Collective Violence and the Agrarian Origins of South African Apartheid, 1900–1948 John Higginson Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04648-1 - Collective Violence and the Agrarian Origins of South African Apartheid, 1900–1948 John Higginson Index More information

Index

aankoord , 40 and 1914 Rebellion, 345 African agriculture, 6 and Afrikaner youth, 354 African irregulars and the “shirt” movements, 26 , 346 African soldiers fi ghting under British or apartheid government of 1948, 137 their own leaders during South African Apartheid Manifesto, 341 War, 33 , 37 , 46 , 49 , 50 , 59 , 61 , 65 , 66 , 74 , as a “network of rackets,” 351 77 , 96 , 99 , 101 , 114 , 350 “grand apartheid,” 20 African peasant smallholders, 31 , 37 , 58 , 102 protracted demise, 358 African peasants arme blankedom . See bywoners: during 1914 Rebellion, 164 poor whites during aftermath of South African War, Armeburgersfonds Applikasie Boek 84 , 101 Poor Burgher Relief, 44 during South African War, 62 , 65 , 67 , 68 Atkins, Keletso, 4 African protest, 4 Afrikaanse Ekonomiese Boere Verbond , 185 Baden-Powell, R. S. S. General, 52 , 53 , 55 , 57 , Afrikaanse Nasionale Studentbond , 321 58 , 97 , 319 Alberts, Sarel Francois formation of South African captured at Swartsruggens in December Constabulary, 68 1914, 173 speculation on future of South African early planner of 1914 Rebellion, 165 Constabulary, 97 fl ight to rebel stronghold Steenbokfontein, Bailey, Abe Sir, 294 November 1914, 172 bangziekte or “shell shock,” 46 leader of 1914 Rebellion, 161 Barnard, Willem, 65 Nationalist M. P. from Magaliesberg in adolescent guerrilla soldier and murderer of 1932, 291 African transport rider Franz, December on trial with Grobler and van Broekhuizen 1900, 63 in 1915, 180 Barnato, Barney, 36 sold farm in Thabazimbi, June 1905, 92 Barrett, E. Tielman Roos supporter, 299 Secretary of Native Affairs to 1917, 200 Aling, N. F., 163 , 203 , 204 Baviaanspoort Prison, 341 Rustenburg magistrate, 149 Beaumont Commission, 1914, 200 Anderson, J. J., 198 African communities protested its apartheid, 4 , 9 recommendations, 207

383

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04648-1 - Collective Violence and the Agrarian Origins of South African Apartheid, 1900–1948 John Higginson Index More information

384 Index

Bechuanaland Protectorate (presently Dr. Duncan’s visit during typhoid outbreak, Botswana), 45 , 143 , 147 , 173 , 210 , 212 , 1923, 253 , 254 213 , 219 , 241 Dr. Robertson’s 1924 report, 255 as source of labor for Rustenburg’s cotton growth of Full Gospel Church, 253 farms, 348 black spots, 358 , 362 , 363 Beinart, William, 17 , 23 areas Africans continued to own and work Beit, Alfred, 36 well after the advent of apartheid, 360 Benson, C. M. Bodenstein, L., 255 lawyer form Fokeng dissidents, 1923, 248 Boer prisoners of war, 26 , 83 Bester, A. M., 84 adolescent inmates, 77 “Irreconciliable” fro, 82 after-effects of imprisonment, 16 Beverley, Johannes “irreconcilable” nature of many, 79 witness to Hurutshe purchase of farm “irreconcilables” in Bermuda, Ceylon, India Leuuwfontein in 1876, 91 and St. Helena, 80 Beyers, C. F. W., 52 , 138 prison camps versus civilian concentration at farm Damhoek in Rustenburg, October camps, 79 1914, 169 protests and marked increase of beginning of 1914 Rebellion, 168 “Irreconcilables” among prisoners, 82 Beyers, Christiaan De Wet and J. C. G Tucker’s Island in Bermuda, 63 Kemp hold open-air meeting at farm boerende boere , 309 Kafferskraal in Rustenburg in September one crop maize farmers from South Africa’s 1914, 168 agricultural heartland, 185 Beyers, Grobler and Wolmarans’s boerestand , 6 , 19 , 21 , 90 , 185 , 257 , 345 , 351 disingenuous appeal to Afrikaner farmers Bok, W. E., 235 , 246 , 249 during 1914 Rebellion, 161 Bonner, Phillip, 4 censured by fellow Het Volk leaders Louis Boonzaier, D. C., 321 Botha and Jan Smuts, 118 political cartoonist and creator of the fl ight from Commissiedrift, November anti-Semitic caricature 1914, 172 “Hoggenheimer,” 233 “Irreconcilable” or bittereinder ex-Boer Botha, Louis, 28 , 29 , 30 , 47 , 57 , 111 , 112 , general, Commander of South African 117 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , Defense Force and prinicpal leader of the 137 , 146 , 149 , 160 , 163 , 167 , 170 , 172 , 1914 Rebellion, 28 184 , 187 , 188 , 228 , 233 , 241 , 332 letter to “Rooi Jan” du Plessis, 21 October Botha, P. W., 358 , 361 , 365 1914, 171 Botha, T. P., 234 , 235 , 347 meeting with Commandant Mannie Bozzoli, Belinda, 4 , 10 Maritz in Pretoria on the eve of 1914 Braaklaagte, 15 , 290 Rebellion, 166 Bradford, Helen, 4 , 17 persisting popularity among middling and Brakfontein, 54 poor Afrikaner farmers, 126 Brakpan, 190 speech at Nylstroom in October 1903, 106 during the anti-Jewish violence of 1938, 329 test run for the 1914 Rebellion, 156 midsized gold mining town on Far East with de la Rey on the night of the latter’s Rand, 190 , 347 murder, 165 Brandon, H. St. P. P., 213 with General J. H. Koos de la Rey at concluded several squadrons of South Nooitgedacht in December 1900, 55 African Mounted Rifl es should be with Louis Botha at September 1905 indefi nitely stationed in Marico and meeting with Lieutenant Governor, 117 Rustenburg, 214 Beyntespoort conversations with Boer Nationalists bywoner settlement, 253 , 256 and police informants Hoffman and culpability of local farmers, Bodenstein and Topper, 213 van Sluys. See Bodenstein, L. detective, CID division of SAP, 211 , 212

