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328 Index

Index

A amphetamine 211 A Notice for Further Liberalizing the An Giang 237 Border Towns and countries of Ananda Thera 147 Nanning, Kunming City, Pingxiang Annam 42, 106 Town, Ruili, and Hekou Country by Annamites 261 the State Council 77 Announcement of Several Problems acculturation 116 Pertaining to Border Trade 91 Achang 51 anthropologists 254 ADB 126 anthropology 7 Admiral Zheng (Ma) He 223 anti-communist 108 aggression 115 anti-government armed forces 63 agricultural development 197 anti-Manchu 32 agricultural products 132 Anti-Rightist Campaign 55 agriculture 90, 204, 209 Arabic 228 AIDS 170 Arakanese 227 aiguo zhuyi 294 Archibald Colquhoun 105 airports 136 Argentina 114 Akha 2, 3, 99 arms trafficking 185 Akha caravan 206 Asia Inc 11 Akha entrepreneurs 206, 212 Asia Times 12 Akha oral texts 206 Asia Watch 260 Akha traders 207 “Asian capitalism” 2 Akha-Chinese 217 Asian Danube 234 Alavi 147 Asian Development Bank 126 alcohol abuse 190 Asian economic crisis 1 America 116 “Asian Economic Miracle” 1 Americans 104, 109 Asian Megatrends 13

Asian “tigers” 8 Bianzu Yaozu Zizhiqu 293 Asoka 147 bilateral trade 237 assimilation 5, 32 Binh Tien Plastics Company 246 Association of Overseas Chinese (Hoi biodiversity 51 Kieu Lien) 247 biological diversity 51 asylum 272 Black Banner Militia 288 Australia 114 black economy 23 Austronesian 117 Black Flag 107 authoritarian 16 Black Hmong 117 autonomous 38 black market 67, 198 Autonomous district of the Bian and the Black River 107 Yao nationalities 293 Black Tai 163 autonomous regions 112, 164 black tea 229 Autonomous township of the Yue 293 Blang 51 autonomy 32 boat people 263 Ayutthaya 103, 191 BOOT 20 border conflict 238 B border crossings 131, 237 1979 border war 264 border peoples 32 Ba 37 border provinces 77 baahkwá (Vietnamese: Pac Va) 261 border regions 2, 6, 44, 75, 236 baht 198 border studies 33 Baker, Chris 8 border trade 73, 133 Ban Gu 31 Border Trade Policy 73 Ban Lau 239 border traders 74 Ban Me Thuot 257 border trading 75 Bandaai 156 border zone 244 Bandan 130 borderlands 6, 25, 123, 136 bandits 43, 208 borders 2, 3, 5, 29 Bangkok ix, 103 Boten 133, 154 Bangkok Post 18 boundaries 29 Bangladeshi 228 Boundaries in China 29 Bangsa 57, 155, 157 boundary between China and Vietnam banking 91 287 Banna Mansion Hotel 167 Bouyei 51 Baoshan 207 bribe 172 bap 151 bribery 88, 172 barter 5 bridges 250 baskets 209 Britain 186 Bau Ham 259 British 23, 102 beauty parlours 320 British empire 38 Beihai 226 brothels 184, 185 Beijing 9 Buddha 147 Belgium 209 Buddhism 151 benevolence 40 Buddhist 106, 145 Bengal 104 Buddhist monks 150 Berlie, Jean vii, 4, 6 Buddhist revival 146 Bernatzik 208 budget deficits 249 Bhutan 72 buffaloes 209

© 2000 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 330 Index buffer 111 Chao Fa 164 Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer 20 Chaozhou merchants 226 Bukhara 224 chaozhou 228 Bulang 164 charisma 157 bun 151 Chatichai, Prime Minister 126 Bunchum 155 Chau Thi Hai vii, 4, 6 Bunyalaekanthasiri 148 Che Zhimin 166 bureaucracies 88, 126 Chengdu 64, 239 bureaucratic 88 Cheung Siu-Woo vii, 4, 6 Burmese 22, 74 Chiang Kham 112 Burmese king 208 Chiang Khong 123 businessmen 279 Chiang Khong–Houayxay 129 businesswomen 319 Chiang Mai ix, 11 Chiang Rai 18 C Chiang Saen 135, 156, 212 Cam Duong 238 Chiang Saen–Tonpheung 129, 131 Cam Pha 264 Chiangkok 155 Cam Ranh 12 Chiangtung 146 Cambodia ix Chin-Ho 233 Cambodians 19 China ix, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Can Tho 237 China Environmental Conservation Canada 114 Agency 62 Cantonese 261 China-Laos border 67, 154 Canyuan 57 Chinese 28 Cao Bang 109, 238 Chinese administration 38 Cao Faa Sirinor 148, 153 Chinese administrative structure 39 Cao Khatiyawong 146 Chinese army 303 Cao Loc 239 Chinese borders 5, 34 Cao Mahaakanthawong 157 Chinese Communist Party 9, 257 Cao Saengsii 146 Chinese culture 28, 30 capital 236, 316 Chinese customs 237 capitalism 9, 177 Chinese emperor 40, 208 capitalist 11 Chinese empire 164 caravan 104 Chinese hegemony 175 caravan routes 133, 207 Chinese historiography 39, 43 cars 135 Chinese Islamic Association 222, 227 cash crops 55 Chinese language 214 Catholicism 288 Chinese literati 31 Catholics 214 Chinese medicine 228 cattle 195 Chinese Muslim 230 Central Government 76 Chinese Nung 256 Central Highlands 257 Chinese overseas 82 central planning 5 Chinese Revolution 208 centralization 12 Chinese settlement 45 Chai-anan Samudavanija 11 Chinese settlers 45 Chaiyong Limthongkhul Foundation 11 Chinese society 30 Chakkri dynasty 111 Chinese sphere 45 Cham 223 Chinese state 38

