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South Africa: a Modern History This Page Intentionally Left Blank South Africa a Modern History South Africa: A Modern History This page intentionally left blank South Africa A Modern History T. R. H. Davenport Emeritus Professor of History Rhodes University Grahamstown and Christopher Saunders Professor of History University of Cape Town Foreword by Desmond Tutu Emeritus Archbishop of Cape Town Fifth Edition Published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-79223-0 ISBN 978-0-230-28754-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230287549 Hardcover edition distributed by Pan Macmillan South Africa Pty Ltd, PO Box 411, 717 Craig Hall, 2024 South Africa. Published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 0–312–23376–0 CIP information is available from the Library of Congress © T. R. H. Davenport 1977, 1978, 1987, 1991 © T. R. H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders 2000 Foreword © Desmond Tutu 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 5th edition 2000 978-0-333-79222-3 First edition 1977 Second edition 1978 Reprinted four times Third edition 1987 Reprinted once Fourth edition 1991 Fifth edition 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10987654321 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 We dedicate this book to all who seek to build a new South Africa This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures xv List of Maps xvii List of Tables and Graphs xviii Foreword by Archbishop Desmond Tutu xix Acknowledgements xxi Preface xxiii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxvii PART ONE: THE PRELUDE TO WHITE DOMINATION SECTION I THE SETTING OF THE HUMAN PROBLEM Chapter 1 From the Dawn of History to the Time of Troubles 3 1.1 The earliest South Africans 3 1.2 The Khoisan peoples 6 1.3 The emergence of Bantu-speaking chiefdoms 8 1.4 The upheavals of the early nineteenth century 13 Chapter 2 The Birth of a Plural Society 21 2.1 The early years of European settlement 21 2.2 The Khoikoi and the Dutch 23 2.3 Cape slavery 25 2.4 The VOC and the Cape station 27 2.5 The evolution of the Cape frontier in the eighteenth century 29 2.6 The creation of a stratified society 33 Chapter 3 The Enlightenment and the Great Trek 36 3.1 The eighteenth-century revolution and Cape Colonial `Calvinism' 36 3.2 The first British occupation, 1795 40 3.3 Batavian rule, 1803±6 41 viii Contents 3.4 The return of the British, 1806 42 3.5 The Albany Settlement of 1820 and its cultural impact 44 3.6 The emancipation of the slaves and the Cape Coloured people 46 3.7 The start of the Great Trek 49 SECTION II CHIEFDOMS, REPUBLICS AND COLONIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Chapter 4 African Chiefdoms 57 4.1 Tswana chiefdoms of the Kalahari borderland 57 4.2 Chiefdoms of the Eastern Transvaal: Pedi, Lovedu, Venda and Ndzundza 59 4.3 The southern Sotho 60 4.4 The southern Nguni peoples: Xhosa, Thembu, Mpondo 61 4.5 The Mfengu (Fingo) people 65 4.6 The northern Nguni peoples: Zulu, Gaza, Ngoni and Swazi 65 4.7 The Khumalo Ndebele 69 4.8 The bonds of African society in the nineteenth century 70 4.9 New concentrations of power after the Mfecane 75 Chapter 5 Boer Republics 77 5.1 Voortrekker tribulations 77 5.2 The Republic Natalia 80 5.3 Potgieter and Pretorius on the highveld 81 5.4 The Orange Free State Republic 84 5.5 The South African Republic, the civil war, and the rise of Paul Kruger 86 5.6 Ideological rifts under Pretorius and Burgers 91 5.7 Kruger's Republic and the Uitlander challenge 95 Chapter 6 British Colonies 101 6.1 Cape political and constitutional growth, 1820±72, and the politics of separatism 101 6.2 Cape politics in the era of diamonds, and the Rhodes±Hofmeyr alliance, 1870±99 107 6.3 Black politics in the nineteenth-century Cape Colony 111 6.4 The founding and settlement of colonial Natal 113 6.5 Shepstone and African administration in Natal 116 6.6 Political developments in Natal to responsible government, 1893 118 6.7 The arrival of Natal's Indians 120 Contents ix 6.8 The Cape, Natal, and the debate about liberalism 122 SECTION III THE STRUGGLE FOR POSSESSION Chapter 7 White and Black: The Struggle for the Land 129 7.1 The territorial confrontation: preliminary observations 129 7.2 Conflicts on the Cape's northern borders 130 7.3 The eastern frontier of the Cape Colony 132 7.3 The beginnings of contact between