Index 385

Brink, M. C. P., 234 , 235 , 236 , 239 , 347 Marico and northern Rustenburg as prime accusations against local police, 236 , cattle and dairy farming regions, 18 237 , 238 plummeting prices after First World War, 16 threats against Spiller, 238 spread of cattle diseases during drought wife’s court case, 235 years, 167 Brits, 19 , 20 , 87 , 150 , 197 , 213 , 225 , 244 , 245 , cattle smuggling 246 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 255 , 267 , 270 , in Elands River Ward after 1912, 203 271 , 272 , 274 , 276 , 279 , 298 , 312 , 328 , Chamberlain, Joseph, 69 , 105 , 122 335 , 349 British Secretary of the Colonies during the heightened contention between African South African War, 36 tenants and white landlords in 1923, 245 cheap labor thesis, 6 Naiborsky murder trial of December Chinese workers 1938, 328 as indentured servants on Rand, 27 over plowing protests of 1920, 226 white moral panic in countryside, 87 white moral panic of 1938, 309 white vigilantism and Chinese labor riots of Broederbond 1905, 28 and Afrikaner youth groups, 319 Cockerell, A. Corporal and Eerste Ekonomiese Volkskongres or detective sent to investigate rebellion rumors First Economic Congress, 332 in 1917, 222 and Federasie van Afrikaanse Combrinck, J. J. Kulturverenigings , 318 passive supporter of 1914 and Ossewa Brandwag , 318 Rebellion, 239 and “Purifi ed” Nationalists, 320 Compensation Judicial Commission (CJC), and volksbewegings or popular vigilance 70 , 74 committees, 320 politics of, 126 origins, 320 postwar hearings, 86 Bullhoek massacre Corner House Eastern Cape, May 1921, 256 administrative nerve center of the gold Bundy, Colin, 4 , 17 , 23 mines of the Central Rand, 36 Bushmen cotton, 227 , 266 , 274 , 279 , 280 derogatory term for San people. See 4 expansion of midsized farms, 273 bywoners, 29 , 149 , 150 , 277 global cotton prices began to fall as after South African War, 102 transport costs began to rise in at Hartebeestpoort Settlement, 249 1924, 268 during South African War, 51 Hex River Ward,, Mabeskraal and poor whites, 26 Swartruggens were prime growing areas, 201 Carnegie Foundation, 9 labor composed of African women and cattle children, 269 cattle and land as fl ashpoints for African locust infestation, April 1922, 257 and white farmers in Hex River Ward, 16 mining base metals began to overshadow effects of Red Water and East Coast cotton cultivation after 1926, 269 Fever, 123 over a million pounds were harvested in general dissatisfaction with increased number Rustenburg in 1921, 257 of cattle inspectors after Union, 136 Rustenburg’s ginneries, 309 increasing reluctance of white landowners sharp price increase after First World to allow their African labor tenants to War, 206 have more than fi ve head of cattle, 40 transportation problems compounded after increasing tendency of white farmers to 1922, 269 confi scate African cattle after 1912, 89 Cotton Growers Co-Operative Society, 266 losses during rinderpest and Red Water fever Criminal Investigation Department (CID). outbreaks, 37 See South African Police

386 Index

Cronje, Jan Du Plessis, “Rooi Jan” son of ex-Boer general Piet Cronje and 1914 captured on his own farm, 173 rebel, 160 closing moments of 1914 Rebellion, 170 Cronje, Jan Fanie correspondence with General Beyers, 171 wealthy farmer and landlord at early conspirator of 1914 Rebellion, 165 Vlakplaas, 149 leader of 1914 Rebellion, 161 Cronje, Piet du Toit, C. W. M. Reverend ill-starred Boer general, 48 “Purifi ed” Nationalist MP from Marico, Curtis, Lionel, 54 1938, 310 Cyferfontein Conference du Toit, J. (“Totius”) Boer guerrilla leaders attempt to form a Afrikaner Nationalist ideologue, 338 government in the fi eld, 57 Dubow, Saul, 4 , 140 formation of death squads, 64 Duncan, J. Dr. See Beyntespoort: Dr. Duncan’s visit during typhoid outbreak, 1923 de Kiewiet, C. W., 3 , 155 Duncan, Patrick, 187 de la Rey, J. H. (Koos) General, 5 , 28 , 29 , 46 , as Governor-General, 1938, 338 47 , 57 , 60 , 111 , 157 leader of Union Party upon its absorption as one of the chief architects of Boer into South African Party, 240 guerrilla army in Transvaal after June unoffi cial lobbyist for mining interests while 1900, 33 , 46 Minister of Finance, 1933, 308 making rifl e clubs, 156 Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), 8 , 355 public funeral, 161 , 168 and Indian merchants, 312 wanting a republic, 159 and National Party, 303 de la Rey, Jacoba and 1914 Rebellion, 13 widow of General J. H. Koos de la Rey and communicant crisis after South African War, co-founder of Nasionale Vroueparty , 180 86 , 123 De Wet, Christiaan, 66 , 168 “Dopper,” colloquial designation for capture and sentencing, 1915, 220 Gereformeerde Kerk communicants, 51 key Boer general in South African War and Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk leader of 1914 Rebellion, 57 (NGK), Nederduits Hervormde Kerk meeting at farm Kafferskraal in Rustenburg, (NHK), Gereformeerde Kerk (GK) 1914, 168 denominations, 19 meeting of leaders of 1914 Rebellion, 52 meeting with de la Rey in 1914, 157 Elands River, 16 , 52 , 201 , 204 , 222 resignation from Council of Defense, 158 as a strategic point during South African De Wildt, 20 , 252 , 289 , 331 , 350 War, 58 Delius, Peter, 17 as an area of great contention between Diedrichs, Nico, 321 , 344 , 345 , 365 African and white farmers, 201 Dinokana fl ight of white farmers and their during 1914 Rebellion, 173 families during the 1917 rebellion Hurutshe participation in the South African scare, 220 War, 75 poor dry-land white farmers north of, 141 principal redoubt of the Hurutshe, 74 , 87 , Eloff, Michiel, 91 91 , 109 , 174 , 225 , 273 , 293 , 351 Eloff, Nellie Dodgson, James D. Paul Kruger’s granddaughter and co-founder sold farm Leuuwfontein to Hurutshe in of Nasionale Vroueparty , 180 1876, 91 Els, A. P. J. Dower, E. E., 215 , 226 veldkornet of Pilanesberg, 1917, 214 meeting with African chiefs from Marico Engelbrecht, “Rooi Jan,” 93 and Rustenburg, September 1917, 214 Engelbrecht, A. on the causes of over plowing protests, 349 local Ossewa Brandwag leader in Secretary of Native Affairs, 1917, 200 Rustenburg, 330

Index 387

Erasmus, F. C., 303 Fromes, Minett, 90 , 113 , 119 , 126 D. F. Malan’s emissary to the various “shirt” Het Volk activist. See Het Volk movements, 326 Full Gospel Church. See Beyntespoort: Euefees bywoner settlement centenary reenactment of 1838 “Gret Trek” Fusion Government, 1934, 137 , 305 , 307 , of Boers out British Cape Colony, 320 308 , 316 , 318 , 326 , 329 , 342 Evans, Ivan, 7 , 17 abolished direct land ownership for Africans, 1936, 313 Farmers Mortgage Interest Act, 1933, 307 creation of United Party, 303 Farrar, George Sir, 137 Federasie van Afrikaanse Kulturverenigings German South-West Africa, 12 , 160 , 166 , (FAK), 318 , 339 174 , 351 Ferreira Colonel Gopani ex Boer military offi cer in South African leader of Hurutshe irregulars during South War and land speculator, 91 African War, 53 , 75 Fitzpatrick, J. P. Sir, 134 , 137 , 138 Greenberg, Stanley, 21 Fokeng, 283 , 357 , 358 Grobler advent of Depression, 293 prewar clan of vigilantes in Rustenburg, 65 complaints of cattle impounding, 246 Grobler, Adam deportation of dissidents, 1924, 284 local Ossewa Brandwag leader in dissident lekgotla , 247 , 248 Rustenburg, 330 growing discontent with Chief August Grobler, L. M. Mokgatle, 247 alarmed by growth of Ossewa Brandwag in labor tenant and peasant discontent grows, Rustenburg and Marico in 1941, 330 1923, 241 Grobler, P. G. W., 86 , 156 , 158 , 159 , 161 , 206 , labor tenants and peasant proprietors 265 , 292 boycott white farmers’ mill and store, and 1928 malaria epidemic, 280 1921, 246 and 1936 Land Act, 313 peasant proprietors and white farmers in and Tielman Roos, 299 Hex River Ward, 202 as Hertzog’s enforcer during Tielman Roos plans for aborted rising continue, October challenge, 301 1917, 215 as Minister of Native Affairs, 1933, 289 protest against quitrents, communal levies confrontation with Louis Botha, 1913, 159 and fencing costs, 349 great nephew of Paul Kruger whose relations between peasant proprietors and farm was the site of Cyferfontein neighboring white farmers, 16 Conference, 64 relations with Native Affairs on African locations and land Department, 248 question, 290 relations with Piet Kruger, 9 on trial, 1915, 180 trouble at Luka location, 349 Parliamentary MP from Rustenburg and white farmers claim local magistrates participant in 1914 Rebellion, 86 favor labor tenants and peasant with “Black Jack” Pienaar’s proprietors, 244 commando, 170 Fourie Grobler, Tjaard or Tjaart prewar Rustenburg clan of regulators and local Ossewa Brandwag leader in vigilantes, 65 Rustenburg, 330 Fourie, J. J. Gubbins, John G., 125 African tenants threatened to burn his Pzak capitalist farmer and mining investor, 105 , Oskuil cotton gin to the ground, 274 , 349 108 , 109 Fourie, Joseph Jopie Captain, 170 , 171 , 175 on 1914 drought, 167 martyred leader of 1914 Rebellion, 12 on the African servant problem, 256 Fredrickson, George, 140 supports Pact”s farmers’ cooperatives, 265

