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DUAL CITIZENSHIP APPLICATIONS of TURKISH MIGRANTS from BULGARIA and THEIR CHILDREN B

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DUAL CITIZENSHIP APPLICATIONS of TURKISH MIGRANTS from BULGARIA and THEIR CHILDREN B INVESTIGATING HOME, IDENTITY AND BELONGING: DUAL CITIZENSHIP APPLICATIONS OF TURKISH MIGRANTS FROM BULGARIA AND THEIR CHILDREN by DENİZ TAŞYÜREK Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University August 2020 INVESTIGATING HOME, IDENTITY AND BELONGING: DUAL CITIZENSHIP APPLICATIONS OF TURKISH MIGRANTS FROM BULGARIA AND THEIR CHILDREN Approved by: Asst. Prof. Ayşecan Terzioğlu . (Thesis Supervisor) Prof. Leyla Neyzi . Assoc. Prof. Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu . Date of Approval: August 5, 2020 DENİZ TAŞYÜREK 2020 c All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT INVESTIGATING HOME, IDENTITY AND BELONGING: DUAL CITIZENSHIP APPLICATIONS OF TURKISH MIGRANTS FROM BULGARIA AND THEIR CHILDREN DENİZ TAŞYÜREK CULTURAL STUDIES M.A. THESIS, AUGUST 2020 Thesis Supervisor: Asst. Prof. AYŞECAN TERZİOĞLU Keywords: migration, intergenerational transmission, home, belonging, community This thesis study investigates the idea of home and the sense of belonging from an intergenerational perspective by focusing on dual citizenship applicants among Bulgaria-born Turks who migrated to Turkey between 1969-1978 and their Turkey- born children. It relies on oral history research conducted with migrants/applicants and their children. It argues that dual citizenship applications create room for ap- plicants to negotiate the conceptions of home and belonging by requiring regular visits to Bulgaria. By focusing on this negotiation, it explores the material and symbolic components of the idea of home, the ruptures and continuities in the rela- tionship between Bulgaria-born migrants/applicants and their Turkey-born children, and community formation practices. In addition to past experiences and present cir- cumstances, it introduces the notion of the future as a significant component of these processes. iv ÖZET EV, KİMLİK VE AİDİYET ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME: BULGARİSTAN GÖÇMENİ TÜRKLERİN VE ONLARIN ÇOCUKLARININ ÇİFTE VATANDAŞLIK BAŞVURULARI DENİZ TAŞYÜREK KÜLTÜREL ÇALIŞMALAR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, AĞUSTOS 2020 Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi AYŞECAN TERZİOĞLU Anahtar Kelimeler: göç, kuşaklararası aktarım, ev, aidiyet, cemaat Bu tez, 1969-1978 yılları arasında Bulgaristan’dan Türkiye’ye göç eden ve şu anda Bulgaristan’a çifte vatandaşlık başvurusu yapan Türklere ve onların Türkiye doğumlu çocuklarına odaklanarak ev fikrini ve aidiyet hissini kuşaklararası bir per- spektiften ele almaktadır. Göçmenler/başvuranlar ve onların çocuklarıyla yürütülen bir sözlü tarih araştırmasına dayanmaktadır. Prosedürler gereği Bulgaristan’ı düzenli olarak ziyaret etmeyi gerektiren çifte vatandaşlık başvurularının ev ve aidiyet kavramsallaştırmalarını başvuranlar açısından tartışmaya açtığını öne sürmekte- dir. Bu tartışmaya odaklanarak ev fikrinin materyal ve sembolik bileşenlerini, göçmenler/başvuranlar ile onların Türkiye doğumlu çocukları arasındaki ilişkilerin barındırdığı kopuşları ve süreklilikleri ve cemaat inşa pratiklerini incelemektedir. Geçmiş deneyimlere ve mevcut koşullara ilaveten gelecek olgusunu da bu süreçlerin önemli bir bileşeni olarak tartışmaktadır. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing might seem to be an individual and solitary process, but this thesis would not be possible without many people’s indispensable contributions. First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to the participants of this research. They were so kind as to spare their time for this project and to narrate their lives, listening to which has been a pleasure for me. I also would like to pay my special regards to my advisor and the committee mem- bers. Ayşecan Terzioğlu has been the most encouraging advisor I can ever imagine. She always expressed her generous support for and genuine belief in this research project. She provided me with her unwavering guidance and valuable feedback throughout the whole process. Leyla Neyzi, especially with her course on oral his- tory, expanded my academic horizon and inspired me to chase life stories. Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu made practical and insightful suggestions, which mainly helped me to learn more about the transitions in the political and citizenship regimes of Bulgaria. I am deeply grateful to them. I would like to extend my gratitude to my given and chosen families. Sometimes I felt overwhelmed, confused, or lost. At those moments, Karinka was always there to listen to my ideas, help me organize my thoughts, motivate me to continue, and remind me how far I came. She edited my writings and provided me with her valuable comments. My mother, Pervinço, always had a profound belief in my abilities and gave me her endless love and compassion. She and my Teyzoş, Naime, were always available to answer my everlasting questions regarding Bulgaria. Yıldız and Berivan brought joy and laughter to my life when I got exhausted. My father, Necdet, and my brother, Utku, never wavered their support. My grandparents, Emine and Mümin, shared their enthusiasm and curiosity with me. Lilyan Teyze always showed empathy towards me and nurtured me with her delicious artichokes during the whole process. I count myself very lucky for having them in my life. I also wish to thank my dear friends and fellow thesis writers. Eda and İpek were so kind as to read and edit excerpts from my thesis and share their thought-provoking comments. Our online calls kept me going while I was writing. Our humble endeavor, Tez Yoldaşlığı (Thesis Comradeship), has been a great experience of writing together for me, for which I am grateful to Berfu, Cemre, Eda, Ezgi, Gülbeyaz, Nazlı, and Zeynep. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Kıraathane – İstanbul Edebiyat Evi for providing us with a place to meet. vi I cannot complete my acknowledgments without mentioning my colleagues. Burak has been the most understanding and supportive director one could only hope for. Ahmet has been a fantastic coworker who took up a bigger share of our tasks after I switched to part-time to focus on my thesis. I thank them sincerely. vii To very dear people who have been home to me viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................ 1 1.1. Research Statement....................................................1 1.2. Historical Background.................................................3 1.3. Fieldwork..............................................................6 1.3.1. Research Participants..........................................7 1.3.2. Method.........................................................9 1.3.3. Positionality.................................................... 11 1.4. Theoretical Approaches................................................ 12 1.4.1. Community Formation and Identity........................... 13 1.4.2. Imagining Space................................................ 15 1.4.3. Imagining Past, Present and Future........................... 16 1.4.4. Belonging and Home........................................... 17 1.5. Outline................................................................. 18 2. IMAGINING HOMELAND, FUTURE, AND THE SELF: THE DECISION TO MIGRATE FROM BULGARIA TO TURKEY BE- TWEEN 1969-1978 ....................................................... 20 2.1. “Reuniting with Something You Yearn for, Something You Love So Much”: Narrating Migration as the Telos of Turks in Bulgaria........ 24 2.2. “Coming Events Cast Their Shadows Before”: The Role of Anticipa- tion in The Decision of Migration..................................... 30 2.3. “I am 52 Years Old and I Didn’t Forget Vasil Levski’s Death An- niversary: February 9”: The Making of Subjectivities through the Involvement of Contradictory Influences............................... 36 3. HOMEMAKING AND HOUSEBUILDING IN TURKEY ........ 43 3.1. Home as an Idea versus House as a Physical Structure................ 45 3.2. A Material-Cultural Perspective on House-Home Binary.............. 47 3.3. Multiple Meanings and Experiences of a House/Home................ 50 3.4. Home as a Concept Constantly in Making............................. 57 4. INVESTIGATING IDENTITY AND BELONGING THROUGH ix A FOCUS ON INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION ...... 63 4.1. The Concept of Generation............................................ 65 4.2. Existing as a Family-Being Instead of an Individual-Being............ 67 4.3. Exploring Intergenerational Transmission Through a Focus on the Dual Citizenship....................................................... 74 4.4. Community Formation Processes Through the Transmission of Oth- erization Mechanisms within Intergenerational Relationships......... 80 4.5. Belonging in Terms of Space and Time................................ 88 5. CONCLUSION ........................................................... 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................ 98 x 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Statement Between 1984-1989, the Bulgarian government conducted an assimilation campaign against Bulgaria’s Turkish minority by forcing them to change their names and eventually deporting them out of Bulgaria. After the collapse of the socialist regime in Bulgaria in 1989, the new government attempted to redress the past crimes. Consequently, in 1998, Bulgaria officially recognized dual citizenship and, in 2001, enabled the restoration of citizenship for people whose Bulgarian citizenship had been renounced after their permanent leave from Bulgaria. Through this change in Bulgaria’s citizenship regime, it became possible to apply for the restoration of Bulgarian citizenship not only for Bulgaria-born Turks who were
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