DOCSLIB.ORG

William Jardine: Architect of the First Opium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
William Jardine: Architect of the First Opium William Jardine: Architect of the First Opium War 107 William Jardine: partner James Matheson, Jardine owned the company that was the largest importer of opium into China, thus supplying the catalyst for Architect of the First Opium War the war. Also, after amassing a large fortune from the opium business, Jardine used his wealth and influence to sway the opinion Benjamin Cassan of both the public and the government towards war. And finally, through meetings and correspondence with Lord Palmerston, Jardine masterminded the military strategy that would be used in a successful campaign against China. He even helped determine some istory often overlooks the first Opium War, which was fought H of the demands that were to be met by the Treaty of Nanking. from 1840-1842.1 Not only did this war mark a major transition in Despite this evidence, some historians maintain that Jardine's role in Chinese history, opening up the isolated empire to foreign markets, the war has been exaggerated. Perhaps this is because they believe but it is also gives insight into the foreign policy of the British the Opium War would have been fought in a similar manner without Empire during the nineteenth century. Most historians who have Jardine's influence, or simply because they overlooked the details of written on the subject, however, focus largely on the controversy his involvement. Whatever the reasons, a close examination of surrounding the opium trade, instead of on the war itself. Some have William Jardine's actions leading up to the first British-Chinese even labeled the British Empire of this period as drug pushers, and Opium War shows that not only has his role been far from blame them for the opium addiction of millions of Chinese. John K. exaggerated, but in fact not has not been emphasized enough. Fairbank, a renowned scholar on the war, referred to the British William Jardine was born in Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, opium trade as, “the most long-continued and systematic Scotland in 1784. Coming from a wealthy family, he was fortunate international crime of modern times.”2 enough to attend Edinburgh Medical School where he studied to be Opinions like these do not look favorably upon the actions a doctor. After he graduated in 1802, he took a job with the British taken by the British Empire, and begs an obvious question: why East India Company as a ship surgeon. Besides adhering to his would the British involve themselves in such a controversial trade, medical duties, Jardine engrossed himself in the trade business. and why would they go to war for it? Historians differ on why Taking advantage of one of the East India Company's policies, Britain went to war in China. Some believe Britain waged war in which allowed its employees to trade in goods for their own profit, China to preserve and expand its trading privileges there. Others Jardine eventually learned the trade business well enough to attain a theorize that the war was a result of the British wishing to defend job as junior partner for several different merchant houses. By 1820, their honor after Lin Zexu, the Imperial Commissioner, destroyed Jardine decided to go into business for himself and settled in 20,000 chests of British opium.3 While each of these theories has an Canton4, committing himself to trade in China. A shrewd element of truth, neither takes into account the role played by the businessman, Jardine indicated how precious his time was by not man who, in a real sense, was the driving force behind the war: having any available chairs in his office for visitors.5 His partner William Jardine, a British opium merchant. First, along with his James Matheson, also a Scot, had entered in to the Canton trade around the same time as Jardine. Both men were staunch supporters 1 The first Opium War was a conflict between the British Empire and the of free trade and wanted the monopoly the East India Company had Qing Empire in China from 1840-1842. The war was fought as a result of the enjoyed over the Eastern market to end. In 1828 the two men joined Chinese officials attempt to suppress the opium trade within their borders. 2 John K. Fairbank, ‘The Creation of the Treaty System’ in John K. Fairbanks, ed. The Cambridge History of China vol. 10 Part 1 (Cambridge University 4 City in southern China that served as the premiere port for Sino- Press, 1992), 213; quoted in John Newsinger, “Britain’s Opium Wars,” Monthly European trade since the early sixteenth century. Many European factories and Review (October 1997): 35. agency houses were built in Canton and served as permanent residences for 3 Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians in the Celestial European merchants. Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced 5 Edgar Holt, The Opium Wars in China (Chester Springs, PA.: Dufour Her Gates Ajar (New York: Norton, 1976), 160. Editions, 1964), 37. 108 Historia William Jardine: Architect of the First Opium War 109 forces, and by 1832 they had founded Jardine & Matheson Co. The an edict demanding that Napier leave Canton for Macao.9 Upon men quickly engaged in the lucrative, though illegal, opium trade and hearing of Napier's dismissal from Canton, William Jardine advised began importing the drug into Canton. In the season of 1820-1821, resistance, believing an open affront to the Crown's representatives 4,224 chests of opium were shipped from India into China. By 1830- was likely to anger the public and sooner bring about military 1831, the year Jardine and Matheson entered into the trade, the total action.10 Jardine even persuaded Napier to write a letter to Lord chests shipped increased to 18,956. Jardine and Matheson alone had Palmerston, the Foreign Secretary requesting, "three or four frigates disposed of more opium than the entire import of 1821 in their first and brigs, with a few steady troops."11 Palmerston ignored his year.6 request, and while in Canton, Napier contracted a very high fever. In 1833, Jardine and Matheson got their wish when the British Listening to doctor’s orders he sailed back to Macao where he died Parliament abolished the East India Company’s monopoly. The only a few days later. After Napier’s death, Jardine, along with following year, 40 percent more tea was shipped to Britain than the eighty-five other merchants, wrote a petition to the newly appointed year before, and as expected the sale of opium continued to soar. king, William IV, demanding that military action be taken in Between 1830 and 1836 the amount of opium chests shipped into response to Napier’s humiliation.12 By the time the petition had India went from 18,956 to 30,302.7 Certainly Jardine and Matheson reached home, the Duke of Wellington had replaced Lord profited considerably from this growing demand for opium. This Palmerston in the Foreign Office. Wellington, somewhat of a huge influx of opium into China, however, did not go unnoticed by pacifist and an isolationist, disregarded the petition and showed no the Chinese Emperor, and in 1836 he issued an edict banning both inclination toward using force in China. Though no military action opium importation and use. That same year the governor of Canton, ever convened in response to “Napier’s fizzle,” as early as 1834 Deng Tingzhen, arraigned nine prominent merchants on drug Jardine’s intentions to push Britain towards a war with China were trafficking charges, William Jardine was among them.8 Jardine simply made clear. ignored the order and went unpunished. A conflict between the John Francis Davis replaced Napier as Chief Superintendent of British merchants and the Chinese government was beginning to trade. This appointment did not last long however, as Davis resigned heat up. Jardine continued adding fuel to the growing crisis with his after only a few months. His resignation most likely had to do with involvement in what came to be known as “Napier’s Fizzle.” the fact that he did not want to deal with British merchants, like To replace the Old Select Committee, which oversaw trade in Jardine, whom he thought were trying to goad Britain into a full- Canton during the East India Company’s monopoly, the British scale war.13 Davis’s replacement, Sir George Robinson, also detested government appointed Lord William John Napier as Chief the British merchants. He even tried to halt the opium trade, and Superintendent of Trade. In 1834 he set out for China with recommended the British stop cultivating the drug in India. For instructions to directly communicate with Chinese officials. Upon what seemed to be a noble effort, Robinson was fired in 1836 and his arrival in Canton, Napier was immediately met with suspicion. replaced with Captain Charles Elliot. Like his predecessors, Elliot When he requested to meet with the Viceroy, Lu Kun, he was told also despised the opium trade but never openly expressed his he could only deal only with the Cohong, a group of Chinese feelings. His only concern was to make sure that the tea, for which merchants who dealt with all foreign traders. This treatment was not the British were trading opium, made it successfully out of China surprising since the Chinese viewed the British as barbarians, and and into Britain. Despite his best efforts to keep the peace and unworthy of directly communicating with high Chinese officials. Lu Kun saw this refusal as a victory over the barbarians, and later issued 9 Small peninsula located on the southern coast of China, colonized by the 6 Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (London: Hutchinson, 1975), 38.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catalogue of the Earl Marshal's Papers at Arundel
