The Map Is Based on the Following Data Organized Chronologically and Geographically

The map is based on the following data organized chronologically and geographically

Table 1: data concerning the slave trade in the medieval Mediterranean 8th-11th c.

Western Europe Central Europe Italy-Adriatic Sea Syria-Palestine- Byzantium Balkans Caucasus-Black Iraq-Iran Egypt Sea-Russia

7th –8th c.: the 712: first Rhodian Sea Law kommerkiarioi, 729: Itil, first (mentions of attested in evidences 776: letter from trafficked slaves) Thessalonica 740: documents 762: Abbassids Pope Hadrian I to 728: last known (including of slaves) attesting Jews settle in Charlemagne sigillographical among the Baghdad regarding the mention of Khazars slave trade apothēkai

801: Irene lowers 8th c.: Abydikoi taxes (responsible of 812/814: the 809: Nicephorus I import taxes) of Franks leave the taxes slaves Thessalonica Adriatic Sea entering by the attested 822–852: al- 814–820: 824: Arab Dodecanese Ghazāl on the Byzantino- conquest of Crete Spain-Baltic Venetian edict routes against trade 833–844: Arab 841: the thema of 846: first 825: privileges with the Arabs raids in Sicily and 831–833: new Kherson version of granted by Louis 831: Arab Peloponnesus; kommerkiarioi mid-ninth Kitāb al- the Pious to a conquest of Byzantine raids century: Masālik wa’l- Jewish merchant Palermo in Syria 860: the Serbs pay -Life of George of mamālik, by of Sargossa 830–860: Arab their tribute to the Amastris (tax in Ibn 846: Agobard of raids in southern Bulgars in slaves Trebizond). Ḵhurradāḏhbih Lyons writes Italy 864: - Rus’ merchants : references to against the Christianization of in the Radhanites Jewish slave 872/875: the Boris of Bulgaria Constantinople traders Arabs in 860/1: Christian Dalmatia, a mission in Russia Byzantine- 867–886: coins of 874: Samanids Venetian Basil I in Rus’ settle in operation Bukhara 876: Venetian 893: transfer of 895: coins of Leo edict against the Bulgar commerce VI and Samanid slave trade from coins in Kiev 878: Arab Constantinople to conquest of Thessalonica Syracuse

Western Europe Central Europe Italy-Adriatic Syria-Palestine- Byzantium Balkans Caucasus-Black Iraq-Iran Sea Egypt Sea-Russia

10th c.: Responsa 903/906: 904: sack of of the geonim Raffelstetten Thessalonica concerning Customs Muhammad Ibn Jewish Regulations ‘Umar, Faḳīh 906: Moravian and 907/911: merchants 906: Moravian 911/912: Book of Rus’ slave traders Byzantino-Rus’ between France and Russian 911/912: the Prefect in Byzantium commercial and Spain slave trade in Byzantine-Russian 913–959: treaties Byzantium expedition in Crete Constantine VII, De 912: Rus’ administrando participate in the imperio Byzantine attack 922: Ibn Faḍlān, 945: Venetian on Crete envoy to the edict against Rus’ river slave Bulgars of the slave trade trafficking Volga: route 960: 944: Byzantine- from Baghdad prohibition on 961: Hungarian Russian to the Caspian 960: Abraham Venetian ships Jewish traders in commercial and Sea Iakobi, Jewish transporting 964/5: conquest of Russia military treaty slave trader in Jewish slave Crete and Cyprus 957: Olga’s Prague traders (Nicephorus II) journey to 961: Hungarian Constantinople 968: Liutprand of Jewish traders 968: Liutprand 969/970: treaty of 968: Byzantino- Cremona writes in Russia of Cremona: Aleppo Rus’ victory over about castration Byzantine the Bulgars of slaves in customs in 969: Rus’ destroy Verdun (prob. on Corfu Itil the Doubs), 971: edict destined to Spain against 971: Byzantine Venetian victory over the weapons trade Rus’ and Bulgars 988: Kitāb Ṣūrat with the Arabs 988: al-arḍ, by Ibn Christianization Ḥawḳal 992: Byzantine of Vladimir 999: the privileges in 989: Kherson destruction of Venice at the under Rus’ the kingdom of customs of control the Samanids Abydos