388 Index

Gubbins, John G. (cont.) political program. See Pact Government threatens African tenants with “dynamite removal of Cape Africans from the voters’ farming” and barbed wire, 125 roll, 307 typhoid outbreak at his Kaalplaats tin mine, removal of Cape Africans from the voters’ 1920, 254 rolls, 343 removed as hoofdleier of HNP, 339 Hagerman, J. W. Het Volk , 27 , 28 , 112 , 113 , 126 Afrikaner Nationalist and fomentor of 1917 and drought of 1904, 118 rebellion scare, 222 and farmers’ associations, 118 Hartebeespoort Dam, 244 , 249 , 250 , 253 , ballots and rifl es, 125 267 , 279 , see bywoners: at Hartebeest continued dependence on British imperial Settlement institutions, 29 Hattingh, Anna Margaretta and John Hendrik ex-General Beyers’s “second civil war” Boer nationalists and participants in the threat, 124 1914 Rebellion, 86 I. Keiser, party interlocutor, 117 share tenants of P. G. W. Grobler, 86 mass constituency and vigilantism, 116 Havenga, N. C., 297 political arm of ex-Boer generals, 112 formed Afrikaner Party after Hertzog’s politicizing South African death in 1941, 339 War deaths, 124 Minister of Finance in Pact Government and populism and the anti-Chinese staunch supporter of South Africa remain- campaign, 126 ing on the gold standard, 293 Het Westen , 209 Helpmakaar Society, 177 editorial voice of militant Boer Nationalists 1914 Rebellion in mufti, 176 in Western Transvaal, 157 Hemsworth, H. D., 146 Hicks, Fredy, 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 215 , on Le Monte Affair, 146 216 , 217 protracted fi ght with Rustenburg’s white described Roets and Schepmann as farmers, 147 “well-known agitators,” 212 report aroused white farmers’ anger, 147 Detective, Criminal Investigation Division Hertzog, J. B. M., 21 , 29 , 31 , 134 , 137 , 138 , of SAP, 210 139 , 142 , 149 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 240 , 241 , Hoffman, E., 213 257 , 263 , 264 , 265 , 274 , 276 , 282 , 283 , police informant and fomentor of 1917 284 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 297 , rebellion scare, 213 297 , 299 , 300 , 303 , 303 , 305 , 320 , houtbalk 335 , 346 single-furrow plow with a wooden agrarian policy, 303 harrow, 40 and farmers’ associations, 305 Hunt, Donald Rolfe, 99 , 101 and farmers’ cooperatives, 322 as Sub-Native Commissioner at Rustenburg, and maintaining South African neutrality October 1902, 98 during the Second World War, 343 urged Africans to buy more on the eve of and provincial agrarian elites, 308 Het Volk electoral victory, 1906, 103 and reunifi cation of National Party in 1939. Hurutshe, 45 See National Party and white farmers, 241 , 311 Industrial and Commercial Workers Union, 14 collaboration with Smuts in destroying Ismail, Essop provincial councils, 315 Swartruggens store looted by rebels and in coalition with Smuts. See United Party government troops in 1914, 164 on the shortcomings of parliamentary government, 337 Jabavu, D. D. T., 3 parliamentary debate with Smuts over Jacobs, Nancy J., 17 whether South Africa should remain Jagger, J. W., 138 neutral during Second World War, 316 Jameson Raid, 35 , 36

Index 389

Jameson, Leander Starr, 134 , 137 concentration camps, 76 Joubert, Hendrina correspondence with General Baden-Powell, widow of Piet Joubert and co-founder of June 1900, 53 Nasionale Vroueparty in 1915, 180 disappointment with General Joubert, J. A. Baden-Powell, 97 South African MP from Wakkerstroom in negotiations with defeated Boer generals, 95 1912, 139 Smuts’s views of Kitchener’s military Joubert, J. F. strategy, 64 farmer from Koster in Swartruggens who the hunt for General Christiaan De Wet, 52 refused to give government an account of kombaare how many white and African tenants he passive supporters of 1914 Rebellion. had on his farm in 1939, 334 See Combrinck, J. J., van Wijk, Louwies Joubert, J. P. Captain Johannes aide to Commandant Maritz and had Krikler, Jeremy, 7 , 10 , 17 , 140 participated in the genocidal suppression Kroondal, 330 of Herero and Nama in German stronghold of Afrikaner nationalist South-West Africa in 1905, 166 activity, 207 Joubert, Petrus Kruger, Caspar his murder by escaped Chinese indentured Boer prisoner of war in India and mineworkers precipitated ‘Moab Velden commando leader in 1914 Rebellion, 165 Tragedy’ and wave of white vigilantism in Kruger, J. July 1905, 116 object of Fokeng labor tenants’ boycott, 246 Joubert, Piet Kruger, Paul Stephanus, 26 , 36 fi rst Commander-in-Chief of Boer forces in and farm Boukenhoutfontein, 42 South African War, 47 and Jameson Raid, 36 son of Commander-in-Chief of Boer forces and Randlords, 36 , 44 in South African War and member of as feral venture capitalist and landlord, 43 Magaliesberg death squad, 63 at Paardekraal, December 1880, 57 Joynt, Peregrine William death, December 1905, 120 sequestered 1914 rebel, 160 , 310 President of Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek or Transvaal Republic, 8 Kameelfontein. See Beyntespoort: bywoner Kruger, Piet settlement President Kruger’s son and principal agitator Keiser, I. among Boer prisoners in transit to over- “Irreconcilable” from the “Ram Camp” in seas camps during South African War, 9 Bermuda and Het Volk spokesman, 117 Kuyper, Adam, 9 Kemp, J. C. G., 111 , 156 , 161 , 165 , 265 , 281 , Kwena, 149 , 202 , 212 , 213 , 215 , 218 , 222 , 292 , 295 , 315 , 332 , 337 225 , 241 , 244 , 245 , 251 , 288 Kestell, J. D. Reverend, 317 , 333 , 338 deportation of dissidents in the 1920s, 284 Afrikaner Nationalist spokesman, 12 dissidents protest chiefs, white farmers Kgatla, 8 , 14 , 45 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 58 , 142 , 143 , and tax collectors in the 1920s and 201 , 202 , 210 , 213 , 268 , 357 1930s, 284 aborted rebellion, 218 , 219 , 292 rumored uprising, 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 149 , Land Act, 1913, 13 , 19 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 150 , 210 , 213 , 214 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 159 , 160 , 174 , 205 , kgokgo 206 , 245 , 290 , 313 gunsmiths in African communities of Boons African opposition, 31 , 204 and Swartruggens, 41 as stopgap measure, 137 Kitchener General Lord, 48 , 61 effect on African smallholders and labor Commander-in-Chief of British forces in tenants, 141 South Africa after conventional phase of indifference of South African mine South African War ended, 33 owners, 149