    CONTENTS CONTENTS v FOREWORD by Sir Anthony Wagner, K.C.V.O., Garter King of Arms vii PREFACE ix LIST OF REFERENCES xi NUMERICAL KEY xiii COURT OF CHIVALRY Dated Cases 1 Undated Cases 26 Extracts from, or copies of, records relating to the Court; miscellaneous records concerning the Court or its officers 40 EARL MARSHAL Office and Jurisdiction 41 Precedence 48 Deputies 50 Dispute between Thomas, 8th Duke of Norfolk and Henry, Earl of Berkshire, 1719-1725/6 52 Secretaries and Clerks 54 COLLEGE OF ARMS General Administration 55 Commissions, appointments, promotions, suspensions, and deaths of Officers of Arms; applications for appointments as Officers of Arms; lists of Officers; miscellanea relating to Officers of Arms 62 Office of Garter King of Arms 69 Officers of Arms Extraordinary 74 Behaviour of Officers of Arms 75 Insignia and dress 81 Fees 83 Irregularities contrary to the rules of honour and arms 88 ACCESSIONS AND CORONATIONS Coronation of King James II 90 Coronation of King George III 90 Coronation of King George IV 90 Coronation of Queen Victoria 90 Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra 90 Accession and Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary 96 Royal Accession and Coronation Oaths 97 Court of Claims 99 FUNERALS General 102 King George II 102 Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales 102 King George III 102 King William IV 102 William Ewart Gladstone 103 Queen Victoria 103 King Edward VII 104 CEREMONIAL Precedence 106 Court Ceremonial; regulations; appointments; foreign titles and decorations 107 Opening of Parliament
    [Show full text]
  • Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017
    Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 Princeton Model United Nations Conference 2017 The Taiping Rebellion Chair: Nicholas Wu Director: [Name] 1 Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 CONTENTS Letter from the Chair……………………………………………………………… 3 The Taiping Rebellion:.…………………………………………………………. 4 History of the Topic………………………………………………………… 4 Current Status……………………………………………………………….7 Country Policy……………………………………………………………… 9 Keywords…………………………………………………………………...11 Questions for Consideration………………………………………………...12 Positions:.………………………………………………………………………. 14 2 Taiping Rebellion PMUNC 2017 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear Delegates, Welcome to PMUNC 2017! This will be my fourth and final PMUNC. My name is Nicholas Wu, and I’m a senior in the Woodrow Wilson School, pursuing certificates in American Studies and East Asian Studies. It’s my honor to chair this year’s crisis committee on the Taiping Rebellion. It’s a conflict that fascinates me. The Taiping Rebellion was the largest civil war in human history, but it barely receives any attention in your standard world history class. Which is a shame — it’s a multilayered conflict. There are ethnic, economic, and religious issues at play, as well as significant foreign involvement. I hope that you all find it as interesting as I do. On campus, I’m currently figuring out how to write my thesis, and I’m pretty sure that I’m going to be researching the implementation of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). I’m also involved with the International Relations Council, the Daily Princetonian, the Asian American Students Association, and Princeton Advocates for Justice. I also enjoy cooking. Best of luck at the conference! Please don’t hesitate to reach out if you have any questions. You can email me anytime at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Opium War, 1839–1842
