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The Balkan Wars According to the Pravda Newspaper A THE BALKAN WARS ACCORDING TO THE PRAVDA NEWSPAPER A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY LEVENT ŞARLAK SEPTEMBER 2012 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences …………………………….. Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. ..………………………….. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. ....………………………….. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) ………………… Prof. Dr.Ömer Turan (METU, HIST) ……………….. Assoc. Prof. Dr.S. Hakan Kırımlı (BİLKENT, IR ) ……………… I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE BALKAN WARS ACCORDING TO THE PRAVDA NEWSPAPER Şarlak, Levent Department of Eurasian Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan September 2012, 169 pages This thesis has examined the Bolshevik newspaper, Pravda, which began its broadcasting life in April 1912, for the period of the Balkan Wars from October 1912 to October 1913. The objectives of this study are to present and examine the position towards the Balkan Wars of a political group, which viewed the world and the Ottoman Empire from a different angle than the traditional Russian political position of the time, and would seize the power only five years later in Russia. Keywords : The Balkan Wars, Pravda Newspaper, Panslavism iv ÖZ PRAVDA GAZETESİ‟NE GÖRE BALKAN SAVAŞLARI Şarlak, Levent Avrasya Çalışmaları Danışman: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Eylül 2012, 169 sayfa Bu tez çalışmasında, yayın hayatına 1912 Nisan ayında başlayan Bolşeviklerin gazetesi Pravda, Balkan Savaşları‟nın vuku bulduğu 1912 Ekim-1913 Ekim arası dönemde taranmıştır. Bu çalışmada amaç, dönemin geleneksel Rus siyasi çizgisinden farklı bir çerçeveden dünyaya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu‟na bakan ve beş yıl sonra Rusya‟da iktidara gelecek bir siyasi grubun Balkan Savaşları‟nı nasıl baktığının ortaya konulması ve tahlil edilmesidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Balkan Savaşları, Pravda Gazetesi, Panslavizm v To My Family vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to dear Olga Degtaryova, who helped in the process of obtaining the main source of this thesis, the Pravda Newspaper, from the St. Petersburg National Library. I owe many thanks to dear Ayhan Tosuner and dear Çağlar Dölek, who have contributed to the development of the thesis by reading the former drafts of the entire text and providing me with significant suggestions and evaluations. In fact, in 2011, I had lost my hopes for accomplishing the master‟s program in Eurasian Studies, which I had begun in 2002. When I made a welcome visit to Professor Dr. Ömer Turan in September 2011 when he came from the US back, he asked me about my thesis studies. I told him that I did not finish the thesis studies and did not even know what I would do. At that moment, he undertook the responsibility of being my thesis supervisor, and guided me towards such a research agenda. He has always instructed me with his knowledge and experience in all the stages of the thesis research. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude towards dear Professor Dr. Ömer Turan, who has in fact made it possible for me to finalize this thesis. I would like to state that I cannot find a word to express my appreciation to my precious wife Jenya Şarlak. In addition to the responsibility of two little children, she has contributed to all the stages of the thesis research with her knowledge and labour, and by helping me in the translation of the Russian texts for the long sleepless nights. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my son Balkan Deniz and my daughter Defne Şarlak, whose time I wasted for months due to the thesis research, for their little reproaching to their father. vii ABBREVIATIONS ANKurat Panslavizm - Akdes Nimet Kurat, “Panslavizm”, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Dergisi, C:2 Sayı 2-4 (Haziran-Eylül-Aralık), 1953 ANKurat Rusya- Akdes Nimet Kurat, Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917‟ye Kadar, TTK Basımevi, 3rd. Edition, Ankara, 1993 ANKurat T&R- Akdes Nimet Kurat, Türkiye ve Rusya, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1990 Bayur C2K1 - Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Türk İnkılabı Tarihi, Cilt:2 Kısım: 1, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1991 Bayur C2K2- Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Türk İnkılabı Tarihi, Cilt:2 Kısım: II, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1991 Bolsover 1914- G.H. Bolsover, 1815-1914 Arasında Rus Dış Politikasına Bir Bakış, Tercüme: Yuluğ Tekin Kurat, Belleten, Cilt XXX, Sayı 118 Nisan 1966‟dan ayrıbasım, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1966 Bolsover-Nik - G.H. Bolsover “1. Nikola ve Türkiye‟nin Paylaşılması Meselesi”, Çeviren: Yuluğ Tekin Kurat, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt: 23, Sayı:3-4, 1965 C&B Jelavich- Charles & Barbara Jelavich, The Balkans, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1965 Koloğlu SE - Orhan Koloğlu, Osmanlı-İtalyan Libya Savaşında İttihatçılar, Masonlar ve Sosyalist Enternasyonal, Ümit Yayıncılık, Ankara, 1999 MŞP - Mahmut Şevket Paşa-Hafız Hakkı Paşa, Rumeli Yağmalanan İmparatorluk, Örgün Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2009 Talat- Talat Paşa‟nın Hatıraları, Baskıya Hazırlayan: Mehmet Kasım, Say Yayınları, İstanbul, 1986 YTKurat Diplomasi- Yuluğ Tekin Kurat, “XIX. Yüzyıl‟da Rusya‟nın Balkanlar‟daki Panslavizm ve Panortodoksluk Politikası Karşısında Osmanlı Diplomasisi”, Çağdaş Türk Diplomasisi 200 Yıllık Süreç (Ankara 15-17 Ekim 1997) Sempozyuma Sunulan Tebliğler, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1999 YTKurat Osmanlı- Yuluğ Tekin Kurat, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu‟nun Paylaşılması, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 1986 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.............................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................iv ÖZ............................................................................... .................................................v DEDICATION............................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................... ...........................................vii ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1 2.THE TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS UNTIL THE BALKAN WARS...........6 2.1 The Turkish-Russian Relations in the 19th Century 8 2.2 The Balkan Policy of Russia 19 3.RUSSIA AND THE PRAVDA NEWSPAPER BEFORE THE BALKAN WARS.........................................................................................................................26 3.1 Russia before the Balkan Wars 26 3.2 The Pravda Newspaper 32 4.POLITICAL POSITION OF PRAVDA TOWARDS THE BALKAN WARS...42 4.1 The Balkan Wars 43 4.1.1 The First Balkan War 45 4.1.2 The Second Balkan War 50 ix 4.1.3 The Debates over Federation in the Balkans during the War 58 4.2. The Austria Hungarian Empire and Panslavism 63 4.2.1. The Question of Serbia‟s Access to the Sea 65 4.2.2. The Shkodra Question . 68 4.3. The Attitudes of the European States during the Balkan Wars ... 72 4.3.1. The European Diplomacy 72 4.3.2. The European Capital 77 5.RUSSIA AND PANSLAVISM IN PRAVDA DURING THE BALKAN WARS.........................................................................................................................83 5.1. The Russian Policy during the Balkan Wars 84 5.2. Panslavism in Russia during the War 103 6.THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN PRAVDA 113 6.1. The Internal Developments in the Ottoman Empire from the Beginning of the Balkan War to the Raid on the Sublime Porte 114 6.2. The Raid on the Sublime Porte and the Subsequent Developments in the Ottoman Empire 126 6.3. The News on the Massacres against the Turks 134 6.4. The News on Edirne 139 6.5. The Young Turks 150 7.CONCLUSION 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 161 APPENDIX: TEZ FOTOKOPİSİ İZİN FORMU.....................................................169 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This thesis has examined the Bolshevik newspaper, Pravda, which began its broadcasting life in April 1912, for the period of the Balkan Wars from October 1912 to October 1913. The objectives of this study are to present and examine the position towards the Balkan Wars of a political group, which viewed the world and the Ottoman Empire from a different angle than the traditional Russian political position of the time, and would seize the power only five years later in Russia. It should be initially stated that the main original source of the thesis is the Pravda Newspaper, which has been reached from the St. Petersburg National Library. In October 2011, the St. Petersburg National Library was asked for whether there existed the issues of the Pravda Newspaper on the period to be investigated within the thesis. The Library personnel responded that the issues of Pravda for the period in question were available; however, these had never been requested for research purposes and thus they were not available in the scanned format. They also stated that the sources
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