Chinese women 176 cosmetics 320 Chinese world order 31 cotton 209 Chineseness 41 counterfeit currency 244 Chongqing 303 counterfeiting 90 Christian 105 CPT 112 Christianity 214 credit 248 Christianized 106 credit organizations 248 Chu 36 crimes 322 chunqiu 35 cross-border 4, 5, 6 CIA 271 cross-border automobile “campaign” CIDG 271 242 CITES 64 cross-border caravan trade 224 civil society 10 Cross-Border Categories 254 Civilian Irregular Defence Groups 271 cross-border trade 22, 66, 142 class 307 cross-border trade networks 211 class oppression 33 cross-cultural ix classification of ethnic groups 270 cross-ethnic relationships 205 coastal areas 323 CSWs 187 coastal provinces 77 Culas, Christian vii, 5 Cohen, Paul T. vii, 6 cultural borders 30 collective 54 cultural diversity 51 collectives 54 cultural exchange 250 collectivization 160 cultural pollution 75 collectivized agriculture 9 Cultural Revolution 4, 54, 153 colonial 24, 39, 104 currency exchange 243 colonialism 192 currency traders 267 colonialist 24 Custom Inspection and Preferential Tax command economy 10 Privileges Pertaining to Trading along commerce 204 the Sino-Myanmar Border of the commercial sex workers 187 People’s Republic of China 77 commodification 190 customs 4, 22 communism 176 customs officers 139 communist 3, 4 Communist Party of Burma 127 D Communist Party of Thailand 112 Dai 51 comprador capitalists 258 Dai Autonomous Prefecture 55, 226 Confucian 40 Dai (Tai Lue) Autonomous Region of Constitution of the Democratic Xishuangbanna 163 Republic of Vietnam 117 Dai Viet 41 Contagious Disease Control Act of 1908 Dalat 257 192 Dali 35, 223 Convention on International Trade in Dalou 59, 169, 170 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Dalou Economic Zone 59 and Flora 64 Damenglong Nature Reserve 56 core and periphery 29 dams 17, 19 corrupt officials 324 Dan 263 corruption 1 dance halls 320 corvée 38 Dang Nghiem Van 263

Daweishan Nature Reserve 59 Dongxing–Mong Cai inter-market de-naturalization 7 system 241 Deal 32 double identity 230 Deang 51 drug abuse 1 debt 199 drug addiction 211 decentralization 76 drug crops 198 decolonization 112 drugs 4, 90 deforestation 52, 55, 113 dry rice 145 Dehong County 85 DSWs 187 demarcation of the national boundary Du Guangfei 288 289 Du Guoqiang 289 demerit 151 Du Wenxiu 226 Democratic Republic of Vietnam 107 Duara 32 Deng Xiaoping 9, 73 Déo Van Long 107 E Déo Van Tri 107 E-er-tai 39 deregulation 139 East India Company 104 Derung 51 Eastern Han dynasty 35 detoxification 196 Eastern Jin 35 dhamma 151 “ecochange” 51 di 41 Ecole française d’Extrême Orient 108 Diem regime 257 ecological 51 Dien Bien Phu 108 ecology 51 Dikötter, Frank 30 economic activities of women 316 Dinh Quan 259 economic boom 299 direct sex workers 187 economic co-operation districts 83 discrimination 258 economic co-operation zones 83 division of labour 209 economic development 21, 57, 74, 280 Do Muoi 239 Economic Development Committee of Dodd, W.C. 164 Xishuangbanna 171 Doi Chiangteum mountain 145 economic differentiation 205 doi moi 10 economic liberalization 77, 94 domestic tourism 168 economic networks 222 domestic tourists 169 economic planning 3 domestic violence 190 economic position of women 321 domination 12 Economic Quadrangle 122 dong 243 Economic Quadrangle Joint Dong Dang 242 Development Corporation 123 Dong Nai 237, 258 economic reforms 3 Dong-son 28 economic zones 83 Dongxing ix, 6, 57, 246 economics 2, 7 Dongxing autonomous county of ecosystems 4, 51 various nationalities 293 ECVIIs 256 Dongxing Economic Development education 10 District 289 EGAT 21 Dongxing Gezu Zizhixian 293 eighteenth century 104 Dongxing–Mong Cai free trade Eighth Five-Year Period 75 zone 84 electricity 130