1082: Chrysobull of Ibn Buṭlān, a Alexius mid-11th Comnenus to description of the Venetians the slave 1090: taxes on markets in the Jewish Cairo (Greek traders of and Armenian Salerno slaves) 2

Table 2: prices of slaves in the eastern Mediterranean regions 9th-11th c.1

(nom. = nomisma, the Byzantine gold coin2)

Date Milieu The merchandized person Price Reference

9th c. Constantinople Tax on one slave 2 nom. Theoph. Conf., A.M. 6302 3

9th c. Constantinople Slave 10 nom. Proch. Nom. 14.54

11th c. Constantinople Price of a slave 20 nom. Peira, Zepos Jus Graecoromanum, vol.4, p. 83-84

1050 Asia Minor Price of a slave, murderer, sold to a bishop 24 nom. Rallēs-Potlēs, vol. 5, pp. 48-49 (=Grumel, no. 887)5

873 Egypt woman slave (her “vices” are indicated) 12.5 dinar Râgîb, I6

875 Egypt woman slave, “yellow”/(‘white’) house born 30 dinar Râgîb, II

893 Egypt woman slave, “yellow”/(‘white’), Berber, (her “vices” are 14 dinar Râgîb, III indicated)

895 Egypt woman slave, her daughter and grandson 10 1/6 Râgîb, IV dinar

896 Egypt woman slave, “black” 14 dinar Râgîb, V

922-923 Egypt woman slave, “black” 16.5 dinar Râgîb, VI

966 Egypt woman slave, Nubian 15 dinar Râgîb, VII.

977 Egypt woman slave, Garamante 25 dinar Râgîb, VIII

983 Egypt woman slave, Nubian 13 dinar Râgîb, IX

994 Egypt woman slave, Nubian, her daughter and grandson, bought 40 dinar Râgîb, X-XI and sold 49 dinar

10th-12th c. Egypt average price of a woman slave 20 dinar Diverse Geniza documents7

995 Egypt woman slave, “Rumiyya” (byzantine) Estimated Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 138, at 80 dinar8 433, note 45

11th c. Egypt woman slave Estimated Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 139, at 40 dinar 434, n 64 ca. 1070 Egypt woman slave, Soudan Estimated Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 137, at 30 dinar 433, n 38

1084-1108 Egypt women slaves, Nubian 15-20 dinar Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 137, 433, n 39

1094 Egypt woman slave and her daughter, Nubian 28 dinar Goitein, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 137, 433, n 40 1105 the same woman without her daughter 20 dinar

3 Date Milieu The merchandized person Price Reference

11th c. Egypt woman slave, Byzantine and Christian (mentioned in 20 dinar Geniza: T.-S. 139 comparison to other slaves) (zehuvim)

969 Syria value of a refugee, man 30 dinar The Aleppo treaty10

value of a refugee, woman 20 dinar

value of a refugee, child 15 dinar

Table 3: ransom prices of captives in the eastern Mediterranean regions 9th-11th c.11

Date Milieu The captive Price Reference

1010 Thessaly A land sale for the ransoming of the owner’s son, 15 nom. Acts of Iviron I, 1612 kidnapped by Muslim pirates

11e c. Egypt 3 captives, mostly men 100 dinar Diverse Geniza documents13 (zehuvim)

11e c. Egypt Jewish woman 24 dinar Geniza: MS. Adler 280414 (zehuvim) +tax

11e c. Egypt 200 persons (=25 dinar per person). 5000 dinar Geniza: T.-S. Loan 28, fol. 115

806 Cyprus Bishop 2000 dinar Al-Tabarî16

998 Antioch the son of the doux Dalassenos 6000 dinar Ibn al-Qalânisî,17

1014 Alep Mansûr bin Lulu, the Fatimid governor of Aleppo 50,000 Ibn al-‘Adîm18 dinar

1032 Antioch exarch 500 dinar Yahyâ ibn Sa‘id al-Antakî19

1066 Edessa the doux of the city 20,000 Bar Hebraeus20 dinar

10th c. Palestine 3 persons kidnapped by the Byzantines 100 dinar Al-Muqaddasî21

10th c. Ifriqiya 3 monks kidnapped from the Peloponnesus 100 nom. The spiritually beneficial tales of Paul, Bishop of Monembasia22

