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The Map Is Based on the Following Data Organized Chronologically and Geographically The map is based on the following data organized chronologically and geographically Table 1: data concerning the slave trade in the medieval Mediterranean 8th-11th c. Western Europe Central Europe Italy-Adriatic Sea Syria-Palestine- Byzantium Balkans Caucasus-Black Iraq-Iran Egypt Sea-Russia 7th –8th c.: the 712: first Rhodian Sea Law kommerkiarioi, 729: Itil, first (mentions of attested in evidences 776: letter from trafficked slaves) Thessalonica 740: documents 762: Abbassids Pope Hadrian I to 728: last known (including of slaves) attesting Jews settle in Charlemagne sigillographical among the Baghdad regarding the mention of Khazars slave trade apothēkai 801: Irene lowers 8th c.: Abydikoi taxes (responsible of 812/814: the 809: Nicephorus I import taxes) of Franks leave the taxes slaves Thessalonica Adriatic Sea entering by the attested 822–852: al- 814–820: 824: Arab Dodecanese Ghazāl on the Byzantino- conquest of Crete Spain-Baltic Venetian edict routes against trade 833–844: Arab 841: the thema of 846: first 825: privileges with the Arabs raids in Sicily and 831–833: new Kherson version of granted by Louis 831: Arab Peloponnesus; kommerkiarioi mid-ninth Kitāb al- the Pious to a conquest of Byzantine raids century: Masālik wa’l- Jewish merchant Palermo in Syria 860: the Serbs pay -Life of George of mamālik, by of Sargossa 830–860: Arab their tribute to the Amastris (tax in Ibn 846: Agobard of raids in southern Bulgars in slaves Trebizond). Ḵhurradāḏhbih Lyons writes Italy 864: - Rus’ merchants : references to against the Christianization of in the Radhanites Jewish slave 872/875: the Boris of Bulgaria Constantinople traders Arabs in 860/1: Christian Dalmatia, a mission in Russia Byzantine- 867–886: coins of 874: Samanids Venetian Basil I in Rus’ settle in operation Bukhara 876: Venetian 893: transfer of 895: coins of Leo edict against the Bulgar commerce VI and Samanid slave trade from coins in Kiev 878: Arab Constantinople to conquest of Thessalonica Syracuse 1 Western Europe Central Europe Italy-Adriatic Syria-Palestine- Byzantium Balkans Caucasus-Black Iraq-Iran Sea Egypt Sea-Russia 10th c.: Responsa 903/906: 904: sack of of the geonim Raffelstetten Thessalonica concerning Customs Muhammad Ibn Jewish Regulations ‘Umar, Faḳīh 906: Moravian and 907/911: merchants 906: Moravian 911/912: Book of Rus’ slave traders Byzantino-Rus’ between France and Russian 911/912: the Prefect in Byzantium commercial and Spain slave trade in Byzantine-Russian 913–959: treaties Byzantium expedition in Crete Constantine VII, De 912: Rus’ administrando participate in the imperio Byzantine attack 922: Ibn Faḍlān, 945: Venetian on Crete envoy to the edict against Rus’ river slave Bulgars of the slave trade trafficking Volga: route 960: 944: Byzantine- from Baghdad prohibition on 961: Hungarian Russian to the Caspian 960: Abraham Venetian ships Jewish traders in commercial and Sea Iakobi, Jewish transporting 964/5: conquest of Russia military treaty slave trader in Jewish slave Crete and Cyprus 957: Olga’s Prague traders (Nicephorus II) journey to 961: Hungarian Constantinople 968: Liutprand of Jewish traders 968: Liutprand 969/970: treaty