    Chapter 8 The Opium War, 1839–1842 At the end of the great opium debate, the Daoguang Emperor appointed the morally-upright Lin Zexu (1785–1850) as imperial commissioner to sup- press the opium trade. Lin arrived in Canton in March 1839. Within months, Commissioner Lin arrested thousands of opium smokers, destroyed tens of thousands of opium pipes, and confiscated large stockpiles of opium from Chinese smugglers. His foremost concern, however, was to force the British firms to surrender their supplies and sign a bond guaranteeing never to deal in opium again. When the British traders refused, Lin ordered soldiers to sur- round the Thirteen Factories, where the British and other foreigners lived, and demanded the opium. To the surprise of everyone, Superintendent of Trade Charles Elliott promised the traders that the British crown would indemnify them for their losses; within weeks they surrendered more than 20,000 chests, weighing approximately 2.6 million pounds, with a value of some £2 million. The British refused to sign the bond, however. Minor military clashes followed shortly thereafter, in September and November, that started what became known as the Opium War. There are many scholarly debates about the origins of the Opium War. Was it the culmination of a cultural clash between China and the West because of the incompatibility of their different systems of international relations? Was it a moral and economic crusade by the Qing government to end the “great scourge” of opium and relieve the financial pressure on the population from the “silver famine”? Was it a war to secure free trade for British merchants? A war to defend the honor and prestige of the British flag? The answer to this question depends in large part on the perspective being adopted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evil Trade That Opened China to the West
    CHARM 2007 The Evil Trade that Opened China to the West Shirley Ye Sheng, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA Eric H. Shaw, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA CHINA’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE This paper examines the effects of the Opium Wars on the opening of trade with China during the mid 1800s. Also Having risen to the heights of a great civilization, examined are the economic, social and political believing her self the celestial center of the earth—the consequences of these wars. The lessons learned from the Middle Kingdom—with nothing to learn from foreigners, opium trade still shapes China’s world view and dealings China went into a self imposed isolation. This false sense of with the West. superiority was shattered by the Opium Wars of the nineteenth century, started by foreigners under the guise of trade who were anxious to steal the fabled riches of the INTRODUCTION Orient. These wars exposed China’s weak social, economic and political structures. The humiliation suffered in losing the Opium Wars forced China to learn from the West. Until the opium Wars, most Chinese believed that Subsequently, China has moved from a peasant economy to heaven was round and produced a circular projection on a a brief bout with capitalism in the early twentieth century, to square Earth. This circular projection on earth was China. political and economic communism at mid-century, to its Outside the circle, other countries made up the corners of current state—a mixed communist polity and capitalist square earth. People living in these foreign countries at the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic History Research Opium After the Manila Galleon
    Documento descargado de http://zl.elsevier.es el 01/10/2014. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato. Investigaciones de Historia Económica - Economic History Research 10 (2014) 155–164 Investigaciones de Historia Económica - Economic History Research www.elsevier.es/ihe Article Opium after the Manila Galleon: The Spanish involvement in the ଝ opium economy in East Asia (1815-1830) Ander Permanyer-Ugartemendia Institut Universitari d’Història Jaume Vicens i Vives, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain a b a r s t r a c t t i c l e i n f o Article history: This paper identifies the Spaniards’ involvement in the opium trade in China at the beginning of the 19th Received 20 March 2014 century. Several sources have been consulted, mainly the Jardine Matheson Archive at the University of Accepted 1 July 2014 Cambridge and the Archivo General de Indias in Seville. These activities took place from the end of the Available online 6 August 2014 Manila Galleon until 1830, and were undertaken by some employees of the Spanish Royal Philippine Company in Calcutta and Canton in their private businesses. These houses collaborated closely with the JEL classification: British firms during the opium boom, and Manila private financial support was provided. Thus, Spaniards N45 undoubtedly made a fundamental contribution during a key stage of development of the opium economy N75 and evolution of modern Chinese history, being a precedent of what became the prestigious British N76 N85 company Jardine, Matheson & Co. © 2014 Asociación Espanola˜ de Historia Económica.