390 Index

Land Act, 1913 (cont.) former stad of Kwena Chief J. O. M. local enforcement, 153 Mamogale, 250 Louis Botha’s canvassing of white farmers hostility to bywoner settlements and African for support, 149 locations, 256 rural white discontent over its Loubser, Andries limitations, 148 Rustenburg farmer and passive supporter of third reiteration of act in 1936, 25 1914 Rebellion, 155 touchstone of future confi scatory Louis Botha Settlements, 276 , 278 legislation, 71 Louw, Eric, 326 uptick in landlord violence and reiteration leading National Party ideologue and viru- of Land Act in 1936, 24 lent anti-Semite, 322 white discontent with the Act on the eve of the First World War, 148 Mabeskraal, 217 , 225 , 284 , 290 , 293 , 348 Lang-Simms Captain during the malaria epidemic, 1928, 280 commanding SAC offi cer in Hex River long staple cotton cultivation peaked Ward, 1900, 76 1924, 266 Le Monte Affair. See Kgatla: rumored uprising numbers of African dissidents began to Legoale, Hosea grow, 1928, 283 freehold peasant in Sekama, 1914, 164 over plowing protests, 1920s and lekgotla , 213 , 246 , 247 , 248 1930s, 14 Lemmer, H. R. Commandant, 52 , 56 popular protests over Chief Mabi leasing Lemmer, L. S. General, 126 Tambooitesrand to mining interests in and Het Volk , 112 1924, 283 as commissioner for Native Lands white farmers fear greater African land Committee for Western Transvaal, purchases, 1920s, 244 October 1917, 216 Mackay, Alexander, 221 as emissary to recalcitrant African chiefs for Macmillan, W. M., 3 , 20 Louis Botha, 224 Magano, Kefas, 248 Boer general and landlord from Marico, 52 Maganye, L. S. headed up white farmers who feared African peasant smallholder in the crosshairs of the tenants were engaged in arson and apartheid state, 1987, 358 sabotage, 243 Magatostad Het Volk leader in Marico, 90 African labor tenants and smallholders Leuuwfontein, 91 , 113 , 290 , 358 demand access to main roads, 283 local white reaction to African purchase, 92 African labor tenants protest against white Linchwe, 143 , 144 , 146 , 209 , 210 , 212 , landlords in 1920s, 248 218 , 220 center of German Lutheran missionary Linchwe or Lentshe, paramount chief of activity among the Fokeng, 210 Kgatla up to 1917, 45 , 50 chiefl y administrative center of Lombard, I. M. Fokeng, 221 recording secretary for Broederbond , chiefl y administrative center of Fokeng 1935, 320 people, 212 , 215 , 224 Losperfontein Mahlako, Joe, 41 bywoner settlement and government- Maine, Kas, 3 , 24 sponsored work camp, 244 , 245 as a labor tenant in Boons on the eve of the effects of 1923 typhoid outbreak. 1913 Land Act, 150 See Beyntespoort: Dr. Duncan’s visit on social conditions in the countryside, 89 during typhoid outbreak Mainyane, Peter failed instance of Smuts’s “Back to the African police informant during First World Land” policy, 251, 252 , 255 War, 212 failed stopgap measure for white Malan, A. poverty, 255 attorney for M. C. P. Brink, 235

