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A Case Study of Disarticulation from Sophiatown to Meadowlands, Soweto

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A Case Study of Disarticulation from Sophiatown to Meadowlands, Soweto Social control in the 20th century and its impact on households: A case study of disarticulation from Sophiatown to Meadowlands, Soweto. By THANDO MONICA SHIBA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject ANTHROPOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. NOKUTHULA HLABANGANE CO-SUPERVISOR: MR. STEPHAN VAN WYK 18 May 2021 DECLARATION Name: Thando Monica Shiba Student number: 61989444 Degree: Masters in Anthropology Social control in the 20th century and its impact on households: A case study of disarticulation from Sophiatown to Meadowlands, Soweto I declare that the above dissertation is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. I further declare that I submitted the dissertation to originality checking software and that it falls within the accepted requirements for originality. I further declare that I have not previously submitted this work, or part of it, for examination at Unisa for another qualification or at any other higher education institution. Thando Monica Shiba 18 May 2021 __________________ ________________ Signature Date © University of South Africa. REVISED 18 May 2021 COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES All rights reserved 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 4 ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 7 SUMMARY OF TOPIC ......................................................................................................... 8 Key terms ........................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 9 Sophiatown, the multi-ethnic quilt with possibilities ............................................................ 9 Sophiatown, the overturned beehive ............................................................................ 11 The advent of the model township, Soweto ...................................................................... 14 City planning in Johannesburg ..................................................................................... 18 Uprooting social suffering: The research and my place in it ......................................... 20 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................ 20 Rationale ...................................................................................................................... 21 Outline of Chapters .......................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 24 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 24 Uncovering the architecture of Apartheid and its impact on racialized spaces ................. 24 The Union of South Africa 1910 in respect of segregation ........................................... 25 The remodelling of segregation .................................................................................... 28 Historical development of Johannesburg ..................................................................... 29 Purity in the City ............................................................................................................... 37 The birth of the Apartheid government ......................................................................... 40 The ramifications of Apartheid policies ......................................................................... 42 The Anatomy of Relocation .............................................................................................. 51 Forced removals in Sophiatown ................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 62 Description of the Study Problem ................................................................................. 63 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................... 63 Research objective ....................................................................................................... 64 The Research Question: .............................................................................................. 65 Study Design ................................................................................................................ 65 © University of South Africa. REVISED 18 May 2021 COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES All rights reserved 2 Study Site: Meadowlands, Ndofaya ............................................................................. 67 Study Population and Sample ...................................................................................... 69 Data Collection Method(S) and Procedures ................................................................. 76 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 79 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................ 80 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................. 82 Reflections ................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 84 Delving into the past and unearthing the present: Ethnography of Meadowlands, Soweto, SA .................................................................................................................................... 84 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 84 Remembering the past through Nostalgic Trauma of imagined better times – displacement and dis-orientation ...................................................................................... 87 Khwela sihambe and the psychology of loss associated with forced removal .............. 89 The process, the effects and continued disarticulation ..................................................... 95 Meadowlands as a place of suffering: space, place and possibility ............................. 97 Apartheid Residues: loss of possibilities .................................................................... 101 Alteration of the black culture ......................................................................................... 104 Disarticulation and the injured memory ...................................................................... 105 Unrequited trauma, redress and coping ..................................................................... 109 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 112 What is the role of space and belonging in the creation of identity? ............................... 112 Variations of divide and rule – and the impact thereof ............................................... 113 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 118 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 132 Ethical Clearance Certificate ...................................................................................... 132 Consent forms ............................................................................................................ 133 Interview Schedule ..................................................................................................... 137 © University of South Africa. REVISED 18 May 2021 COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES All rights reserved 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANC African National Congress GIS Geographic Information System JCC Johannesburg City Council NP National Party NRB Native Resettlement Board SA South Africa SANAC South African Native Affairs Commission SOWETO South Western Townships © University of South Africa. REVISED 18 May 2021 COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES All rights reserved 4 ILLUSTRATIONS Diagrams Diagram 1: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs cited in www.simplypsychology.org by McLeod Maps Map 1: The rezoned Triomf suburb cited in the Chief Surveyor-Generals Office (see: General plan no. A5005/1903) Map 2: The Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality cited in the CoJ GIS website Map 3: Ariel view of Meadowlands in Region D cited in the CoJ GIS website Photographs Photograph 1: Ariel view of matchbox houses cited in Class, Race and Residence in black Johannesburg, 1923–1970 (see: Crankshaw 2005:326) Photograph 2: A depiction of a family watching as demolition workers tear down a row of neighbourhood homes
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