of 968: Byzantino- Cremona writes in Russia of Cremona: Aleppo Rus’ victory over about castration Byzantine the Bulgars of slaves in customs in 969: Rus’ destroy Verdun (prob. on Corfu Itil the Doubs), 971: edict destined to Spain against 971: Byzantine Venetian victory over the weapons trade Rus’ and Bulgars 988: Kitāb Ṣūrat with the Arabs 988: al-arḍ, by Ibn Christianization Ḥawḳal 992: Byzantine of Vladimir 999: the privileges in 989: Kherson destruction of Venice at the under Rus’ the kingdom of customs of control the Samanids Abydos 1082: Chrysobull of Ibn Buṭlān, a Alexius mid-11th Comnenus to description of the Venetians the slave 1090: taxes on markets in the Jewish Cairo (Greek traders of and Armenian Salerno slaves) 2 Table 2: prices of slaves in the eastern Mediterranean regions 9th-11th c.1 (nom. = nomisma, the Byzantine gold coin2) Date Milieu The merchandized person Price Reference 9th c. Constantinople Tax on one slave 2 nom. Theoph. Conf., A.M. 6302 3 9th c. Constantinople Slave 10 nom. Proch. Nom. 14.54 11th c. Constantinople Price of a slave 20 nom. Peira, Zepos Jus Graecoromanum, vol.4, p. 83-84 1050 Asia Minor Price of a slave, murderer, sold to a bishop 24 nom. Rallēs-Potlēs, vol. 5, pp. 48-49 (=Grumel, no. 887)5 873 Egypt woman slave (her “vices” are indicated) 12.5 dinar Râgîb, I6 875 Egypt woman slave, “yellow”/(‘white’) house born 30 dinar Râgîb, II 893 Egypt woman slave, “yellow”/(‘white’), Berber, (her “vices” are 14 dinar Râgîb, III indicated) 895 Egypt woman slave, her daughter and grandson 10 1/6 Râgîb, IV dinar 896 Egypt woman slave, “black” 14 dinar Râgîb, V 922-923 Egypt woman slave, “black” 16.5 dinar Râgîb, VI 966 Egypt woman slave, Nubian 15 dinar Râgîb, VII. 977 Egypt woman slave, Garamante 25 dinar Râgîb, VIII 983 Egypt woman slave, Nubian 13 dinar Râgîb, IX 994 Egypt woman slave, Nubian, her daughter and grandson, bought 40 dinar Râgîb, X-XI and sold 49 dinar 10th-12th c. Egypt average price of a woman slave 20 dinar Diverse Geniza documents7 995 Egypt woman slave, “Rumiyya” (byzantine) Estimated Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 138, at 80 dinar8 433, note 45 11th c. Egypt woman slave Estimated Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 139, at 40 dinar 434, n 64 ca. 1070 Egypt woman slave, Soudan Estimated Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 137, at 30 dinar 433, n 38 1084-1108 Egypt women slaves, Nubian 15-20 dinar Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 137, 433, n 39 1094 Egypt woman slave and her daughter, Nubian 28 dinar Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 137, 433, n 40 1105 the same woman without her daughter 20 dinar 3 Date Milieu The merchandized person Price Reference 11th c. Egypt woman slave, Byzantine and Christian (mentioned in 20 dinar Geniza: T.-S. 139 comparison to other slaves) (zehuvim) 969 Syria value of a refugee, man 30 dinar The Aleppo treaty10 value of a refugee, woman 20 dinar value of a refugee, child 15 dinar Table 3: ransom prices of captives in the eastern Mediterranean regions 9th-11th c.11 Date Milieu The captive Price Reference 1010 Thessaly A land sale for the ransoming of the owner’s son, 15 nom. Acts of Iviron I, 1612 kidnapped by Muslim pirates 11e c. Egypt 3 captives, mostly men 100 dinar Diverse Geniza documents13 (zehuvim) 11e c. Egypt Jewish woman 24 dinar Geniza: MS. Adler 280414 (zehuvim) +tax 11e c. Egypt 200 persons (=25 dinar per person). 