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Türkiye, Yunanistan Ve Arnavutluk'un Balkan

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Türkiye, Yunanistan Ve Arnavutluk'un Balkan iv T.C. GEBZE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYAL BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRKİYE, YUNANİSTAN VE ARNAVUTLUK’UN BALKAN ÜLKELERİ VE ETNİK YAPISI ÜZERİNE STRATEJİK HEDEFLERİ Halil AKMAN YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ STRATEJİ BİLİMİ ANABİLİM DALI GEBZE 2006 v T.C. GEBZE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYAL BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRKİYE, YUNANİSTAN VE ARNAVUTLUK’UN BALKAN ÜLKELERİ VE ETNİK YAPISI ÜZERİNE STRATEJİK HEDEFLERİ Halil AKMAN YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ STRATEJİ BİLİMİ ANABİLİM DALI TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof.Dr. Abdülkadir AKÇİN GEBZE 2006 iv ÖZET TEZ BAŞLIĞI: Türkiye, Yunanistan Ve Arnavutluk’un Balkan Ülkeleri ve Etnik Yapısı Üzerine Stratejik Hedefleri YAZAR ADI: Halil AKMAN Balkanlar, Avrupa’ya açılan kapı ve Avrupa ile kuzey Afrika, Ortadoğu ve Asya arasında stratejik öneme sahip bir bölgedir. Bu özelliğindendir ki tarihin her devrinde birçok kez istilalara uğramış, birçok millet bölgeye damgasını vurmuş, eserlerini, kültürlerini ve medeniyetlerini bırakmışlardır. Üç Büyük semavi dinin mevcut olduğu, 19 ırkın yaşadığı, 16 dilin konuşulduğu, medeniyetler mozaiği olan bu topraklarda huzuru korumak, her zaman çok zor olmuştur. Bölge insanları hiçbir zaman kendi kaderlerine bırakılmamışlar, büyük devletlerin, bölge devletlerinin ve stratejik taktiklerin arasında kalmışlardır. Bu sebeple bölgeyi iyi anlayabilmek, dünyayı, stratejik güçleri, hedefleri ve taktikleri iyi analiz etmeyi getirir. Bu çalışmada, Balkan Tarihi ve ülkeleri genel olarak incelendikten sonra, özelde, etkili bölge güçleri olan Yunanistan, Türkiye ve Arnavutluğun Balkan politikaları incelenmiştir. Soğuk savaş sonrasında, Sovyetler sonrasında oluşan yeni dengelere bu üç devlet açısından bakılmıştır. Yunanistan, özellikle Avrupa Birliğine girdikten sonra, bölgede aktif rol oynamaya başlamıştır. Avrupa Birliğinin de imkânlarını ardına alan Yunanistan, tüm Balkan ülkelerine yatırımlar yaparak ekonomi-politik anlayışla nüfuzunu arttırma amacındadır. Türkiye’nin bölgeye ilgisi, özellikle komünist blok dağıldıktan sonra artmıştır. Tarihi bağları bulunan, Arnavutluk ve Bosna Hersek’le ilişkilerini geliştirmiş, Makedonya’yı desteklemiştir. Bir başka önemli Balkan ülkesi olan Arnavutluk için diğer ülkelerde yaşayan Arnavutların durumu önemlidir. 6 milyon Arnavut’tan sadece 3,4 milyonunu Arnavutlukta yaşamakta ve geri kalanının komşu ülkelerde, özellikle de sorunlu Makedonya ve Kosova’da olduğu düşünülürse, durumun hassasiyeti daha iyi anlaşılır. Bu bağlamda bu tez, etkili bölge güçlerinin balkan politikalarını, hassasiyetlerini ve hedeflerini anlatma yoluna gitmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Balkanlar, Türkiye, Arnavutluk, Yunanistan, Güneydoğu Avrupa v SUMMARY TITLE OF THE THESIS: Stratejıcal Aıms Of Turkey, Greece And Albanıa On Balkan States And Theır Etnıcal Structure AUTHOR: Halil AKMAN Balkans is a door to Europe and a strategically important place between Europe and north Africa, Middle East and Asia. For this reason, it has been invaded for many times throughout the history, several nations have stamped the place by leaving their work of arts cultures and civilizations. It has always been very dificult to keep the peace in the place, the harmony of civilizations, where three great sacred religion and 19 races have lived and 16 languages have been spoken. People of this lands has never been left to their own fate but have always been between the great states, the states of the land and the strategic tactics. So to underestand the region better, it takes a very good analysis of the world, strategic powers, goals and tactics. In this work, after having examined the Balkan History and countries in general, the Balkan politics of particularliy effective powers of the land; Greece, Turkey and Albania. After the cold war, it has been looked to the new balances which came out after Soviet Union from the point of these three countries. Greece, especially after having been accepted to the EU, started to play an active role in the land, and looked for ways of increasing its power there economically and politically by making investment in Balkan Countries. Turkey, had its interest to the land after the communist block has split, developed its relations with Albania and Bosnia Herzegovina and supported Makedonia. For Albenia, which is another important Balkan country, it is is important the well being of the Albanians living in other countries. It would be better of us to understand the sensisitivity of the situation if we think only 3.4 of the 6 million of Albanians live in Albania and the rest live in neighbour countries, especially problematic Kosova and Makedonia. In this aspect this thesis is on telling the Balkan politics of the effective