Electricity Generating Authority of female traders 317 Thailand 21 Fengcheng ix, 246, 257, 302, 315 emperor 40 Fenshuiling 61 Emperor Yongle 42 festivals 250 endangered animal 169 Fifth Special Forces in Nha Trang 260 English 16 fishing 299 entrepreneurs 4, 127 food crops 198 environment 51 foot-binding 208 environmental 19 foothills 115 epidemics 102 forced labour 199 ethnic 44 Foreign Investment Management ethnic categories 215, 217 Centre 80 ethnic Chinese 162 foreign investors 179 ethnic conflicts 291 foreign tourism 168 ethnic diversity 5 foreign tourists 169 ethnic groups 34 Foreign Trade Corporations 16 ethnic identity 95 foreign women 323 ethnic minorities 1, 6 foreigners 323 ethnic nationalism 227 forest products 132 ethnic tensions 288 forest resources 57 ethnic Vietnamese 236 forestry 54 ethnic-tourism 167 formal economy 22 ethnicity 5, 24, 94, 307 Forney, Matt 166 ethnographers 255 Fourth Islamic tide 228 ethnolinguistic categorization 255 France 114 Europe 57 free market 10 European 100 French 16, 102 Evans, Grant vii, 3, 5, 6 French Guyana 114 ex-China Vietnamese illegal immigrants French missionaries 288 256 frontier regions 312 exports 83, 87, 249 frontier trade 57, 67 expulsions 261 Frontier Trade Woman 313 frontiers 3, 29 F FTCs 16 factories 313 Fujian 37 Fairbank, John 31 FULRO 259 family businesses 319 Fuzhou 15 famines 102 Fan Chengda 38 G fan 41 gaitu guiliu 39 Far Eastern Economic Review 23 gambling 250 farm land 300 gangsters 324 farmers 175 Gansu 28 Farmers’ Union 53 GDP 22 farming 299 gender 176 fashion 321 Geneva Accord of 1954 108 Feingold, David A. vii, 5 Geneva Agreement 257 female ritual performers 284 geo-politics 19, 21

German Democratic Republic 265 H Germany 186 Ha Bac 245 Gladney 29 Ha Giang 109 global economy 74 Ha Tuyen 260 global market-place 3 Hac 256 global markets 8 Hac Ca 263 GNP 23 Hai Ninh 259 Goh 162 Hainan 223 Golden Quadrangle Economic Bloc 84 Haiphong ix, 239 Golden Triangle 22 hair salons 320 goods 74 haj 234 Great Leap Forward 4, 54 Haji Na Shunxing 229 Great Mekong Development Area 211 Hakka 213 Great Peace 118 Han 53 Great Wall 34 Han Chinese 5, 56, 98 Greater Mekong region 136 Han dynasty 28 green tea 229 Han ethnicity 168 gross domestic product 22 Hani 117, 164 gross national product 23 Hani (Akha) 51 growth circles 11 Hanification 167 Guangdong 9, 37 Hanoi ix Guangxi 6, 10 Hanshu 31 Guangxi Institute of Nationalities 297 harbour 302 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Hat Festival 278 239 Haw 103 Guangxi Zhuang Minorities Hay, John 29 Autonomous Region Preferential Tax health 10 Policies Pertaining to the Heaven 40 Encouragement of Outside Heaven’s mandate 40 Investment 81 Heilongjiang 72 Guangxi Zhuang Minorities Hekou ix, 57, 59, 65 Autonomous Region Regulation Hekou–Lao Cai economic co-operation Pertaining to the Encouragement district 84 of Investment of the Taiwanese 82 heroin 22 Guangxi Zhuang Minorities Hershatter 29 Autonomous Region Temporary Law highlanders 100, 113, 196, 204 for the Leasing and Management of highlands 99, 100 Land for Development Purposes by hilltribe women 192 Outside Investments 81 hilltribes 112, 162 Guangzhou 225 Hindi 234 Guanlu 58 Hindustani 234 guanxi 12 Hinton, Peter viii, 2, 7 guerrilla 112 HIV 187 Guiyang 12 Hmau 99 Guizhou 37 Hmong 2, 5, 250 Gulf of Tonkin 280 Hmong diaspora 113 guns 209 Hmu 99 guoji zhuyi 294 Ho 223 Guomindang 32, 229 Ho Chi Minh 292

