Extravehicular Activity • Lecture #24 – November 19, 2020 • Full pressure suits and high-altitude aviation • Early human space program • Operational suits • Interfaces to habitats and rovers • Applications to ENAE 484 Spring 2021 © 2020 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 1 Spacesuit Functional Requirements A suit has to • Provide thermal control • Provide a breathable atmosphere • Hold its shape • Move with the wearer • Protect against external threats • Provide communications and data interactions U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 2 Wiley Post - B. F. Goodrich, 1934 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 3 “Tomato Worm” Suits - c. 1940 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 4 XMC-2 Full Pressure Suit (ILC - 1955) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 5 Flat Panel Joint U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 6 Rolling Convolute - Blade Joint U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 7 Rolling Convolute Arm U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 8 Toroidal Joint Construction U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 9 Toroidal Joint Actuation U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 10 Role of Neutral Axis Restraints U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 11 Soft Goods - Hardware Interfaces U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 12 Mercury Space Suits U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 13 Gemini Pressure Suits U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 14 Grumman Lunar Suit Concept - 1962 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 15 JHU Suit Concept (1964) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 16 Apollo Suit Contest AX1C AX6H AX5L U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 17 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 18 Skylab A7L-B U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 19 Skylab A7L-B U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 20 Advanced Crew Escape Suits (ACES) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 21 Shuttle Launch and Entry Suit (LES) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 22 Boeing Starliner Launch & Entry Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 23 SpaceX Launch & Entry Suits U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 24 Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 25 Existing Pressure Suits (~1990) EMU AX-5 Mark III Orlan Hamilton- NASA Ames NASA Russia Standard JSC U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 26 ESA/Russian Suit Sizing U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 27 Shuttle EMU Sizing U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 28 Liquid Cooling Garment Designs U.S. (ILC-Dover) Russian U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 29 Pressure Suit Helmet Designs Spherical Bubble Fixed Helmet Hemispherical with External with Faceplate Bubble Helmet Visor U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 30 Pressure Suit Entry Systems Waist Entry Rear Entry U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 31 Hard Suits - Not a New Idea (1882) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 32 Litton RX-1 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 33 Wedge Joint Operations U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 34 NASA Ames AX-1 Hard Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 35 AX-1 Dual Planar HUT Entry U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 36 AX-1 Ingress U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 37 AX-3 Suit Ingress U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 38 AX-3 Hybrid Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 39 AES Experimental Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 40 AES Shoulder and Elbow Articulation U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 41 NASA Ames AX-5 Hard Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 42 Mark III Suit (JSC) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 43 Comparative Suit Evaluations - 25 Years Ago U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 44 Spacesuit Design and Testing (NASA) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 45 Results of Reach Envelope Testing Single Hand Frontal Dual Hand Frontal Left Hand Lateral Right Hand Lateral U N I V E R S I T Y O F MARYLAND 46 Space Systems Laboratory Joint Torque Measurements (example) U N I V E R S I T Y O F MARYLAND 47 Space Systems Laboratory Comparative Evaluation Conclusions • Both suits fully capable of all tasks, and comparable in performance to EMU • AX-5 had more flexible lower torso, no restoring forces for limb motions • Crew preferences: – Objected to “programming” of multi-roll joints in AX-5 – Preferred soft components in elbows, knees, and feet – Did not think flexibility in lower body was desirable • AX-5 was (apparently) heavier and required greater stowage volume • Soft goods on Mk. III had limited operating lifetimes U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 48 Results of Comparative Assessment • Point was moot - insufficient funding was available for next-generation suit • EMUs adopted as standard U.S. suit on ISS • NASA Ames suit development program terminated by the mid-1990’s • All suit development since that time has focused on soft or hybrid suit concepts U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 49 Rear-Entry Suit Donning U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 50 Waist-Entry I-Suit (ILC) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 51 Waist-Entry Suit Donning U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 52 Recent(?) NASA Suit Developments U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 53 Z-1 Experimental Suit (JSC) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 54 NASA Z-2 Suit Concepts U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 55 NASA Z-2 Crowd-Sourced Design U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 56 Modified ACES EVA Suit U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 57 Exploration EMU (xEMU) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 58 xEMU Capabilities (1) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design MARYLAND 59 xEMU Capabilities (2) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Extravehicular Activity ENAE