law, 91 131, 132, 133, 153, 189, 202, 247 van de Walle, Nicolas, 183 Transvaal Supreme Court, 132, 243 van den Heever, Justice, 155 trial courts in South Africa, 146 van der Sandt Centlivres, Albert, Chief trials in the 1950s and 1960s, 146–147 Justice, 135 trials in the 1970s, 147–152 van Heerden, H. J. O., Justice, 228, 261 trials in the 1980s, 152–153 van Rieebeck, Jan, 89 trust, 4, 36, 55, 76, 187, 194, 202, 213, van Zyl Slabbert, Frederik, 7, 184, 188, 226, 288. See also confidence 218, 281 among adversaries in Chile, 318 Verwoerd, Hendrik, 86, 102, 170 emergence of in apartheid’s endgame, Videla, Gabriel Gonza´lez, 298 316 Viljoen, Constant, 201, 202 in apartheid’s endgame, 260, 264 violence in persons, 78, 238, 288, 304 collective, 35, 39 Truter, J. A., Chief Justice, 245 white-on-white, 96, 97 Truth and Reconciliation Commission voice, 31, 32, 191, 273 Act (1995), 205 von Hindenburg, Paul, 65

Index 385

von Savigny, Friedrich Carl, 21 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Vorster, Johannes Balthazar, 105, 109, Society, 250 153, 170 Wessels, Leon, 201 Wessels, Sir John, 132, 133 Waldmeir, Patti, 7 Whitehead, Laurence, 182 wealth, 27, 29, 30 Whittaker v. Roos and Bateman (1912), Weber, Max, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 132, 133 22, 23, 44, 171, 243, 264, 278 Wiehahn Commission, 213, 262 and bureaucracy, 278 Wilson, Richard, 207, 268, 269, and ideal types of law, 15–23, 44 272, 274 and legitimacy, 264 Wood, Elisabeth, 178, 179 and types of social action, 236 World Bank, 324, 325, 326 on rationality and Calvinism, 243 World War I, 43, 101 Weingast, Barry, 318 World War II, 105, 257, 272