Ho Chi Minh City 4, 237 Import and Export Custom Tax Hoa Association 244 Guidelines of the People’s Republic of Hoa Binh 109 China 76 Hoa Kieu 237 import and export taxes 141 Hoanh Mo 239 import duties 249 Hong Gai 264 imported cars 135 Hong Kong 9 imports 78 Hong Kong camps 265, 266 India 38, 72 Hong Kong government 260 Indian 232 Hong Kong Vietnamese camps 265 indigenous 36, 38, 59 Honghe 208 indigenous peoples 204 Hongsa 125 indigenous ruler 38 Hor 233 indirect rule 38 Hor Phra Kaew 156 indirect sex workers 187 horse caravan trade 206 Indochina Massif 113 horse caravan trading 206 Indochina War 24, 289 horse caravans 207 Indochina Wars 98 Houayxay 123 Indra 148 Houei Sai 58 industrialization 88 Houqiao 63 infant mortality 189 Household Responsibility System 9, 170 informal economy 14 housing 10 infrastructural 5, 19 Hsieh Shih-chung 165 infrastructure 4, 127 H’tin 100 injection drug users 194 hua 30 inland trade 207 Huaphan 110 Institute of Medicine State Hubei 36, 163 Farm 170 Hue 35 Institute of Minorities 294 Hui 32, 223 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Hunan 36 (ISEAS) ii Hutton, Christopher viii, 2, 6 insurrections 112, 115 hydro-electric 127 integration 134 hydro-electric power 66 inter-ethnic marriages 205 hydropower 18 inter-ethnic negotiations 212 intermarriage 272 I International Monetary Fund 8 identity 5 internationalism 294, 303 ideology 11 internment 260 IDUs 194 investment 78 IIs 256 investors 89 illegal immigrants 256, 304 Irrawaddy 207 imam 227 irrigation 18 Imam Na 230 Islam 222 IMF 8, 14 Islamic 222 immigrant 115, 314 Islamic revival 234 immigration 133 Islamic school 229 imperial 34 Islamization 224 imperialism 44 ISWs 187 imperialists 34 Italy 209

J Kontum 257 Jahariyya Sufism 225 Koreans 189 Jan English-Lueck 29 Kuah Khun Eng viii, 6 Japan 57 Kublai Khan 224 Japanese 32 Kunming ix, 15 Jean Dupuis 105 Kunming City Encouraging Outside Jiang Zemin 239 Investment Policies 86 Jiangbian 55 Kunming-Hanoi Railway 226 Jiangping 288 Kuomintang 229 Jiangxi 36 kyat 198 Jiaozhi 36 Jiegao trading district 86 L Jilin 72 labour 5, 199 Jinghong 53, 57, 103, 162, 168 labour camps 260 Jingpo (Kachin) 51, 188 Lahu 51, 113, 157 Jingshuihe 57 Lai Chau 61, 107, 109 Jingzu 292 Lampang 231 Jino 164 Lamphun 160 joint ventures 15, 87 Lancang 171 Lancang Jiang 18 K land mines 189 K. Surangkhanang 192 land reform 291 karaoke 320 landlord 34 Karen 106 Lang Son ix, 57, 162, 238, 239 karma 151 language 303 Kashmir 72 language policies 255 Kemu 52 Lanten 167 Keng Tung 125, 208 Lao 16 Kesa Thancai 156 Lao Airways 166 Keyes 151 Lao Cai ix, 57, 109, 117 Khampheng Thipmuntali 163 Lao government 3 Khmer Rouge 112 Lao lum 110 Khmu 113 Lao People’s Democratic Republic Kho Da 239 (LPDR) 122, 154, 155 Khoen 155 Lao State Fuel Company 131 Khruba Bunchum Yaansuamro Lao sung 110 146, 155 Lao theung 110 Khruba Siwichai 160 Lao traders 131 Khun Sa 199 Lao-Cambodian borders 242 Kien Giang 237 Lao-Chinese 133 King of the Sky 118 Lao-Chinese trade 133 King of Xianyang 224 Lao-Thai trade 133 Kinh 109 Laos ix, 2, 3, 6 Kinh businessmen 308 Laotian 66 Kinh cosmology 288 large-scale traders 316 kinship 95, 303 Lattimore 34 kinship networks 5 Lê Hao 41 Kokang 197 Lee Kuan Yew 25