5000 dinar Geniza: T.-S. Loan 28, fol. 115 806 Cyprus Bishop 2000 dinar Al-Tabarî16 998 Antioch the son of the doux Dalassenos 6000 dinar Ibn al-Qalânisî,17 1014 Alep Mansûr bin Lulu, the Fatimid governor of Aleppo 50,000 Ibn al-‘Adîm18 dinar 1032 Antioch exarch 500 dinar Yahyâ ibn Sa‘id al-Antakî19 1066 Edessa the doux of the city 20,000 Bar Hebraeus20 dinar 10th c. Palestine 3 persons kidnapped by the Byzantines 100 dinar Al-Muqaddasî21 10th c. Ifriqiya 3 monks kidnapped from the Peloponnesus 100 nom. The spiritually beneficial tales of Paul, Bishop of Monembasia22 11th c. Ifriqiya 3 persons kidnapped and brought to Ifriqiya 100 nom. Life of Nil of Rossano23 925 Apulia governor 5,000 dinar Al-Bayân e‘Arîb, I, p. 19524 11th c. Sicily 3 persons kidnapped and brought to the emir of Palermo 100 nom. Life of Nil of Rossano25 4 Table 4: prices and salaries in the eastern Mediterranean regions 9th-11th c.26 Type of merchandise / salary Price in Byzantium (in nomisma) Price in Egypt (in dinar) Slaves: man 20-25 33 woman - 15-25 child - 15 Livestock: horse 12+ 10-16 donkey - 2-5 cow 3+ - Real estate: city house - 120-210 (rich house in Cairo/Alexandria) country house 504 (mansion in Ierissos, Chalkidiki) 2-11 ( small house in the countryside) 20 (house in Taranto) 2-3 (annual rent of a country house) shop 6-10 (shop price in Constantinople)27 1.5 (annual rent of a shop) Wheat, price of 1kg , regular price 0.0065 nom (modios thalassioa = 1/12 nom., 0.00913 dinar (waiba = 1/9 dinar, 1 litter 1liter = 0.005 nom)28 = 0.007 dinar)30 Wheat, price of 1kg, in economic 0.0394 nom (modios thalassios = 1/2 nom., 0.014-0.06+ dinar (tillis = 0.96-4+ dinar, crisis 1litter = 0.029 nom.) equal to 600%+ of the 1litter = 0.01-0.0456+dinar) , equal to regular price29 50%-600%+ of the regular price31 Salary, month wages 32 : day worker, private sector 0.25-1 nom. per month (3-8 folles per day)33 0.8-6 dinar per month (1-7 dirham)35 day worker, public sector - 1-1.3 dinar per month civil servant 1.66-2.5 nom. per month (20-30+ nom. per 2-7 dinar per month dignitary year) 70-180 dinar per month 30-60 nom. per month (360-720 nom. per vizir: 5000 dinar per month year)34 chef of thema: 233.33 nom. per month (2880 nom. per year) Table 5: the value of slaves in merchandise and salary Type of The value of a slave man in The value of a slave man in The value of a slave woman in merchandise/salary Byzantium (=20-25 nom.) Egypt (=33 dinar) Egypt (=15-25 dinar) Livestock 1.5-2 horses 2-3 horses 1.5-2 horses Real estate 1-1.25 house in Taranto 3-16 small country houses 1.5-12 small country houses 2-4 shops in Constantinople shop rent for 22 years shop rent for 10-16.6 years Wheat (regular price) 3072-3840 kg (=240-300 3614 kg (=297 waibat) 1642-2738 kg (=135-225 waibat ) modioi thalasioi ) Salaries of: day worker, private sector 20-100 months wage 5.5-41 months wage 2.5-31.25 months wage civil servant 8-15 months wage 4.7-16 months wage 2-13.5 months wage high dignitary 1/3-1 months wage 0.18-2 months wage 0.083-0.36 months wage 5 1 Based on the following studies as well as my own findings: Y.
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