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Le Solidarity Movement Et La Restructuration De L'activisme Afrika

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Le Solidarity Movement Et La Restructuration De L'activisme Afrika Université de Montréal « Un peuple se sauve lui-même » Le Solidarity Movement et la restructuration de l’activisme afrikaner en Afrique du Sud depuis 1994 par Joanie Thibault-Couture Département de science politique, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat en science politique Janvier 2017 © Joanie Thibault-Couture 2017 Résumé Malgré la déliquescence du nationalisme afrikaner causée par la chute du régime de l’apartheid et la prise du pouvoir politique par un parti non raciste et non ethnique en 1994, nous observons depuis les années 2000, un renouvèlement du mouvement identitaire afrikaner. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de comprendre l’émergence de ce nouvel activisme ethnique depuis la transition démocratique. Pour approfondir notre compréhension du phénomène, nous nous posons les questions suivantes : comment pouvons-nous expliquer le renouvèlement de l’activisme afrikaner dans la « nouvelle » Afrique du Sud ? Comment sont définis les nouveaux attributs de la catégorie de l’afrikanerité ? Comment les élites ethnopolitiques restructurent-elles leurs stratégies pour assurer la pérennité de la catégorie dans l’Afrique du Sud post-apartheid ? Qu’est-ce que la résurgence d’une afrikanerité renouvelée nous apprend sur l’état de la cohésion sociale en Afrique du Sud et sur la mobilisation ethnolinguistique en général ? La littérature sur le mouvement post-apartheid fait consensus sur la disparition du nationalisme afrikaner raciste, mais offre peu d’analyses empiriques et de liens avec les nombreux écrits sur le mouvement nationaliste afrikaner pour comprendre les dynamiques de ce nouveau phénomène et effectue peu de liens avec les nombreux écrits sur le mouvement nationaliste afrikaner. Notre argument est que le nouvel activisme afrikaner est en continuité avec la trajectoire du nationalisme afrikaner, plus précisément avec le courant conservateur. Les entrepreneurs ethnopolitiques suivent les voies tracées par leurs prédécesseurs en reproduisant des stratégies politiques, institutionnelles ainsi qu’une structure idéologique dont les fondements sont semblables à ceux du mouvement nationaliste. Les entrepreneurs ethnopolitiques structurent l’activisme afrikaner selon trois processus. D’abord, ils procèdent au cadrage des nouveaux attributs de la catégorie en faisant notamment de 2 l’autosuffisance communautaire, le cœur de l’afrikanerité. Ensuite, ils essayent d’institutionnaliser une nouvelle catégorie identitaire, qu’ils appellent les minorités discrimines raciales et ethniques. Ce processus de group-making vise à susciter une action collective déployée autant au niveau national qu’international, pour exercer une pression sur le gouvernement de l’ANC, accusée de discriminer les Afrikaners. Enfin, les entrepreneurs ethnopolitiques mettent sur pied un réseau d’organisations ethniques pour assurer la reproduction de l’afrikanerité et assurer la survie ethnique. Ces niches écologiques permettent de se substituer à l’État en offrant aux membres de la communauté des services et en créant des espaces réservés à la routinisation de l’afrikanerité. Mots-clés : Afrikaner ; nationalisme ; activisme ethnique ; Afrique du Sud ; entrepreneurs ethnopolitiques ; minorités ; cadrage ; dépendance au sentier ; changement institutionnel. 3 Summary The thesis aims at understanding the restructuration processes of the Afrikaner movement following the South African democratic transition. Despite the collapse of Afrikaner nationalism caused by the end of the apartheid regime and the seizure of political power by a non-racist and non-ethnic party in 1994, we have seen a renewal of the Afrikaner identity movement since the 2000s. The aim of this thesis is therefore to understand the emergence of this new ethnic activism since the democratic transition. To deepen our understanding of the phenomenon, we ask the following questions: how can we explain the renewal of Afrikaner activism in the « new » South Africa? How are the new attributes of the Afrikaner category redefined? How do the ethnopolitical elites restructure their strategies to ensure the reproduction of the category within the new national context? What does the resurgence of a renewed Afrikanerity tell us about the state of social cohesion in South Africa and the ethnolinguistic mobilization in general? The literature on the post apartheid movement makes consensus on the death of the racist Afrikaner nationalism but offers little empirical analysis to understand the dynamics of this new phenomenon and the links with the many writings on Afrikaner nationalism are not made. To remedy these empirical shortcomings, our argument is that the new Afrikaner activism is in continuity with the trajectory of Afrikaner nationalism, more precisely with the conservative current. Ethnopolitical entrepreneurs follow the paths traced by their predecessors by reproducing political and institutional strategies as well as an ideological structure whose foundations are similar to those of the nationalist movement. However, continuity means that institutions must adapt to changing contexts in order to persist over time. In our case, the democratic transition has paved the way for institutional adaptation processes and historical awakening. 4 Afrikaner activism is restructured through three processes. Ethnopolitical entrepreneurs are engaged in a framing process of the new attributes of the category in which community self- sufficiency is defined as the heart of Afrikanerity. Then, these elites try to institutionalize a new category as the new foundation of the political action of the movement. This is how ethno- political entrepreneurs mobilize what they call discriminated racial and ethnic minorities. This group-making process aims to stimulate collective action by depicting a frame of injustice to prove that Afrikaners are discriminated against by the government. This political strategy is deployed both nationally and internationally to exert pressure on the ANC government. Finally, ethnopolitical entrepreneurs have set up a network of ethnic organizations to ensure the reproduction of Afrikanerity and ensure ethnic survival. These ecological niches make it possible to replace the State by offering the members of the community services and by creating spaces for the routinization of Afrikanerity. Keywords : Afrikaner ; nationalism ; ethnic activism ; South Africa ; ethnopolitical entrepreneurs ; minorities ; framing ; path dependancy ; institutional change. 5 Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Table des matières .......................................................................................................................... 6 Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................................... 9 Liste des abréviations ................................................................................................................... 10 Lexique des termes afrikaans ...................................................................................................... 11 Remerciements ............................................................................................................................. 12 Introduction « Un peuple se sauve lui-même » : le Solidarity Movement et la restructuration de l’activisme afrikaner en Afrique du Sud depuis 1994 .............................. 16 1. Notre argument : l’activisme ethnique dans la continuité du mouvement nationaliste afrikaner ..................................................................................................................................... 20 2. Méthodologie : l’étude de cas et les méthodes de recherche .............................................. 21 3. Le labyrinthe des catégories identitaires sud-africaines ...................................................... 29 4. Le plan de la thèse ............................................................................................................... 32 CHAPITRE 1 Revue de la littérature : de l’émergence du mouvement nationaliste afrikaner à l’activisme ethnique post-apartheid ....................................................................... 35 1. La trajectoire du mouvement nationaliste du Nord : républicanisme, conservatisme et autodétermination afrikaner par les organisations extra-parlementaires .................................... 39 2. L’appel de la communauté : la destinée divine et la survie ethnique face à la domination de « l’Autre » .................................................................................................................................. 45 3. Les réformes de l’apartheid et la fracture du mouvement nationaliste ............................... 54 4. Les analyses du mouvement afrikaner post-apartheid : la mort du nationalisme et l’apparition des minorités discriminées ...................................................................................... 59 4.1 Nationalisme ou activisme ethnique ? ........................................................................... 60 4.2 Les Afrikaners, la nouvelle minorité discriminée ......................................................... 65 5. Conclusion : la mobilisation afrikaner entre
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