Li Jili 42 M Li Peng 239 Ma Huan 223 Li Renfu 229 Ma Mingxing 225 Li Xinhua 246 Ma Yuan 36 liangshandaohu 55 Ma Yuting 229 Liaoning 72 Maalao 262 liberalization 124 Macau 237 liberated zones 110 macro-categories 268 liberation 33 madrasah 229 life expectancy 189 Mae Sai 132, 156, 188, 223, 225 Lijiang 207 Mae Sai–Tachilek 128 Lim Joo-Jock 100 Magouhe 65 liminality 29 Mahathir Mohamad 25 lineages 103 mainland Southeast Asia ix, 52, 223 Lingnan 36 malaria 53 linguistic categories 255, 269 Malay 223 linguists 254 Malaya 38 Lintner, Bertil 163 Malaysia 213 linyesanding 55 Mamushu 58 Lisu 51, 100 man 41 literacy 116 Man 261 Liu Hongxuan 33 Man Jinglan 53, 166, 170 Liu Yongfu 288 Man Ting 166, 171 Lo clan 109 Manchus 31, 32, 102 loans 83 Mandalay ix, 128 local development 319 mandate of Heaven 42 local governments 78 Mang 52 Loei-Phitsanulok 112 Mangshi 224 logging 21 mansions 301 logging rights 135 manufactured goods 135 Lolo 117, 234 manufacturing 79 Lord of the Nagas 149 Manwan 26 Lower Mekong 18 Manzhang Dai village 59 lowland 100 Mao Zedong 9, 54 Lowland Lao 189 Maoist 15, 23 lowlands 5, 100 Mara 160 Lu 165 Marcus 7 Lua 113 marginal identities 254 Luang Namtha ix, 3, 57, 110, 123, 162 maritime commerce 207 Luang Namtha province 145 maritime trade 226 Luang Prabang 18, 58, 110, 131 market economy 3, 5 Luchuan 37 market reforms 4 Lue 133, 145 market socialism 74 Lue script 155 market system 190 Lue writing system 155 market values 190 Lung Vai 239 market-town 301 luxury cars 135 markets 61 Ly clan 109 Marquez 25

Marshal Sarit 186 Minh Hai 237 Marxist-Leninist 164 mining 130 massage parlours 185 Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations Massif 102 and Trade 16 Mecca 231 Ministry of Forestry 62 media 16 Ministry of Public Health of Thailand medicinal 103 187 medicinal plants 67 minorities 5 medicines 64, 65, 169 minority groups 77 mega-trends 8 minority nationality 307 Mekong 17 minority regions 98, 164 Mekong Basin 211 minority women 170 Mekong dam 127 missionaries 105 Mekong River ix, 17 missionary 105 Mekong River Commission 17 mixed marriages 206 Mekong River Economic Sub-Basin 84 mo 41 Mengban 230 mobile phones 212 Menghai 164 Mobile Strike Forces 271 Mengla ix, 15 mobile telephones 212 Mengla Nature Reserve 56 modernization 74 Menglun Nature Reserve 56 MOFERT 16 Mengyan Nature Reserve 56 Mohan 61, 133 Menlar 57 Mojiang 224 mercantilism 44 Mojiang county 55 merit 151 money economy 172 merit-making 151 money-changers 243 Messiah 118 Mong Cai ix, 6, 57, 162 messianic 115 Mongolia 32, 72 Meuangsing 57 Mongols 32 Miao 99 Mons 106 Miao (Hmong) 51 Montagnard 99, 111 Miao National Minority 99 moral communities 145, 158 Miao-Yao 99 Morita, Noritaka 190 Michaud, Jean viii, 5 mortality 190 micro-economy 4 mosques 224 Middle East 232 Moulmein 103, 207 middlemen 251 Mu-Se 87 migrant 5 Muang Cae 156 migrant labourers 4, 5, 265 Muang Hai 157, 169 migrant workers 1 Muang La 153 migrations 4, 5 Muang Long 155 migratory 106 Muang Mang 153 Mike Forces 271 Muang Mom 137 military conquest 37 Muang Phong 153, 156 Min 37 Muang Sing district 145 mines 136 Muang Sing reliquary 145 Ming 28 Muang Sing town 57, 131, 133, 145, Ming dynasty 207 232

Muang Wen 156 nationalities 44 Muang Yong 156 Nationalities Affairs Commission 33 Muang Yu 153, 156 nationality autonomous townships 292 Muang Yuan 153 Nationality Park 170 mule caravan 206 native office 38 mules 234 natural resources 52, 67, 140, 250 multi-ethnic 34 naturalized categories 7 multi-ethnic social networks 214 nature reserves 56 multi-lingualism 215 negotiations between France and multinational investors 211 China 287 multinationals 74 Nei Ku Chau detention centre 256 Muong Khuong 239, 242 NEM 128 Muse 57, 87 Nemkan 57 Muslim caravans 226 Nepal 72, 156 Muslim identity 227 Neua 145 Muslims 3, 103, 222, 232 New Economic Mechanism 128 Musur 157 New Economic Zones 259 Myanmar ix, 22, 199 New Religion 222 Ngai 256 N Ngai-ization 264 Naang Khemmaa 146 Nghe An 109 Naang Thoranii 149 NGOs 20, 21 Naga 147 nineteenth century 37 Naipaul 25 Ninth Five-Year Plan 302 Naisbitt 8 nirvana 151 nak bun 156 NLD 23 Nakai Plateau 20 nomadic 108 Nam Ngum 20 nomadism 101 Nam Phu 16 nomads 34 Nam Theun 20 non-Chinese 30 Namhkam ix, 87 non-governmental organizations 20 Nan 104 non-Han 99 Nan Yue 17 36, 46 non-Thai 111, 195 Nanjing 64 Nong Khai 58 Nanning ix, 64 normalization of Sino-Vietnamese Nanning-Kunming Railway 302 relations 239 Nanning-Qingzhou Highway 302 North Korea 4, 72 Nanpanjiang 54 North Vietnam 23 Nanzhao 35, 37, 224 northern Laos 134 Naqshabandi 223 Northern Song 223 narcotics 22, 184 Northern Thai 151 nation-states 12, 126, 208 northern Thailand 134 national border 287 northern Vietnam 109 national identity 303 nouveaux riches 298 National League for Democracy 23 Nu 51 national security 260 Nung 250 national states 51 Nung ethnicity 260 nationalisms 8, 33 Nung Security Platoon 260