countries in particular, their sensitiveness and goals. Key Words: Balkans, Turkey, Albenia, Greece, South Europe vi TEŞEKKÜR Öğrenim hayatımda önemli yeri olan, ODTÜ Tarih bölümünün değerli hocalarına; her zaman yanımda olan Ankara Üniversitesi SBF, Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset Biliminde doktora yapan değerli arkadaşım Serkan ÜNAL’a; değerli meslektaşım Selman YILMAZ’a; bir ev sıcaklığında çalışma ortamı sağlayan değerli İSAM Kütüphanesi personeline, teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmanın hazırlanırken değerli vakitlerini ayırıp, engin bilgilerini paylaşan ve yol açan Prof. Dr. Abdulkadir AKÇİN hocama, beni ilk bu konuya yönlendiren çalışma metotlarını gösteren ve ilgili kaynaklara yönlendiren Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mesut H. CAŞİN hocama, yoğunluğu içinde değerli vakitlerini ayırıp yüreklendiren Prof. Dr. Zekai ÖKTE’ye özellikle şükranlarımı borçluyum. Ayrıca, manevi desteklerini eksik etmeyen aileme sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım vii İÇİNDEKİLER DİZİNİ Sayfa ÖZET ..........................................................................................................................iv SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. v TEŞEKKÜR................................................................................................................vi İÇİNDEKİLER DİZİNİ .............................................................................................vii KISALTMALAR ......................................................................................................xvi 1.GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. BALKAN COĞRAFYASI ...................................................................................... 5 3. BALKANLARIN ETNİK YAPISI........................................................................ 10 3.1. Arnavutlar ....................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Yunanlılar........................................................................................................ 12 3.3. Rumenler......................................................................................................... 12 3.4. Slavlar ............................................................................................................. 13 3.5. Türkler 13 3.6. Bulgarlar.......................................................................................................... 13 3.7. Balkan Yahudileri 14 3.8. Balkan Çingeneleri.......................................................................................... 14 4. TARİHTE BALKANLAR..................................................................................... 15 4.1. Eski Uygarlıklar .............................................................................................. 15 4.2. Roma Dönemi ................................................................................................. 17 4.3. Bizans Dönemi................................................................................................ 17 4.4. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Dönemi ..................................................................... 19 4.4.1. Osmanlı Öncesi Balkanlara Gelen Türkler .............................................. 19 4.4.2. Osmanlı Balkan Fethi............................................................................... 20 4.4.3. Osmanlı Fetih Politikası........................................................................... 24 4.4.4. Osmanlı Yönetim Politikası..................................................................... 25 4.4.5. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Çözülüşü..................................................... 30 4.4.5.1. 18.YY. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Durumu 31 4.4.5.2. Sırp İsyanı ......................................................................................... 33 4.4.5.2.1. Birinci Ayaklanma ..................................................................... 34 4.4.5.2.2. İkinci Ayaklanma....................................................................... 35 4.4.5.3.Yunan İsyanı ...................................................................................... 35 viii 4.4.5.3.1.Yunanlıların Durumu .................................................................. 35 4.4.5.3.2.Yunanistan’ın Bağımsızlığı......................................................... 36 4.4.5.4. Romanya’nın (Eflak-Boğdan) Bağımsızlığı ..................................... 39 4.5. 19.yy. Balkanlara ve Büyük Devletlere Genel Bakış...................................... 41 4.5.1. Rusya........................................................................................................ 42 4.5.2. İngiltere .................................................................................................... 44 4.5.3. Fransa ......................................................................................................
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