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Българската Народна Банка of the Bulgarian National Bank

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Българската Народна Банка of the Bulgarian National Bank Посвещава се на годишнината Celebrating от основаването the Anniversary на Българската народна банка of the Bulgarian National Bank ОЛЕГ НЕДЯЛКОВ OLEG NEDYALKOV ЛЮДМИЛА ДИМОВА LYUDMILA DIMOVA БЪЛГАРСКАТА THE BULGARIAN НАРОДНА БАНКА NATIONAL BANK И НЕЙНАТА РОЛЯ AND ITS ROLE В СТОПАНСКОТО IN BULGARIAN РАЗВИТИЕ ECONOMIC НА БЪЛГАРИЯ DEVELOPMENT (1879–2009) София Sofia 2009 Изказваме искрената си благодарност на членовете на The Authors express sincere gratitude to the members of the Управителния съвет на БНБ за оказаната подкрепа и за BNB Governing Council for its support and for their valuable ценните бележки и препоръки, на Владимир Ташков и comments and suggestions, to Vladimir Tashkov and Vasil Ko- Васил Коларов за предоставената информация, както и на larov for the information they shared, and to Christo Yanovsky Христо Яновски за препоръките и уточненията, помогнали for its helpful feedback and elaborations. ни в работата по това издание. Специална благодарност дължим на редакторите Нина Special thanks are due to editors Nina Ivanova (Bulgarian) and Иванова (бълг.) и Ивета Колчакова (англ.) за прецизната Iveta Kolchakova (English) for the precision they injected into работа по текста, на преводача Питър Скип и на Калин the text, to translator Peter Skipp and to Kalin Atanassov and Атанасов и служителите от Полиграфичната база на the BNB Publications Division staff for the professional and БНБ за високопрофесионалната и самоотвержена работа, unstinting effort which made possible the timely appearance направила възможно навременното отпечатване на of this work. книгата. Aвторите The Authors Използваните илюстрации са от Архива на БНБ, The publication uses illustrations from the BNB Archive, колекцията на Иван Бърнев – Буби, Централния the Ivan Barnev “Bubi” Collection, the Central State Archive, държавен архив, Българския исторически архив на the Sveti Sveti Kiril i Metodiy National Library Historical Народна библиотека „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“, Музея Archive, the Museum of Sofia History, за история на София, Българската телеграфна агенция, the BTA Bulgarian News Agency, Reuters „Ройтерс“ и Георги Чорбаджийски. and Georgi Chorbadzhiyski. ISBN 978-954-8579-25-4 ISBN 978-954-8579-25-4 JEL classification N00 JEL Classification N00 © Олег Недялков, Людмила Димова, автори, 2009 © Oleg Nedyalkov, Lyudmila Dimova, authors, 2009 © Валери Александров, художник, 2009 © Valeri Aleksandrov, Artist, 2009 © Питър Скип, преводач, 2009 © Peter Skipp, Translator, 2009 Издание на Българската народна банка A Bulgarian National Bank Publication 1000 София, пл. „Княз Александър I“ № 1 1000 Sofia, Knyaz Alexander I Square No 1 Телефон 9145-1271 Telephone (+3592) 91451271 Факс (3592) 980 2425, 980 6493 Fax (+3592) 9802425, 980 6493 Интернет страница: www.bnb.bg Web: www.bnb.bg … a chi esamina con diligenza le cose passate, prevedere in ogni Republica le future… Niccolò Machiavelli “Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio” ... който иска да прозре бъдещето, трябва да се допита до миналото... Николо Макиавели „Размишления върху първите десет книги на Тит Ливий“ („Размишления“) … to whoever with diligence examines past events, foretelling the future of any Republic comes with facility… Niccolò Machiavelli “Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius“ (The Discourses) Като една от най-старите нацио- As one of the nation’s oldest offices, нални институции БНБ е сред стожери- the BNB is that pillar of modern Bulgarian те на модерната българска държавност, sovereignty upon which Bulgaria’s economic на които се основава стопанското раз- development rests. витие на България. An Ukaze of the Prince Dondoukoff-Kor- Българската народна банка е създа- sakoff, Russian Imperial Commissioner to Bul- дена непосредствено след Освобождeние- garia, established the Bulgarian National Bank то, на 25 януари 1879 г., с указ на княз on January 25th, 1879, immediately after the Дондуков-Корсаков, комисар на руския Liberation. Governor was Special Commissions император в България. За управител е Official Ludovig Carbonneur, an officer of the назначен колежкият съветник Лудвиг Кар- Russian Ministry of Finance. June 6th of that боньор – чиновник за особени поръчки в year, inaugural day of the Bulgarian National Министерството на финансите на Ру- Bank, saw the first banking transaction. сия, а на 6 юни същата година, отбеляз- The history of the BNB is nothing less Лудвиг Карбоньор Ludovig Carbonneur вана като рождена дата на централната than the story of Bulgaria’s post-Liberation банка на България, е извършена и първата economy. The Bank’s fate reflects the char- банкова операция. acteristic features of national economic devel- Историята на БНБ е всъщност opment, in turn stamping upon it its ineras- разказ за стопанското развитие на Бъл- able imprint. Over the past 130 years, modern гария след Oсвобождението. Съдбата на Bulgaria and its central bank have scaled the банката отразява характерните черти crests of prosperity and trodden the depths of на българското стопанско развитие и decline which together shape the economic оставя върху него своя отпечатък. Вече relief map of Bulgaria. 