    [Show full text]
  • Voyages & Travel
    VOYAGES & TRAVEL CATALOGUE 1485 MAGGS BROS. LTD. atalogue is a selection of fty or so travel items to celebrate the rm’s moving Cinto its new premises at Bedford Square. In recent times we have structured travel catalogues by region, but here we hark back to some of the early, great Maggs catalogues and have ordered the items chronologically. We have tried to represent each area of the globe, from the discoveries in both poles, the Far East, the Middle East, the Paci c and the Americas. Among Cover image: item 25; Company School the highlights, are the two early manuscript leaves documenting Marco Polo’s travels to China and, particularly, Tibet. ere is a stunning mid-eighteenth MAGGS BROS. LTD. 48 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DR century view of Rio de Janeiro by the Baron de Breteuil, Telephone: ++ () a signi cant album of Indian watercolours executed by Facsimile: ++ () Company School artists, and a vast trove of manuscript Email: [email protected] and photographic material assembled by Charles Tennant for his landmark work on Ceylon. e Arctic is represented by the likes of Arthur Dobbs and John Rae while the Antarctic includes a rare copy of James Weddell’s Observations… and two of Herbert Ponting’s beautiful photographs. We look forward to welcoming you to the new shop as we commence the next phase of our history. © Maggs Bros. Ltd. 2017 Design by Radius Graphics Printed and Bound by The Gomer Press, Ceredigion An Original 14th Century Manuscript of an Important Section of Marco Polo’s Travels POLO (Marco). [Two original th century manuscript leaves, on vellum, containing the text of seven chapters of Marco Polo’s landmark description of his travels to Asia, including his description of Tibet].
    [Show full text]
  • The Smith Family…
    BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY PROVO. UTAH Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Brigham Young University http://www.archive.org/details/smithfamilybeingOOread ^5 .9* THE SMITH FAMILY BEING A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF MOST BRANCHES OF THE NAME—HOWEVER SPELT—FROM THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY DOWNWARDS, WITH NUMEROUS PEDIGREES NOW PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME COMPTON READE, M.A. MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD \ RECTOR OP KZNCHESTER AND VICAR Or BRIDGE 50LLARS. AUTHOR OP "A RECORD OP THE REDEt," " UH8RA CCELI, " CHARLES READS, D.C.L. I A MEMOIR," ETC ETC *w POPULAR EDITION LONDON ELLIOT STOCK 62 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1904 OLD 8. LEE LIBRARY 6KIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY PROVO UTAH TO GEORGE W. MARSHALL, ESQ., LL.D. ROUGE CROIX PURSUIVANT-AT-ARM3, LORD OF THE MANOR AND PATRON OP SARNESFIELD, THE ABLEST AND MOST COURTEOUS OP LIVING GENEALOGISTS WITH THE CORDIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OP THE COMPILER CONTENTS CHAPTER I. MEDLEVAL SMITHS 1 II. THE HERALDS' VISITATIONS 9 III. THE ELKINGTON LINE . 46 IV. THE WEST COUNTRY SMITHS—THE SMITH- MARRIOTTS, BARTS 53 V. THE CARRINGTONS AND CARINGTONS—EARL CARRINGTON — LORD PAUNCEFOTE — SMYTHES, BARTS. —BROMLEYS, BARTS., ETC 66 96 VI. ENGLISH PEDIGREES . vii. English pedigrees—continued 123 VIII. SCOTTISH PEDIGREES 176 IX IRISH PEDIGREES 182 X. CELEBRITIES OF THE NAME 200 265 INDEX (1) TO PEDIGREES .... INDEX (2) OF PRINCIPAL NAMES AND PLACES 268 PREFACE I lay claim to be the first to produce a popular work of genealogy. By "popular" I mean one that rises superior to the limits of class or caste, and presents the lineage of the fanner or trades- man side by side with that of the nobleman or squire.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881
    China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century
    Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Wong, John. 2012. Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9282867 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – John D. Wong All rights reserved. Professor Michael Szonyi John D. Wong Global Positioning: Houqua and his China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century Abstract This study unearths the lost world of early-nineteenth-century Canton. Known today as Guangzhou, this Chinese city witnessed the economic dynamism of global commerce until the demise of the Canton System in 1842. Records of its commercial vitality and global interactions faded only because we have allowed our image of old Canton to be clouded by China’s weakness beginning in the mid-1800s. By reviving this story of economic vibrancy, I restore the historical contingency at the juncture at which global commercial equilibrium unraveled with the collapse of the Canton system, and reshape our understanding of China’s subsequent economic experience. I explore this story of the China trade that helped shape the modern world through the lens of a single prominent merchant house and its leading figure, Wu Bingjian, known to the West by his trading name of Houqua.