the Xhosa and the colonists 132 7.3 The sixth frontier war and the treaty system 136 7.3 The conflicts of 1846±53 139 7.3 Sir George Grey and the cattle-killing of 1857 141 7.3 The Thembu experience 143 7.3 The Gcaleka in exile: the war and rebellions of 1877±80 144 7.3 The incorporation of Pondoland 147 7.4 Griqua conflicts with Settler States 149 7.3 The Cape±Kora wars 149 7.3 The Philippolis Griqua and their exile to Kokstad 149 7.3 The Griqua of Nicholas Waterboer, the land court and the rebellion of 1878 153 7.3 Moshweshwe's Sotho, the Free State and the British, 1833±84 155 7.3 The Rolong of Thaba'Nchu and the Orange Free State 161 7.5 Conflict on the eastern and northern frontiers of the Transvaal 163 7.3 The Pedi, the Boers and the British, 1845±83 163 7.3 The Ndzundza, or Transvaal Ndebele 169 7.3 The Lovedu and the Venda 169 7.6 The Swazi and their `documents' 171 7.7 The survival and overthrow of the Zulu monarchy, 1838±1906 173 7.8 The frontier conflicts of the Tswana on the `Road to the North' 179 7.3 The Tlhaping and Rolong 179 7.3 The northern Tswana kingdoms 180 7.9 The Khumalo Ndebele and the British South Africa Company 182 7.10 The role of the missionaries 186 7.11 The changing ownership of the land 190 7.12 The role of trade in colonial expansion 192 x Contents Chapter 8 Empire and Republics: The Breakingof Boer Independence, 1850±1902 194 8.1 Formal and informal Empire 194 8.2 The pursuit of the Voortrekkers 195 8.3 Republican independence: the Sand River and Bloemfontein Conventions, 1852±4 197 8.4 The high commissionerships of Sir George Grey, 1854±61, and Sir Philip Wodehouse, 1862±70 199 8.5 Sir Henry Barkly and the diamond fields, 1870±7 202 8.6 Federal strategies, 1874±80: Carnarvon, Frere, Shepstone and the annexation of the Transvaal 203 8.7 Republican independence again, 1881±4: the Pretoria and London Conventions; conflict over Basutoland and the `Road to the North', 1880±5 209 8.8 The scramble for southern Africa: gold, railways and rival imperialisms, 1880±95 213 8.9 Chamberlain, Rhodes, Milner and Kruger, 1895±9 217 8.10 The Anglo-Boer War of 1899±1902 223 Chapter 9 The Shapingof a White Dominion 233 9.1 The Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902 233 9.2 The Cape and Natal in the post-war era 234 9.3 Milner and reconstruction 236 9.4 The Milner regime and South African blacks: the Lagden Commission, segregation and the Zulu rebellion of 1906 240 9.5 Independent churches and the growth of African and Coloured political movements 242 9.6 Gandhi 244 9.7 The revival of Afrikanerdom 245 9.8 The Transvaal British 248 9.9 The move towards responsible government in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony 251 9.10 The formation of the Union of South Africa, 1908±10 255 9.11 Black protest 262 Contents xi PART TWO: THE CONSOLIDATION OFA WHITE STATE SECTION I THE ROAD TO AFRIKANER DOMINANCE Chapter 10 Union under Stress: Botha and Smuts, 1910±24 267 10.1 Louis Botha's accession to power and quarrel with Hertzog 267 10.2 The segregation strategy of the Botha-Smuts regime 270 10.3 The growth of African political opposition: the SANNC and the ICU 273 10.4 Indian affairs: the climax of the Gandhi-Smuts encounter and the defiance of Sapru 276 10.5 White worker resistance, 1913±14 280 10.6 The invasion of German South West Africa and the Afrikaner rebellion of 1914 283 10.7 South Africa in the Great War 285 10.8 Party realignments, 1915±21 286 10.9 Smuts at Versailles, the South West African mandate and the bid to incorporate Southern Rhodesia and the Protectorates 288 10.10 Shadows over the Smuts regime, 1921±2: Bondelswarts, Bulhoek and the Rand Rebellion 292 10.11 The Nationalist±Labour Pact and the 1924 general election 297 Chapter 11 The Afrikaner's Road to Parity: Hertzog, 1924±33 300 11.1 1924 ± a turning-point? 300 11.2 Dominion status, the flag crisis, and the Protectorates 302 11.3 Hertzog's policies for Asians and Africans 306 11.4 The general election of 1929 311 11.5 The ICU and the ANC in the 1920s 313 11.6 The Great Depression and the politics of coalition and fusion 317 Chapter 12 White Unity, Black Division, 1933±9 324 12.1 The Fusion Government and the `native bills' 324 12.2 The black reaction to Hertzog's 1936 legislation 329 12.3 The party split of 1934 and the rise of `purified' Afrikaner nationalism 333 12.4 The foreign policy of the Fusion
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