11th c. Ifriqiya 3 persons kidnapped and brought to Ifriqiya 100 nom. Life of Nil of Rossano23

925 Apulia governor 5,000 dinar Al-Bayân e‘Arîb, I, p. 19524

11th c. Sicily 3 persons kidnapped and brought to the emir of Palermo 100 nom. Life of Nil of Rossano25

4 Table 4: prices and salaries in the eastern Mediterranean regions 9th-11th c.26

Type of merchandise / salary Price in Byzantium (in nomisma) Price in Egypt (in dinar) Slaves: man 20-25 33 woman - 15-25 child - 15 Livestock: horse 12+ 10-16 donkey - 2-5 cow 3+ - Real estate: city house - 120-210 (rich house in Cairo/Alexandria) country house 504 (mansion in Ierissos, Chalkidiki) 2-11 ( small house in the countryside) 20 (house in Taranto) 2-3 (annual rent of a country house) shop 6-10 (shop price in Constantinople)27 1.5 (annual rent of a shop)

Wheat, price of 1kg , regular price 0.0065 nom (modios thalassioa = 1/12 nom., 0.00913 dinar (waiba = 1/9 dinar, 1 litter 1liter = 0.005 nom)28 = 0.007 dinar)30

Wheat, price of 1kg, in economic 0.0394 nom (modios thalassios = 1/2 nom., 0.014-0.06+ dinar (tillis = 0.96-4+ dinar, crisis 1litter = 0.029 nom.) equal to 600%+ of the 1litter = 0.01-0.0456+dinar) , equal to regular price29 50%-600%+ of the regular price31

Salary, month wages 32 : day worker, private sector 0.25-1 nom. per month (3-8 folles per day)33 0.8-6 dinar per month (1-7 dirham)35 day worker, public sector - 1-1.3 dinar per month

civil servant 1.66-2.5 nom. per month (20-30+ nom. per 2-7 dinar per month dignitary year) 70-180 dinar per month 30-60 nom. per month (360-720 nom. per vizir: 5000 dinar per month

year)34 chef of thema: 233.33 nom. per month (2880 nom. per year)

Table 5: the value of slaves in merchandise and salary

Type of The value of a slave man in The value of a slave man in The value of a slave woman in merchandise/salary Byzantium (=20-25 nom.) Egypt (=33 dinar) Egypt (=15-25 dinar)

Livestock 1.5-2 horses 2-3 horses 1.5-2 horses

Real estate 1-1.25 house in Taranto 3-16 small country houses 1.5-12 small country houses

2-4 shops in Constantinople shop rent for 22 years shop rent for 10-16.6 years

Wheat (regular price) 3072-3840 kg (=240-300 3614 kg (=297 waibat) 1642-2738 kg (=135-225 waibat ) modioi thalasioi )

Salaries of:

day worker, private sector 20-100 months wage 5.5-41 months wage 2.5-31.25 months wage

civil servant 8-15 months wage 4.7-16 months wage 2-13.5 months wage

high dignitary 1/3-1 months wage 0.18-2 months wage 0.083-0.36 months wage

1 Based on the following studies as well as my own findings: Y. RÂGÎB, Actes de vente d’esclaves et d’animaux d’Egypte médiévale, 2 vols. (Cairo, 2002-2006); E. ASHTOR, Histoire des prix et des salaires dans l’Orient médiéval (Paris, 1969); J.-CL. CHEYNET, E. MALAMUT, C. MORRISON, “Prix et salaires à Byzance (Ve-XVe siècles)”, in Hommes et richesses dans l’Empire byzantin, vol. 2, eds. V. KRAVARI, J. LEFORT, C. MORRISON (Paris, 1991) pp. 339-374; C. MORRISON, J.-CL. CHEYNEt, “Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World”, in The Economic History of Byzantium, ed. A. LAIOU (Washington D.C., 2002) vol. 2, pp. 815-878.