130 години България, а с нея и централ- ната є банка, преминават през периоди на икономически разцвет и упадък, кои- то ясно очертават стопанския релеф на страната. Устав на Българската Развитието на модерните общест- народна банка, 1879 г. ва, тяхното институционно строител- Articles of Association of the ство и икономически напредък невинаги Bulgarian National Bank, 1879 съвпадат с времето на учредяване и ус- тройство на техните национални цент- рални банки. Добре известен факт е, че централните банки на редица развити 7 днес държави са създадени едва през ХХ в., The development of modern societies, като в началото му в света същест- their institutional advancement, and trading prog- вуват само осемнадесет, една от кои- ress do not invariably imply the establishment of то е БНБ – тринадесетата по реда на national banks. It is a well-known fact that the създаването є сред централните банки. central banks of a number of today’s developed Това, което отличава БНБ от повечето nations emerged only in the 20th Century; only други централни банки, е, че тя не само 18 such banks existed at the fin de siècle, one е връстница на съвременната българска of them being the BNB, the world’s 13th succes- държава, но създаването є предхожда във sive central bank by date of establishment. What времето такива основополагащи за въз- distinguishes the BNB from most other central раждането на българската държавност banks is that it is of the same age as the modern събития, като свикването на Учредител- Bulgarian state and its establishment preceded ното събрание, изработването и приема- the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the нето на Конституцията, избора на дър- working out and adopting of the Constitution, жавен глава и съставянето на първото the election of the head of the state and the правителство. formation of the first government. 8 СЪЗДАВАНЕ НА БНБ THE BNB AND И РАЗВИТИЕ THE GROWTH НА КАПИТАЛИЗМА OF BULGARIAN В БЪЛГАРИЯ CAPITALISM (1879–1944) БНБ е създадена като ав то ном но At institution, the Bank was an autono- дър жав но учреждение, ко ето се на ми ра mous office of state under Ministry of Finance под кон т ро ла на Министерството на control. Its authorised capital was two mil- финансите. Ка пи талът є възлиза на 2 млн. lion French francs: fixed capital worth 1.8 френски франка, от ко ито 1800 хил. ос но- million and reserve capital worth 200,000. вен и 200 хил. резервен. В ус та ва кон к- Articles of Association stipulated the opera- рет но се по соч ва т операциите, ко ито tions the Bank would conduct: taking time тя трябва да из вър ш ва: да при ема сроч- and demand deposits, administering current ни и без с роч ни влогове и пари по те ку щи accounts, lending against sound security, сметки, да предоставя па ри сре щу си гур- discounting policies and other term bonds, ни гаранции, да скон ти ра по ли ци и дру ги transferring money, opening subscriptions for сроч ни задъл же ния, да пре веж да па рич ни government and municipal loans, trading in суми, да от к ри ва под пис ки за дър жав ни noble metals, foreign coinage, domestic and и об щин с ки заеми, да из вър ш ва по куп ка foreign exchange on its own account or as и про даж ба за своя или за чуж да смет ка an agent, safekeeping (against consideration) на бла го род ни метали, чуж дес т ран ни мо- нети, вътреш ни и чуж дес т ран ни мени- телници, да при ема за съх ра не ние (срещу зап ла ща не) па ри и ценности, да извър ш- ва безвъз мез д но ка со вото обслужване на държа вния бюджет. Не се разрешава БНБ да кредитира държавата. Свободните Първо щатно разписание на БНБ, 25 януари 1879 г. сред с т ва на бюджета тя съхранява без- The first payroll schedule of the лихвено, като има пра во да ги изпол з ва BNB, 25 January 1879 в сво ята кре дит на дейност1. От 21 май 1879 г. влиза в си ла и „Ин струкция за БНБ и нейни те от де ле ния“, с която подробно са определени задълженията и дейността на банковите служители, правилата за извършване на банковите операции и за водене на счетоводството и деловодст- monies and valuables, and servicing the state вото, уредбата на банковото хранилище budget (for no consideration). The Bank was и неговата охрана. not allowed to lend to government. It kept Дейнос т та на БНБ започва на 6 юни any free budget funds at no interest, hav- 1879 г., ко га то дър жа ва та внася в банка- ing the right to employ them for its lending 1 Уставъ Болгарскаго Народнаго Банка. – Във: Юбилеенъ сборникъ на Българската народна банка, 1879– 11 1929 г. С., 1929, с. 137 и сл. та 8 697 043 лв. От тази су ма 1800 хил.
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