Index 391

Malan, A. H. Merriman, John X., 134 , 138 spokesman for Transvaal Agricultural Meyer, Piet, 345 Union, 1904, 102 Meyer, R. B. Malan, C. W. SAP sergeant in Rodeon, 235 Minister of Railways in Hertzog’s Pact Milner, Alfred Lord, 27 , 28 , 37 , 47 , 54 , 55 , 69 , Government, 300 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 78 , 90 , 95 , 96 , 98 , 102 , Malan, D. F., 12 , 20 , 137 , 298 , 300 , 302 , 104 , 106 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 303 , 305 , 306 , 311 , 316 , 320 , 322 , 323 , fact-fi nding tour to Marico and Rustenburg, 325 , 326 , 331 , 335 , 336 , 337 , 338 , 339 , October 1904, 106 , 107 344 , 345 Mogale, Filius Darius Diedrick, 216 , 218 as Prime Minister, 342 , 344 conspirator in aborted rising of 1917, 215 leader of Gesuiwerde and Herstigte paramount chief of Po in 1917, 210 iterations of the National Party, 9 Smuts government’s seizure of Po land, 246 projection of future white electorate, 345 , taxes paid by his followers in 1920s, 251 347 , 351 urges followers to resist government poli- relations with Ossewa Brandwag , 341 , 345 cies, 1917, 211 Malan, Jacob Stephanus, 221 Mogale, George, 93 , 94 , 95 local Nationalist leader during rebellion Mokgatle, August, 211 , 212 , 215 , 218 , 246 , scare of 1917, 220 283 , 289 Malan, K. N. Mokgatle, Paul prominent white farmer from Boons, 272 African police informant during First World Malan, Magnus General, 358 , 359 War, 211 , 212 , 215 , 216 Mamogale, J. O. M., 209 , 211 , 212 , 215 , 216 , Molefe, Simon 218 , 246 , 247 , 252 , 289 , 349 African police informant during First World Mandela, Nelson, 3 War, 212 , 215 , 218 Mangope, Lucas Moll, A. M., 234 “President” of the Boputhatswana Molote, 38 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 351 , 360 “bantustan,” 358 freehold African redoubt in Mari, Paqil Kgasse Rustenburg, 15 headman at Mabeskraal in 1917, 217 Monnakgotla, George Marikana, 5 , 366 anti-apartheid activist in Rustenburg, 360 Maritz, Solomon Gerhardus Mannie môrekom , 40 Commandant, 166 , 169 Muller, C. General April 1924 conviction for high treason, 338 ambush of government troops at Albert August 1939 trial in South-West Africa Silver Mine in November 1914, 175 for “promoting hostility among the early leader of 1914 Rebellion, 165 races,” 338 speech urging SADF offi cers to join crossed into German South-West Africa rebellion, 26 October 1914, 169 with 600 soldiers, October 1914, 168 Muller, E. fi erce Boer Nationalist, anti-Semite and Secretary of Labor under Pact Government, leader of 1914 Rebellion, 166 276 , 277 fl ed to Portuguese Angola, 1915, 173 Muller, F., 237 predilection for massacre, 175 Mundel, W., 78 , 327 , 328 Marks, Sammy Rustenburg cattle auctioneer and general Jewish confi dant of President Paul dealer to 1930s, 75 Kruger, 38 known as “Mangoloana” among African National Party, 20 , 29 , 187 , 193 , 200 , 208 , sharecroppers and labor tenants, 39 235 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 252 , 278 , 290 , 294 , Masilwane, Herman, 226 296 , 300 , 302 , 303 , 305 , 344 , 361 Mbenga, Bernard, 17 1914 Convention, 160 McDonald, A. advent of the “Herstigte” or “Reconstituted” Rustenburg merchant and general dealer, 75 National Party in 1940, 339

392 Index

National Party (cont.) oorstrooming , 31 , 104 , 228 and 1914 Rebellion in Rustenburg and Ordinance 13, August 1902, 70 , 95 , 96 , Marico, 30 97 , 100 and advent of 1914 Rebellion, 30 used to arrest and disarm Afrikaner and agrarian policy, 265 Nationalists, 1939, 338 and malaria epidemic of 1928, 280 over plowing protests. See Brits: over plowing and rumors of rebellion in 1917, 221 , 222 protests of 1920 and rural moral panics, 186 causes of, 349 and the 1932 Depression, 297 in Boons, Koster and Mabeskraal, and the gold standard, 294 1922, 244 and the Tielman Roos controversy, 297 and white farmers in the Western Pact government Transvaal, 20 National and Labor Party coalition under J. anti-Jewish plank of the “Purifi ed” National B. Hertzog, 21 Party, 325 Peace Preservation Bill, 193 as an abettor of rural white violence, 25 Peachey, W. Colonel, 216 , 236 , 250 , 251 break with Hertzog and creation of accused of drunkenness, July 1923, 236 “Purifi ed” National Party in 1934, 303 Chief Magistrate of Rustenburg, 1923, 250 coalition with Labor Party after 1922 Rand Penzhorn, Ernst Reverend, 210 , 215 , 283 Rebellion, 31 head of Hermannsburg Lutheran Mission demise of National Party after 1994, 365 in Rustenburg and passive supporter of expulsion of Tielman Roos, 300 1914 Rebellion, 201 growth of, 137 petlwane internecine struggles, 299 Tswana for single-furrow plow or origins of, 159 vyf-en-seventig , 40 political platform of, 186 Phillips, Lionel Sir, 134 , 137 protests over Smuts’s ban on the sale of Pilane, Deklaye fi rearms during World War II, 342 Acting Kgatla Chief of Saulspoort and “Purifi ed” National Party and “shirt” supporter of aborted 1917 rebellion, 219 movements, 306 , 325 , 326 Pilane, Isang, 14 , 143 , 183 , 202 , 211 , 215 , “Purifi ed” National Party in Rustenburg 216 , 219 , 224 , 289 and Marico, 308 , 335 Pirow, Oscar, 292 , 300 , 308 , 343 National Scouts, 85 , 123 drafter and promoter of Native Service Boer collaborators during South African Bill, 287 War, 66 founder of Nuwe Ordre , 25 Native Contract Bill Minister of Justice in second Pact 1932, 25 Government, 285 Native Lands Committee for Western Plaatje, Solomon Tshekisho, 197 , 288 Transvaal newspaper editor and founding member 1917, 200 , 201 , 211 , 215 of the South African Native National Ngakane, William ‘Barney’, 149 Congress (SANNC), 121 Plakkers Wet , 70 Okulo, Phineas, 210 , 211 , 214 Po, 17 , 93 , 95 , 202 , 218 , 241 , 244 , 251 Olivier, C. H. farm purchases in 1920s, 245 futile petitioning of Rebellion Losses Piet Kruger’s testimony in land dispute, 95 Commission, 177 Transvaal Supreme Court intervened in land second letter to Rebellion Losses dispute, 94 Commission after no response from white anxiety about proximity of Po land to Helpmakaar Society, 177 theirs, 16 wealthy citrus farmer whose farm was Po dispute over land, 93 often looted by before and after 1914 Postma, Dirk Reverend, 51 , 86 Rebellion, 177 Boer nationalist clergyman, 15