2 E. SCHILBACH, Byzantinische Metrologie (Munich, 1970) p. 169 ff. ; p.185 ff. C. MORRISON, “Monnaie et prix à Byzance du ve au viie siècle”, in Hommes et richesses dans l’Empire byzantin, vol. 1, eds. C. Abadie-Reynal et al. (Paris, 1989) pp.239-260. The question of the monitary equivalence between the dinar and the Byzantine nomisma is not east to solve. The two coins were divided to 24 carat (qîrât ou keration) and kept a steady weight of 4.233-4.55 grams unti 1092. Nicephor Phocas (963-969) issued a new coin, the nomisma tetarteron, of 22 carats of 98 percent finesse and 4.13 grams approximately. See J.-Cl. Cheynet, E. Malamut, C. Morrison, “Prix et salaires à Byzance…”, op. cit. p. 342. C. MORRISON, “Byzantine Money: Its Production and Circulation”, in The Economic History of Byzantium, vol. 3, ed. A. Laiou (Washington D.C., 2002) pp. 909-966, pp. 921-924. For the devaluation of the nomisma in the 11th c. see ibid., p. 931, table 5. See also S. D, GOITEIN, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, vol. 1 (Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1967) p. 359; M. MCCORMICK, Origins of the European Economy (Cambridge, 2001) p. 344 ff. The weight of the Fatimid dinar varied between 4.1 to 4.3 grams, while their finesse varied between 97 to 98 percent: A. S. EHRENKREUTZ, “The Crisis of dînâr in the Egypt of Saladin”, in JAOS 76/3 (1956) pp. 178-184, p. 179, table 1; Id., “Studies in the Monetary History of the Near East in the Middle Ages II: The Standard of fineness of western and eastern dînârs before the Crusades” JESHO vol. 6/3 (1964) pp. 243-277; W. A. ODDY, “The Gold Contents of Fatimid Coins Reconsidered”, in Metallurgy in Numismatics, eds. id., D. M. METCALF (London, 1980) pp. 99-118; W. C. SCHULTZ, “The Monetary history of Egypt, 642-1517” in The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 1: Islamic Egypt 642-1517, ed. C. F. PETRY (Cambridge, 1998). S. D. GOITEIN, “The Exchange Rate of Gold and Silver Money”, in id. A Mediterranean Soicety…, op. cit., vol. 1, Appendix D, pp. 368-392.

3 THEOPHANES CONFESSOR, Chronographia, ed. C. DE BOOR, 2 vols. (Hildesheim, 1963) vol. 1, p. 487.

4 Jus Graecoromanum, eds. I. ZEPOS, P. ZEPOS (Darmstadt, 1999) vol. 2, pp. 107-228; pp. 395-410.

5 Suntagma tôn theiôn kai tôn ierôn kanonôn, eds. A. RHALLES, M. POTLES (Athens, 1966) vol. 5, pp. 48-49 (=Grumel, Les Regestes des actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople, eds. V, GRUMEL, V. LAURENT, J. DARROUZES (Paris, 1932) vol. 1, pt. 2-3, p. 376.

6 Y. RAGIB, Actes de vente d’esclaves…, op. cit.

7 S. D. GOITEIN, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 136-140, particularly p. 139 ; 434 note 64. Id., “Slaves and Slavegirls in the Cairo Geniza Records”, in Arabica 9/1 (1962) pp. 1-20.

8 According to GOITEIN, the estimation made in marriage contracts are double the market prices: Id. A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., p. 137.

9 J. MANN, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fâtimid Caliphs: A contribution to their Political and Communal History based chiefly on Genizah material hitherto unpublished (Oxford, 1969) vol. 2, p. 88.

10 IBN AL-‘ADÎM, Zubdat al-Halab fî ta’rîkh Halab, ed. S. ZAKA’R (Damascus, 1997) vol. 1, p. 155.

11 For the ransom prices of dignitaries this table follows the references given in C. MORRISSON, J.-CL. CHEYNEY, “Prices and Wages…”, op. cit., p. 845, table 13.

12 Actes d’Iviron, vol. 1, eds. J. LEFORT, N. OIKONOMIDES, D. PAPACHRYSSANTHOU (Paris, 1985).

13 J. MANN, The Jews in Egypt…, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 87 ff.; pp. 289-291; J. MANN, Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature, 2 vols. (Cincinnati-Philadelphia, 1931-1935) vol. 1, pp. 346-356; A. COWLEY, “Bodleian Geniza Fragments”, JQR 19 (1907) pp. 250-256.

