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Complete Dissertation VU Research Portal Itineraries Rousseau, N. 2019 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Rousseau, N. (2019). Itineraries: A return to the archives of the South African truth commission and the limits of counter-revolutionary warfare. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Itineraries A return to the archives of the South African truth commission and the limits of counter-revolutionary warfare ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen op woensdag 20 maart 2019 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Nicky Rousseau geboren te Dundee, Zuid-Afrika promotoren: prof.dr. S. Legêne prof.dr. P. Hayes Itineraries A return to the archives of the South African truth commission and the limits of counter-revolutionary warfare Nicky Rousseau Contents Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Abbreviations iv Preface 1 Introduction: Itineraries 18 Chapter 1: Grids of Intelligibility 63 Chapter 2: Truth Commissions and Interpretations of Violence: 109 Debating the TRC’s Mandate Chapter 3: Uncertain Borders: 138 The TRC and the (Un)making of Public Myths Chapter 4: Counter-Revolutionary Warfare: 177 The Soweto Intelligence Unit and Southern Itineraries Chapter 5: The Body and Counter-Revolutionary Warfare 212 Chapter 6: The Farm, the River and the Picnic Spot: 238 Topographies of Terror Chapter 7: Identification, Politics, Disciplines 269 Conclusions and Future Itineraries 302 References Cited 335 Summary 365 i Acknowledgements Intellectual debts are many, and too vast to name. I have been fortunate to have had the privilege of working in the History Department of the University of the Western Cape, both prior to and after the period spent at the TRC, and to have been closely associated with the Centre of Humanities Research since its inception. Colleagues, graduate students, travellers and passers-through in both of these spaces have provided challenging, sometimes skull-cracking, intellectual and political provocations and learning. My colleagues in the History Department generously supported my frequent straying back to post-TRC work in the Missing Persons Task Team and later the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Nonetheless, they never relented on their quest to persuade me to ‘do that Ph.D.’ I hope this portfolio, together with the way in which my itinerant straying has developed into wider graduate research in the department, goes someway to repaying a debt of generosity. The TRC is so discredited in the scholarly and public worlds, which I inhabit, that it may be surprising to insist that I regard the tumultuous time I spent inside the TRC as among the most valued of my working life. In those six years I was part of an extremely fractious, inexcusably hierarchical, but highly committed community that was, in equal parts, both maddening and extraordinary. The intensity of the environment and passion of colleagues at the TRC sparked many of the thoughts and arguments here, while my subsequent work with the Missing Persons Task Team took me into new realms of thinking, and ultimately research. My encounter with the practices of exhumation and the affective presence of the remains themselves provoked new questions and sent me along different paths of reading and writing. Traveling these paths has been immeasurably enriched through the work and contributions of graduate students, and colleagues, most especially over the past few years in the NRF Forensic History project, which serendipitously landed on my doorstep. To all my colleagues and friends in these very different spaces, my debt is huge. The NRF Forensic History project also enabled some of my research travels. Finally, my thanks to Susan Legêne and Patricia Hayes for generously acting as promotors, despite labouring far too long and hard in their own projects. The task was lightened by their warmth and humour. ii Abstract This portfolio of articles draws on the work and archives of the TRC. Turning away from the dominant TRC literature which centres on questions of reconciliation and nation-building, I turn to what may be called the ‘truth seeking’ aspect of its mandate, an aspect that I argue dominated the actual day to day work of the TRC. In doing so, I turn to a particular strand of TRC research and investigation, namely that focused on the apartheid security force and intelligence service. I provide an account of how the TRC security force archive, or rather archives, were constituted and made sense of — processes in which I was deeply implicated. Using these archives, I then examine a very particular period, namely 1985-1989, in which security strategies and tactics adopted in the Southern African region as part of the apartheid state’s ‘proactive defence’ strategy were adopted through a policy of counter-revolutionary warfare to deal with internal political resistance. Through a re-reading of the TRC’s security force archives, filtered through the illegal practices of security branch operatives with a strong focus on that of ‘disappearing’ political opponents, I argue that the shift to counter-revolutionary warfare, rather than demonstrating the power of apartheid state makes visible its limits. This contests public and scholarly accounts of this period, as well as questions the forms of post-apartheid memorialisation. I conclude that the war did not ‘come home’ in the way it has been imagined; rather it was always the Southern African region that bore the brunt of this war. Finally, I suggest that a return to the archives of the TRC, in a mode less concerned with fixing it in its reconciliatory guise, may open other new and productive readings, not just of its truth-telling work but of the possibilities and limits of truth commissions themselves. iii Abbreviations AAAS American Association of Advanced Sciences AC Amnesty Committee ACDP African Christian Democratic Party ADM African Democratic Movement ANC African National Congress APDUSA African Peoples Democratic Union of South Africa APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army ARM African Resistance Movement AWB Afrikaner Weerbestandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) AVF Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People’s Front) AZANLA Azanian Liberation Army AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation AZASCO Azanian Students Congress AZASM Azanian Students Movement AZASO Azanian Students Organisation BC Black Consciousness BCMSA Black Consciousness Movement of South Africa BNP Basotho National Party BPP Botswana People’s Party CBW Chemical Biological Warfare, CCB Civil Cooperation Bureau CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa COSAS Congress of South African Students CDF Ciskei Defence Force CP Conservative Party CSV Centre for the Study of Violence CSVR Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation DIS Department of Internal Security GVHR Gross Violations of Human Rights EAAF Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense) HNP Herstigte Nasionale Party (Reconstituted National Party) HRV Human Rights Violation HRVC Human Rights Violation Committee IBIIR Independent Board of Inquiry into Informal Repression IDASA Institute for a Democratic Alternative in South Africa IFP Inkatha Freedom Party ICTJ International Centre for Transitional Justice IMF International Monetary Fund IU Investigation Unit JMC Joint Management Committees KIK Koordineerde Inligtings Komitee (Coordinating Intelligence Committee) iv KZP KwaZulu Police LLA Lesotho Liberation Army MDM Mass Democratic Movement MK Umkhonto we Sizwe MPTT Missing Persons Task Team NACTU National Congress of Trade Unions NIA National Intelligence Agency (post 1994) NF National Front NIS National Intelligence Service NP National Party NPA National Prosecuting Authority NSMS National Security Management System OSEO Office for Serious Economic Offences PAC Pan Africanist Congress PAM Pan African Movement PASO Pan African Students Organisation PCLU Priority Crimes Litigation Unit RENAMO Mozambican National Resistance SACP South African Communist Party SADF South African Defence Force SAHA South African History Archive SANDF South African National Defence Force (post 1994) SAP South African Police SAPS South African Police Service (post 1994) SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations SAYCO South African Youth Congress SAYRCO South African Youth Revolutionary Council SDU Self Defence Unit SIU Soweto Intelligence Unit SPU Self-Protection Unit SSC
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