O Phami Akha 218 occupational identity 216 pharmaceuticals 67 Office for Special Economic Zones 84 Phong Tho 107 official corruption 1 Phongsaly ix, 57, 110, 163, 208 Ohmae, Kenichi 2, 6, 8 Phra Chiangteum 146 Old Religion 222 Phra Uppakrut 149 open-door policy 94 Phrae 225 opiate 184 Phrao 156 opium 6, 23 Phu Hoa 259 opium trade 207 Phu Noi 162 Opium Wars 104 physical anthropology 270 oppression 34 Pianma 63 oral history 309 piece-goods trading 317 Oudomxay 57, 66, 154 pilgrimage 145 Outong 261 Pilgrims 158 Overseas Chinese 12, 86, 168 Pillar Point open camp 269 Overseas Vietnamese 292 Pingxiang ix, 57, 237 ox traders 209 Pingxiang–Lang Son economic co- operation district 84 P Pingyuan 10 1985 Period 75 pirated goods 91 Pachay revolt 105 Pleiku 257 Pacific Rim 251 Po Hen 239 pacification 42, 198 poaching 60 pacifying 43 Pol Pot 11 Page, Tim 24 Policies Pertaining to the Guangxi- Pak Beng 58, 67, 125, 131 Pingxiang Border Trading Open Pakistan 238 District 85 Pakistani influence 222 political boundaries 2, 31, 72, 211, 254 Pakse 163 Popular Republic of China Constitution Pamir Mountains 28 117 Panthay rebellion 226 population density 52 Panyaa Naak 148 porters 209 Panyaa Tanhai 146, 147 ports 127 paper mills 58 Portuguese 104 Pasuk Phongpaichit 8 Post-Socialist 7, 9 Pathet Lao 110 poverty 323 patriarchal societies 184 Prasenjit Duara 34 Pavie, Auguste 107 PRC 6, 28 PDR 154 primary forests 56 peasants 210 privatization 20, 141 People’s Bank of China 83 proletariat 33 People’s Communes 54 prostitutes 4, 192 People’s Liberation Army 110 prostitution 1, 6 People’s Republic of China (PRC) Protestants 214 5, 6, 28 proto-China 44 petty-traders 267 provincial governments 77, 79 Pham Van Dong 239 Puer 225 Putonghua 265

Q republic 32 Qin 34, 35 Republic of China 6, 258 Qin dynasty 207 republican 33 Qin Shi Huangdi 36 Republican period 290 Qing 208, 31 resettlement 189 qingfei fanba 291 responsibility system 55 Qingzhou 315, 302 restricted zones 260 Qoxiong 99 reunification 258 Quadrangle 123 revival of Islam 228 Quang Ninh 239 rice 22, 174 Quang Ninh Provincial Cultural rice traders 261 Performance Team 285 river ports, 132 Que Do Bank 244 road system 301 Qujing 65 roads 136 robbers 153 R robbery 207 1978 Reform 74 ROC 33 R&R 186 role of women 318 races 30, 32 Rongshui Miao and Luocheng Mulam Raglai 257 Autonomous Counties 272 railroad 226 royalists 110 railways 136 rubber 56, 164 rainforests 56, 66 rubber plantations 56, 165 rape 201 Ruili ix, 15, 57 rare animals 241 Rules and Regulations Pertaining to raw materials 4 Outside Investment by the State re-education 114 Council 76 rebellion 101 rural areas 299 Red Guards 155 rural people 21 Red River 36, 107 rural women 1 Red River Delta 36 Rushdie 25 Reform Era 73 Russia 17 refugee 115 refugee camp 265 S refugee status 256 Sa Buakham 148 regional autonomy 33, 79 Sa Pa 117 regional economic development 297 Sacred Hills 56 regional economies 138 sacred topography 152 Regulation Concerning Criminal Saengthong Photibupbaa 146 Offences Regarding the Hybridization Sai 132 and Sale of Improper Goods 91 Saigon 257 Regulations and Policies Governing salt 134, 219 Yunnan Jiegao Border Trading Salween ix, 207 District 86 Same Big Pot 55 religion 10 same-year organizations 248 Removing Bandits and Overlords 291 San Diu 256 renminbi 252 San Y 256 rental income 172 Sangha 160 repression 185 Sankampaeng 156