14 J. MANN, The Jews in Egypt…, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 88-89.

15 J. MANN, Texts and Studies…, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 354-356.

16 AL-TABARÎ , Ta’rîkh al-Rusul wa’l-Mulûk, vol. 30, p. 262.

17 IBN AL-QALANISI, Ta’rîkh Dimashq (Damascus, 1983) pp. 50-52, following M. CANARD, “Les sources arabes de l’histoire byzantine aux confins des Xe et XIe siècles”, REB 19 (1961) pp. 286-314 (= Id., Byzance et les musulmans du Proche Orient, London, 1973, XVII) p. 300.

18 IBN AL-‘ADIM, Zubdat al-Halab…, vol. 1, p. 205, following T. BIANQUIS, Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359- 468/969-1076) : Essai d’interprétation de chroniques arabes médiévales, 2 vols. (Damascus, 1986-1989) vol. 1, p. 317. IBN AL- ‘ADIM, Ta’rîkh Dimashq (Damascus, 1983) pp. 50-52, following M. CANARD, “Les sources arabes…”, op. cit., p. 300.

19 PO 47:350-351, cited in C. MORRISSON, J.-CL. CHEYNEY, “Prices and Wages…”, op. cit., p. 845.

20 BAR HEBRAEUS, pp. 217-218, cited in C. MORRISSON, J.-CL. CHEYNEY, “Prices and Wages…”, op. cit., p. 845.

21AL-MUQADDASÎ, Ahsan al-takâsîm fî ma‘rifat al-aqâlîm, p. 177 in Id., The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, trans. B. COLLINS (Reading, 2001) pp. 148-149.

22 Les Récits édifiants de Paul, évêque de Monembasie, et d’autres auteurs, ed. J. WORTLEY (Paris, 1987) ch. 8.3.

23 Bios kai politeia tou osiou patros êmôn Neilou tou Neou, ed. G. GIOVANELI (Grottaferrata, 1972) ch. 70-72.

24 Cited by M. AMARI, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, 3 vols. en 5 pts. (Catania, 1933-1939) vol.2, p. 202. 25 Bios kai politeia…, op. cit., ch. 70-72.

26 Based on the following studies as well as my own findings: Y. RÂGÎB, Actes de vente d’esclaves…, op. cit.; E. ASHTOR, Histoire des prix…, op. cit.; J.-CL. CHEYNET, E. MALAMUT, C. MORRISON, “Prix et salaires…”, op. cit.

27 N. OIKONOMIDES, “Quelques boutiques de Constantinople au Xe siècle : prix, loyers, imposition”, DOP 26 (1972) pp. 345-356.

28 J.-Cl. CHEYNET, E. MALAMUT, C. MORRISSON, “Prix et salaries…”, op. cit., pp. 356-365; E. SCHILBACH, Byzantinische Metrologie…, op. cit., p. 96. a modios thalassios was 16.6 litter/12.8 kg (according to a ratio of 1.3 kg/litter).

29 J.-Cl. CHEYNET, E. MALAMUT, C. MORRISSON, “Prix et salaries…”, op. cit., pp. 362-363.

30 E. ASHTOR, Histoire des prix…, op. cit., pp. 124-130 ; W. HINZ, Islamisch Mass und Gewichte: Umgersechnet ins metrische System (Leyden, 1970) pp. 30-52. A waiba weighted 12.168kg.

31 From an increase of 50% to 600% during the economic crisis of 1024-1025: E. ASHTOR, Histoire de prix…, op. cit., pp. 124- 126.

32 E. ASHTOR, Histoire des prix….., op. cit., p. 90ff. Without taking in consideration here the salaries of soldiers, officials, civil servants, dignitaries and employers in the private sector who received their salary in emoluments (rogai) and in modioi: C. MORRISSON, J.-Cl. CHEYNET, “Prices and Wages…”, op. cit., p. 859ff.

33 3 folles was the wage of a day work in a shop I Constantinople (La Vie d’Auxence par SYMÉON METAPHRASTES, PG 114: 1384A) = ¼ keration = 1/96 nomisma per day = 0.25 nomisma per 24 working days.

34 B. MILANOVIC, “An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium around Year 1000”, Review of Income and Wealth 52/3 (2006) pp. 449-470, p. 455 citing G. OSTROGORSKY, History of the Byzantine state, trans. J. HUSSEY (New Brunswick NJ, 1969) p 246.

35 See S. D. GOITEIN, A Mediterranean Society…, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 92-98.