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T T-A/f-T Dissertation UlVll Information Service University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 8618782 Hall, Richard Cooper THE CRISIS IN BULGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1911-1913 The Ohio Stale University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Hall, Richard Cooper All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a checkV mark . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ^ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page________ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages________ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. 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Other___________ _________________ ______________________ ________ University Microfilms International THE CRISIS IN BULGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1911-1913 DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Richard Cooper Hall, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1986 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Carole Rogel Alan Beyerchen Williamson Murray Advisor Department of History Copyright by Richard Cooper Hall 1986 To My Parents ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Dr. Carole Rogel for her guidance and assistance throughout the course of this project. Thanks go also to the other members of my advisory committee,. Drs Alan Beyerchen and Williamson Murray, for their suggestions and comments. Gratitude is expressed to Drs Andrei Pantev, Ivan Ilchev and Georgi Gounev of the University of Sofia; Dr. Radoslav Popov of the Institute of Balkan Studies, Sofia; and Georgi Markov of the Institute of History, Sofia, for their suggestions. To my wife, Audrey, I offer sincere thanks for your patience and encouragement. iii VITA 4 January 1950............... Born - Lima, Ohio 1972.......................... B.A., Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse 1974.......................... M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-78...................... U. S. Army 1978-Present.......... ...... Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Eastern European History Minor Fields: Modern European History; Modern European Diplomatic and Military History; Geography iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................... iii VITA............................................. iv NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND DATES............ vi INTRODUCTION.................................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. THE TURCO-BULGARIAN RAPPROCHEMENT 10 II. GESHOV'S ALLIANCES...................... 42 III. FINAL PREPARATIONS............ ......... 82 IV. THE WAR FOR THE NATIONAL ASPIRATION... 121 V. PEACE NEGOTIATIONS...................... 158 VI. THE FALL OF ADRIANOPLE................. 198 VII. GESHOV'S PEACE.......................... 234 VIII. TOWARD THE CATASTROPHE................. 276 CONCLUSION...................................... 296 MAPS............................................. 303 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................... 305 v NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND DATES The "Suggestions for the Transliteration of the Bulgarian Alphabet," proposed by J. F. Clarke and C. E. Black in C. E. Black, The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria (Princeton, 1943) 321-323 have been utilized for the transliteration of the Bulgarian language, with three exceptions. No attempt has been made to differentiate between W and M . And the two former letters of the Bulgarian language *t5 and have been transliterated according to usage in T. Atanasova et. al. , Bulgarsko-angliiski rechnik (Sofia, 1983). All dates have been given according to both the Gregorian (New Style) and Julian (Old Style) calendars with the Gregorian date first. At the time of he events discussed in this work a thirteen day difference existed between the two calendars. The dates of Bulgarian newspaper references are given only according to the Julian calender. vi INTRODUCTION During the tenth century and again in the thirteenth a Bulgarian Empire dominated the Balkan Peninsula. During these times Bulgaria was among the premier states in Europe in terms of political, economic and cultural authority. Tsars Simeon and Kaloman threatened Constantinople and ruled territories stretching from the Black to the Adriatic Seas. But during the fourteenth century Eulgarian political power fragmented and the Bulgarians were the first of the Balkan peoples to fall completely under the control of the invading Ottoman Turks. By the end of the fourteenth century the last vestiges of Bulgarian independence had vanished. For four centuries the Bulgarians remained under Turkish domination. Initially this was not entirely negative, but the failures of a decaying Ottoman administration together with what the Bulgarians regarded as their national awakening beginning about 1762 with Father Paisi's History of the Slavo-Bulgarians resulted in a century-long evolution toward identifying the Bulgarian ethos and creating a Bulgarian national state. Throughout the first 1 2 half of the nineteenth century, aided by an economic upturn, a Bulgarian national consciousness spread throughout the Ottoman lands south of the Danube River and east of the Vardar River. The first major success of this movement was the acknowledgement of the Ottoman authorities in 1870 of an autonomous church, an exarchate determined by national identity-the Bulgarian. The exarchate's extensive territory encompassed the region south of the Danube stretching from the Black Sea to Lake Ohrid. Bulgarian nationalists thereafter projected the future borders of the Bulgarian state to coincide with those of the exarchate. After this success the Bulgarians turned to armed revolutionary struggle to attain a national state. While even during the time of the most enlightened Ottoman rule Bulgaria had never been entirely quiet after 1829 outbreaks of violence directed against the Turkish authorities were more frequent. These outbreaks culminated in 1876 with a major revolt against Turkish rule. The Turks overcame the poorly armed revolutionaries without difficulty and exacted a terrible retribution on the Bulgarian population. News of the 'Bulgarian massacres,' initially reported by the American correspondent J. A. MacGahan and the American diplomat E. Schuyler, outraged public opinion throughout Europe, and especially in Russia. Failing to 3 achieve satisfaction from the Constantinople government the Russians successfully intervened militarily against the Turks in 1877 and in March 1878 forced the defeated Turks to sign the Treaty of San Stefano. This treaty established a large Bulgarian state under the nominal suzerainty of the Turkish sultan. The borders of this state were roughly equal to the borders of the exarchate and were highly satisfactory to the majority of Bulgarian patriots. By the Treaty of San Stefano Bulgaria became the first state in eastern Europe to have attained the national frontiers to which it aspired. But the euphoria of San Stefano lasted only four months. Unfortunately