Sariputra Thera 147 Sino-Vietnamese War 81 sawmills 63, 132 Sip Song Chau Tai 107, 179 Sayaburi 110, 113 Sip Song Panna 163 Scandinavia 186 Sipsawng Panna 165 school system 175 Sirenfa 42 sea-borne trade 207 slash-and-burn 162 secessionist movements 255 slaves 191 secondary forest 61 SLORC 22 secret societies 32 small traders 23 sedentarization 98 small-scale traders 316 self-determination 33 smuggle 66 semi-nomadic 111 smuggled goods 239 service sector 244 smugglers 197 sex industry 184 smuggling 23 sex tourism 170 Soc Trang 237 sex work 188 social change 15 sex workers 186 Social Darwinism 32 sexual abuse 198 social pollution 72 sexual services 184, 192 social problems 322 sexualization of Dai women 169 socialism 9 sexually transmitted diseases 187 socialist 9, 25 Shan 106 socialist market economy 227 Shan rebel groups 128 soil erosion 113 Shan rebels 142 Son La 107, 109 Shanghai 4, 9, 218 Son of Heaven 40 Shanhai Jing 30 Sondhi Limthongkhul 11 Shanxin 292 Song 35 shaoshu minzu 307 Songhuaba 224 shifting cultivation 52, 55 South China 6, 95 Shiji 31 South China Sea 35 shrines 151 Southeast Asia ii, 2, 6 Shu 37 Southeast Asian 7, 93 Shujing 30 southern China ix Shuncheng Jie 226 southwest China 6, 58, 303 Siamese 107 sovereignty 4, 5, 139 Sichuan 28 Soviet 9 Sichuanese rubber workers 165 Soviet Union 4, 10 Sikkim 72 special economic zones 57, 74 Silver 219 Special Forces 271 Sima Qian 31 sphere of influence 5 Simao ix, 127, 188 Spratly Islands 93 Singapore ii Sri Lanka 156 sinicization 36, 264 Ssu-mao 225 sinicized Yao or Yao-ized Chinese 268 standard of living 249 Sino-Tibetan 100 State Bank of China 244 Sino-Burmese Street 84 State Bank of Vietnam 244 Sino-Vietnamese relations 240 State Council 76 Sino-Vietnamese trade 236 State Council Revised Import and

Export Custom Tax Guidelines Tan Thanh 239 of the People’s Republic of Tang dynasty 206, 222 China 77 Tapp, Nicholas 100 state enterprises 89 tax 78 state farms 164 tax incentives 89 state intervention 138 taxation 3, 78 State Law and Order Restoration Tay 250 Council 22 Tay Bac (Northwest) Autonomous status stratification 209 Region 117 STDs 187 TE 15 Steles 224 tea 208 sticky rice 174 teak 57 stock market 17 telecommunications 250 Su Yongge viii Temporary Policy for Small-Scale subsidy period 238 Trading along the Border subsistence economy 205 Region 77 subsistence farmers 204 Temporary Regulations Governing subversive 17 Border Trade in Yunnan 79 Sufi 223 Tengchong 63 Sufism 222 Teochiu 228 Sui-Tang 34 Thaat Chiangteum 145 Sultan Suleiman 226 Thaat Chiangteum Festival 148 Sun Yat-sen 32 Thaat Luang 149 Sunni 222 Thaat Muang Sing 145 Sunnites 222 Thah Hoa 109 surplus 249 Thai 11 swidden 145 Thai investments in Yunnan 232 swiddeners 108, 110, 115 Thai Muslim 230 swiddening 101 Thai-Lao border 129 Thai-Myanmar border 128 T Thailand ix Tachilek 139, 155, 225 Thailand’s Boom and Bust 8 Tai 37 Thailand’s Boom 8 Tai cattle caravan 206 Thaization 231 Tai chuu 213 Tham Tamnaan Thaat Luang Tai Federation 107 Chiengteum Muang Sing 147 Tai Lue 145 The Chinese World Order: Traditional Tai Mao kingdom 37 China’s Foreign Relations 31 Tai Neua 145 The End of the Nation State 6 Tai Yai 205 The Manager 11 Tai-Meo Autonomous Region 117 Theewabut Luang 148 Taiwan 57 Theravada 151, 177 Taiwanese 67 Third World 19 Taiwanese Christian churches 214 Tho 100, 261 Tak 103 Three Islands of the Kinh 302 Tambiah, S.J. 160 Three Kingdoms 38 Tan Phu district 259 Three Objects of Forestry 55 Tan Qixiang 35 Thuan Hai 257