Index 393

Quicke, L. W. Robinson, J. B., 36 detective turned cotton farmer charged with Roets, Nicolaas Johannes Rudolph, 212 arresting 1914 rebels in Rustenburg and former veldkornet of Palmiefontein, 215 Marico, 178 , 212 , 220 , 268 Nationalist and participant in 1914 Rebellion, 212 Ramakokstad. See Sekama Rolong, 37 Ramashebela Roos, Tielman, 138 , 142 , 146 , 186 , 261 , 293 Kgatla “guardian” of Pilanesberg farmer and struggles with National Party, 335 E. Hoffman in 1917, 213 as catalyst for “Fusion Government, 303 Ramatalaga as critic of Pact Government, 1933, 300 allegedly sited in Pietersburg and Kwena lawyer for key leaders of 1914 country, 213 Rebellion, 180 “Blood is blood…,” 213 Minister of Justice in Pact Government, key advisor to Kgatla chiefs, 1917, 211 1928, 280 Rand Rebellion, 1922, 15 , 25 , 31 , 137 , 191 white farmers urged him to put more as an instance of moral panic, 197 pressure on African smallholders and labor connections to 1914 Rebellion, 181 , 190 tenants as new Minister of Justice, 284 Randlords. See Beit, Alfred , Rhodes, Cecil , Werhner, Julius Schepmann, A. Ratsegai, 222 , 290 Nationalist and participant in 1914 land chief at Ramakokstad or Sekama, Rebellion, 212 1917, 222 Schoeman, Hendrik General Rebellion Losses Commission. Boer general who surrendered ignominiously See Rebellion 1914 during South African War, 63 Rebellion, 1914, 15 , 25 , 30 , 86 , 154 , 188 Schutte, Jean Harm Petrus aftermath, 178 , 182 Rustenburg Nationalist and passive causes of, 147 supporter of 1914 Rebellion, 179 hunt for Beyers, 172 Schutte, Petrus Cornelius Nasionale Vroueparty , the rebellion in Rustenburg Nationalist and passive female mufti, 180 supporter of 1914 Rebellion, 179 popular appeal of, 155 Sebokoane, Abednego, 349 rebellion on trial, 181 Sediketso, Jacob, 287 rifl e clubs and “tight little circles of Segoale, Hosea, 164 sedition,” 157 Sekama, 38 , 43 , 351 Reitz, Hjamar freehold African redoubt in Rustenburg, 15 Brits National Party MP drawn to Tielman sharecropping, 43 , 103 , 112 , 124 , 225 Roos’s crusade, 298 Sisulu, Walter Rhodes, Cecil, 36 key leader of ANC and co-founder of its Rieckert, P. J., 65 Youth League, 358 Boer commandant during South African Smartt, Thomas W. War, 61 leader in Union Party who urged merger Riekert, Balthus, 223 with South African Party at the end of Afrikaner Nationalist and fomentor of First World War, 187 1917 rebellion scare north of the Elands Smit, B. G. River, 222 rebel leader from Pilanesberg killed in a Roberts General Lord, 46 , 48 , 52 , 53 skirmish near Paul Kruger’s ancestral correspondence between Kitchener farm on 7 December 1914, 178 and Roberts about Baden-Powell’s Smit, Pieters Jacobus shortcomings, 97 passive supporter of 1914 Rebellion, 178 general orders of 21 December 1900, 57 Smuts, Jan, 10 , 12 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 46 , 49 , Robertson, Lewis S., Dr. See Beyntespoort: 51 , 52 , 64 , 92 , 111 , 112 , 124 , 126 , 134 , Dr. Robertson’s1924 report 135 , 136 , 137 , 155 , 156 , 186 , 187 , 188 ,