    [Show full text]
  • The H Story Ofa Bank No House Smith, Payne and Smlths
    TH E H STO RY OF A BAN K N O H O U S E M ITH PAYN E AN D SM lTHS . (S , ) H A Y T CK A TO RR U ER E S N , ‘ sss s sa t ns tz tu te o k s t/I : l f B an er . LO N DON PRINT E D A N D PUBLIS H E D B Y B LA DE S E AS T B LA DE , S , 2 ABC URC LANE 3 , H H , B LADE S E AS T B LADE S , , Printers , AB H UR AN E N D N 2 C C E . C . 3 , H L , LO O , C ON T E N T S . P A GE INTRODUCTION FAMILY H ISTOR Y N OTTINGHAM LINCOLN H ULL A N D DERB Y M ESSRS SMIT PAY NE SMIT S . H , H LONDON PREMISES GOV ERNMENT LOANS N OTE ISSUES LONDON CLEARING H OUSE CONCLUSIO N GE N EALO GICAL TREE I N DE! LIST OF SU B SCRI B ERS LIS T OF ILLUSTRATIONS . PAGE O B 1 : L M ARD STREET, 7 5 A B EL SMITH OF N OTTINGHAM B FO I OF M . P Y A EL SMITH , UNDER ESSRS SM TH , A NE SMITHS HULL B ANK OB F O C O R ERT SMITH , IRST L RD ARRINGT N SAMUEL SMITH OF WOODHALL PARK B M . P A EL SMITH , . J OHN A B EL SMITH SCENE IN THE H OUSE OF COMMONS MARTIN TUCKER SMITH OSWALD AUGUSTUS SMITH DUDLEY ROB ERT SMITH O B OLD P N TTINGHAM ANK, REMISES O B W B N TTINGHAM ANK , NE UILDING MANSFIELD B ANK LIN COLN B ANK V A .
    [Show full text]
  • William Jardine (Merchant) from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    William Jardine (merchant) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other people with the same name see "William Jardine" (disambiguation) William Jardine (24 February 1784 – 27 February 1843) was a Scottish physician and merchant. He co-founded the Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine, Matheson and Company. From 1841 to 1843, he was Member of Parliament for Ashburton as a Whig. Educated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Jardine obtained a diploma from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1802. In the same year, he became a surgeon's mate aboard the Brunswick of the East India Company, bound for India. Captured by the French and shipwrecked in 1805, he was repatriated and returned to the East India Company's service as ship's surgeon. In May 1817, he left medicine for commerce.[1] Jardine was a resident in China from 1820 to 1839. His early success in Engraving by Thomas Goff Lupton Canton as a commercial agent for opium merchants in India led to his admission in 1825 as a partner of Magniac & Co., and by 1826 he was controlling that firm's Canton operations. James Matheson joined him shortly after, and Magniac & Co. was reconstituted as Jardine, Matheson & Co in 1832. After Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu confiscated 20,000 cases of British-owned opium in 1839, Jardine arrived in London in September, and pressed Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston for a forceful response.[1] Contents 1 Early life 2 Jardine, Matheson and Co. 3 Departure from China and breakdown of relations 4 War and the Chinese surrender Portrait by George Chinnery, 1820s 5 Death and legacy 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life Jardine, one of five children, was born in 1784 on a small farm near Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, Scotland.[2] His father, Andrew Jardine, died when he was nine, leading the family in some economic difficulty.
    [Show full text]