Tianshun Emperor 41 Tropical Crop Institute 170 Tibet 32 Tru’ng sisters 36 Tibetan Plateau 207 tudi gaige 291 Tibetans 32 Tungaraja 146 Tibeto-Burman 100, 217 Turner, Frederick Jackson 29 Tien Yen 258 tusi 38 Tientsin treaty 107 Tuyen Quang 272 Tiger Economies 2 two breakthroughs 87 timber industry 135 two linkages 87 timber trade 62 tobacco 218 U ton bun 156 U.S. Special Forces 260 tongbao 32 Ubya Akha 215 Tonghai 225, 229 Udomsai 110 Tonkin 103 Ulo Akha 215 Tonkin Gulf 296 uncivilized 38 Top Model Minority Nationality Unexploded Ordnances 189 Village 300 UNHCR 256, 113 totalitarian 17 UNICEF 189 Touby Ly Fong 109 United Nations High Commissioner for tourism 4, 80 Refugees 113, 256 tourist guides 316 United Nations International Children’s tourist industry 175 Emergency Fund 189 tourist trade 171 United States 11, 23, 114 tourist-traders 91 upland minorities 193 tourists 3, 59 uplands 5 township enterprises 15, 238 Upper Mekong 123 Toyota, Mika viii, 4, 6 Upper Yangtze 45 Tra Linh 242 urban areas 313 trade 45, 204 Urdu 228 trade in women 250 Uttaradit 225 trade routes 36, 204 UXOs 189 traders 3, 76 trading networks 4 V trading-posts 127 Vang Pao 110 traffic in girls and women 185 VE 15 trafficking 60, 67 vehicle imports 135 trafficking in women 185 venereal disease 192 Tran Ninh 104, 109 verbal agreements 247 transit 136 Viangphoukha 127, 136 transitional identities 264 Vientiane ix, 3, 12 transnational corporations 14 Vientiane Times 16 transnational identity 286 Viet Minh 106 transportation 84 Viet Tri 245 transvestite cabarets 170 Viet-Hoa Bank 244 travel agencies 233 Vietnam ix, 2, 3, 4, 6 Treaty of Nanking 104 Vietnam War 23, 109, 186 trekking 189 Vietnamese 2 Tribal Research Institute 113 Vietnamese army 289

Vietnamese ethnographers 263 World War II 230 Vietnamese ethnography 263 written contracts 247 Vietnamese Kinh 5 Wuhan 64 Vietnamese nationalism 261 Wumeng 39 Vietnamization 108 Wutau 292, 300 village boundaries 217 village enterprises 15 X Vinh 103 Xanh Y 256 Vinh Phu 245 Xiaguan 225 virginity 193 Xiangkok 133, 142 visas 3 Xiaowan 26 Vo Van Kiet 239 Xicuan 35 Xie Guangmao viii, 6 W Xieng Hong 164 Wa 51 Xieng Khouang 109, 208 Wa states 197 Xieng Tung 146 Wade, Geoff viii Xinjiang 72 Walker, Andrew viii, 5, 6 xiongnu (the Huns) 31 Wan Mohamad Nor Matha 234 Xishuangbanna 3, 162 Wanding 57, 63, 80, 82, 83, 87 Xishuangbanna Autonomous Wang Feng 33 Region 180 Wang Gungwu 30 Xishuangbanna Tai Minority Wang Jingwei 32 Autonomous County Government Wang Shao 45 Encouragement of Outside Wanwei 292 Investment Guidelines 85 Wanwei Golden Beach Tourism Xishuangbanna Tour Vacationland 177 Development Project 299 Xuan Loc 259 Wanwei island 290 war 105 Y warfare 196 Yang Genhua 229 Wat Dornreuang 157 Yangon ix, 126, 128 Wat Luang Paa Fang 146 Yangtze 35 Wei Zhengqing 246 Yangwu 54 Wei Zhenxing 246 Yao 51, 113, 250 Weishan 224 Yao Lue 2 West 13 Yao rebellion 153 West River 36 Yellow River 37 Western Jin 35 Yi (Lolo) 51, 117 Western medicine 234 yi 41 Westerners 105 Ying khon chua 192 wet-rice 145 Yinjiang County 57 White Tai 107, 113 Yoshinobu, Shiba 44 Whitehead 266 Yuan dynasty 34 wildlife 59, 63 Yuan people 151 women 316 Yuan Xinchang 231 women and social change 312 Yue 35 women traders 4 Yue-ization 37 work ethic 176 Yueqiao 292 World Bank 20 Yuezu 292

Yuezu Zizhixiang 293 Yunnanese associations 234 Yugong 30 Yunnanese Muslims 223 Yunjinghong ix Yuxi 225 Yunnan 3, 6 Yunnan Airlines 166 Z Yunnan People’s Government Policies Zhejiang 324 Concerning the Encouragement of Zhou dynasty 30 Outside Investment 80 Zhou Enlai 258 Yunnan People’s Government Zhu Yuanzhang 42, 43 Supplementary Policies Pertaining to Zhuang 51, 94 the Promotion of Border Trading 80 Zhuoxi 55 Yunnan Province Temporary Provisions Zou Rong 32 on Border Trade 166