394 Index

191 , 228 , 233 , 241 , 291 , 294 , 299 , 302 , Strijdom, J. G., 342 303 , 330 , 342 , 343 National Party leader in Transvaal, Sofara, 213 1941, 339 key advisor to Kgatla chiefs, 1917, 211 “Purifi ed” National Party leader in South African Constabulary (SAC), 56 , 59 , Transvaal, 1938, 326 68 , 76 Stubbs, Ernest, 242 , 280 , 283 abandonment of African auxiliaries at Sub-Native Commissioner for Marico and Modderfontein, 61 Rustenburg, 1903, 91 African recruits, 210 Swanepoel, Jacob Major as army of occupation, 27 head of Special Branch in disbanded after Het Volk electoral Rustenburg, 360 victory, 125 swart gevaar , 31 , 104 , 186 , 228 “recoveries,” 78 recruitment among captured Boer Tlako, 241 , 244 , 284 soldiers, 85 popular tax protests, 1924, 284 South African Defense Force (SADF), 28 , Transvaal Landowners 315 , 358 Association, 200 , 213 on the eve of the Second World War, 340 Trapido, Stanley, 4 , 140 under C. F. W. Beyers, 156 Truter, Theo, 213 , 243 South African Mounted Rifl es (SAMR), 195 , Acting Police Commissioner during Le 197 , 214 Monte Affair. See Le Monte Affair South African Party, 30 , 108 , 134 , 187 , 240 , Police Commissioner during 1917 rebellion 290 , 294 scare, 210 and “Fusion,” 342 Turrell, Robert, 7 , 12 , 21 and Peace Preservation Bill, 193 and the Jewish vote, 323 United Party. See Fusion Government, 1934 and Tielman Roos, 299 , 302 and white farmers, 251 Van Broekhuizen, P. Reverend formation of SAP in 1910, 29 rebel clergyman, 15 , 168 , 169 , 170 , SAP in Rustenburg and Marico, 236 171 , 172 South African Police van der Ahee, Muller Security Branch operations in Rustenburg publisher of Die Republikein and National during 1987 State of Emergency, 360 Socialist, 308 South African Police (SAP), 153 , 235 , 284 van der Merwe, A. South African War, 5 , 8 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 20 , 29 , 33 , Rustenburg Nationalist involved in 1917 34 , 36 rebellion scare, 223 expansion of sharecropping after, 38 van der Merwe, Frederich Petrus, 74 Spiller, V. M., 235 , 237 , 238 , 347 van der Merwe, Johannes Petrus Steenbokfontein Marico “Irreconcilable” or stronghold of Nationalist activity and 1914 bittereinder, 74 Rebellion, 16 , 109 , 172 , 174 , 179 , 221 , van der Merwe, Petrus R., 74 222 , 331 , 334 van der Merwe, R. A. T. Stegman, Georg Reverend, 201 , 214 “Purifi ed” Nationalist MP and journalist, German Luther Missionary in Kwena 1938, 315 country and passive supporter of the van der Walt, G. A. 1914 Rebellion, 214 passive supporter of 1914 Rebellion, 185 Steinman, C. van der Walt, N. G. S., 318 , 331 follower of “Siener” van Rensburg and Broederbond member and Secretary of likely author of 1917 rumor of an Ossewa Brandwag , 318 impending African uprising, 207 van der Walt, Nicolaas J. Strange, Harold Het Volk activist and participant in 1914 lawyer for Fokeng dissidents, 1923, 248 Rebellion, 101

Index 395

van der Westhuizen, Johannes Petrus van Tonder local Boer guerrilla leader and kinsman of prewar clan of vigilantes in Rustenburg, 65 W. captured on Arnoldistad, October van Tonder General 1900, 77 leader of van Tonder’s Horse during 1914 van der Westhuizen, W., 76 , 77 Rebellion, 177 claimed SAC confi scated 900 pounds of his van Tonder, G. J., 221 tobacco in late 1900, 76 Rustenburg Nationalist involved in 1917 owner of a portion of farm Arnoldistad, rebellion scare, 205 , 220 Hex River Ward, 75 van Tonder’s Horse removed to Pretoria, October 1900, 76 government cavalry unit during 1914 van Onselen, Charles, 4 , 10 , 17 , 24 , 89 , 140 Rebellion, 177 van Onselen, Nicolaas Lieutenant van Wijk, Louwies Johannes charged with guarding C. H. Olivier’s citrus aged passive supporter of 1914 farm with a detachment of Van Tonder’s Rebellion, 179 Horse after 1914 Rebellion, 177 Verwoerd, Hendrik, 339 , 345 van Prinsterer, Groen, 322 as Prime Minister of South Africa, 342 , 363 van Rensburg editor of Die Transvaler and author of plan prewar clan of vigilantes in Rustenburg, 65 for Jewish quotas in the professions, van Rensburg, G. J. ewewigte verspreiding, 1936, 325 transport rider and subcontractor at Vlok, Adriaan General Hartebeespoort labor camp, 1926, 278 head of SAP on eve of apartheid’s formal van Rensburg, J. F. Janse, 344 demise, 358 and 1942 Draft Constitution, progenitor of volkseenheid , 317 1948 Apartheid Manifesto, 341 Volkseenheid Party or Peoples’ Unity Hoofdleier or Supreme Leader of Ossewa Party, 344 Brandwag , 341 vrijwilligers van Rensburg, Jan Afrikaner raiders or brigands during fi rst adolescent guerrilla soldier in South African Anglo-Boer War, 37 War, 63 van Rensburg, Martinus Weichart, Louis local Ossewa Brandwag leader in leader of the South African Greyshirts and Rustenburg, 330 key organizer of the mass anti-Jewish van Rensburg, Nicolaas Pieter Johannes Janse demonstrations of 1936, 324 “Siener,” 163 , 173 , 207 Werhner, Julius, 36 “seer” or prophet and particpant in 1914 Wilsenach, P., 75 Rebellion, 157 surrendered with Kemp, Yudelman, David, 140 February 1915, 173 with Kemp and van Broekhuizen, November Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek 1914, 172 pre South African War Transvaal or South van Rooy, J. C., 320 , 331 , 338 African Republic, 8