Extravehicular Activity • Lecture #24 – November 19, 2020 • Full pressure suits and high-altitude aviation • Early human space program • Operational suits • Interfaces to habitats and rovers • Applications to ENAE 484 Spring 2021
© 2020 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 1 Spacesuit Functional Requirements A suit has to • Provide thermal control • Provide a breathable atmosphere • Hold its shape • Move with the wearer • Protect against external threats • Provide communications and data interactions
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 2 Wiley Post - B. F. Goodrich, 1934
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 3 “Tomato Worm” Suits - c. 1940
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 4 XMC-2 Full Pressure Suit (ILC - 1955)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 5 Flat Panel Joint
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 6 Rolling Convolute - Blade Joint
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 7 Rolling Convolute Arm
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 8 Toroidal Joint Construction
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 9 Toroidal Joint Actuation
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 10 Role of Neutral Axis Restraints
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 11 Soft Goods - Hardware Interfaces
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 12 Mercury Space Suits
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 13 Gemini Pressure Suits
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 14 Grumman Lunar Suit Concept - 1962
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 15 JHU Suit Concept (1964)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 16 Apollo Suit Contest
AX1C AX6H AX5L U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 17 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 18 Skylab A7L-B
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 19 Skylab A7L-B
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 20 Advanced Crew Escape Suits (ACES)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 21 Shuttle Launch and Entry Suit (LES)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 22 Boeing Starliner Launch & Entry Suit
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 23 SpaceX Launch & Entry Suits
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 24 Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 25 Existing Pressure Suits (~1990)
EMU AX-5 Mark III Orlan Hamilton- NASA Ames NASA Russia Standard JSC
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 26 ESA/Russian Suit Sizing
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 27 Shuttle EMU Sizing
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 28 Liquid Cooling Garment Designs
U.S. (ILC-Dover) Russian U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 29 Pressure Suit Helmet Designs
Spherical Bubble Fixed Helmet Hemispherical with External with Faceplate Bubble Helmet Visor
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 30 Pressure Suit Entry Systems
Waist Entry
Rear Entry
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 31 Hard Suits - Not a New Idea (1882)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 32 Litton RX-1
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 33 Wedge Joint Operations
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 34 NASA Ames AX-1 Hard Suit
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 35 AX-1 Dual Planar HUT Entry
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 36 AX-1 Ingress
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 37 AX-3 Suit Ingress
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 38 AX-3 Hybrid Suit
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 39 AES Experimental Suit
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 40 AES Shoulder and Elbow Articulation
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 41 NASA Ames AX-5 Hard Suit
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 42 Mark III Suit (JSC)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 43 Comparative Suit Evaluations - 25 Years Ago
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 44 Spacesuit Design and Testing (NASA)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 45 Results of Reach Envelope Testing
Single Hand Frontal Dual Hand Frontal
Left Hand Lateral Right Hand Lateral
U N I V E R S I T Y O F MARYLAND 46 Space Systems Laboratory Joint Torque Measurements (example)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F MARYLAND 47 Space Systems Laboratory Comparative Evaluation Conclusions • Both suits fully capable of all tasks, and comparable in performance to EMU • AX-5 had more flexible lower torso, no restoring forces for limb motions • Crew preferences: – Objected to “programming” of multi-roll joints in AX-5 – Preferred soft components in elbows, knees, and feet – Did not think flexibility in lower body was desirable • AX-5 was (apparently) heavier and required greater stowage volume • Soft goods on Mk. III had limited operating lifetimes
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 48 Results of Comparative Assessment • Point was moot - insufficient funding was available for next-generation suit • EMUs adopted as standard U.S. suit on ISS • NASA Ames suit development program terminated by the mid-1990’s • All suit development since that time has focused on soft or hybrid suit concepts
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 49 Rear-Entry Suit Donning
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 50 Waist-Entry I-Suit (ILC)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 51 Waist-Entry Suit Donning
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 52 Recent(?) NASA Suit Developments
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 53 Z-1 Experimental Suit (JSC)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 54 NASA Z-2 Suit Concepts
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 55 NASA Z-2 Crowd-Sourced Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 56 Modified ACES EVA Suit
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 57 Exploration EMU (xEMU)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 58 xEMU Capabilities (1)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 59 xEMU Capabilities (2)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 60 Voshkhod Airlock (Inflatable)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 61 Space Shuttle Airlock (External)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 62 Space Shuttle Airlock Interior
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 63 EMU in Shuttle Airlock
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 64 ISS Quest Airlock
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 65 ISS Quest Airlock Interior
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 66 Suit Donning in Equipment Lock
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 67 Dimensions of ISS Crew Lock
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 68 ILC Inflatable Habitat and Airlock
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 69 Honeywell Inflatable Airlock (axial)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 70 LSAT Airlock • 5.5 m3 • Air density 0.6664 kg/m3 (8 psi with 32% O2)
• Loses 0.128 kg of O2, 0.272 kg of N2 per depress • Depress time 0.7 hrs
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 71 UMd Inflatable Airlock (484 Spr. 2019)
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 72 LSAT Suitlock
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 73 Z-1 Suit in Suitport Test
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 74 Suitport in NASA SEV Rover
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 75 Suitport Ingress/Egress Volume Rqmts.
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 76 Suitlock, Suitport Consumables • Suitlock
– 0.123 kg O2
– 0.229 kg N2 – 50 min depress time • Suitport
– 0.016 kg O2
– 0.030 kg N2 – 2 min depress time
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 77 EVA Optimum Work Envelope
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 78 EVA Gloved Hand Access Requirements
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 79 EVA on Ceres?
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 80 Astronaut Maneuvering Unit EVA
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 81 Lockheed-Martin “Spider Suit”
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 82 Space Utility Vehicles
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 83 References • Kenneth S. Thomas and Harold J. McMann, US Spacesuits - Springer-Verlag, 2006 • Gary L. Harris, The Origins and Technology of the Advanced Extravehicular Space Suit - AAS History Series, Volume 24, American Astronautical Society, 2001
U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 84