Education Product National Aeronautics and Space Administration Teachers Grades 5–12 Suited for S pac ewa l k i n g ATeacher’s Guide with Activities for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science Suited for Spacewalking—A Teacher’s Guide with Activities for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science is available in electronic format through NASA Spacelink—one of the Agency’s electronic resources specifically developed for use by the educational community. The system may be accessed at the following address: http://spacelink.nasa.gov Suited for Spacewalking A Teacher’s Guide with Activities for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Human Resources and Education Education Division Washington, DC Education Working Group NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas This publication is in the Public Domain and is not protected by copyright. Permission is not required for duplication. EG-1998-03-112-HQ Deborah A. Shearer Acknowledgments Science Teacher Zue S. Baales Intermediate School This publication was developed for the National Friendswood, Texas Aeronautics and Space Administration by: Sandy Peck Writer/Illustrator: Clear Creek Independent School District Gregory L. Vogt, Ed.D. League City, Texas Crew Educational Affairs Liaison Teaching From Space Program Marilyn L. Fowler, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Science Project Specialist Houston, TX Charles A. Dana Center University of Texas at Austin Editor: Jane A. George Jeanne Gasiorowski Educational Materials Specialist Manager, NASA Educator Resource Center Teaching From Space Program Classroom of the Future NASA Headquarters Wheeling Jesuit University Washington, DC Wheeling, West Virginia Reviewers: Dr. Peggy House Linda Godwin Director, The Glenn T. Seaborg NASA Astronaut Center for Teaching and Learning NASA Johnson Space Center Science and Mathematics Northern Michigan University Joseph J. Kosmo Senior Project Engineer Doris K. Grigsby, Ed.D. EVA and Spacesuit Systems Branch AESP Management and Performance NASA Johnson Space Center Specialist for Training Oklahoma State University Philip R. West Project Manager, EVA Tools Flint Wild for the International Space Station Technology Specialist NASA Johnson Space Center Teaching From Space Program Oklahoma State University Cathy A. Gardner Teacher Intern, Teaching From Space Patterson A. Biggs Silbernagel Elementary School Angelo A. Casaburri Dickenson, Texas Eva J. Farley James E. Pratt Joan Sanders Aerospace Education Specialists Oklahoma State University Suited for Spacewalking—An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 1 1 2 - H Q iii Table of Contents National Education Standards. 1 Introduction. 5 Earth and Space . 7 The Outer Space Environment. 9 Spacewalking History. 11 The Space Shuttle EMU. 17 Working In Space. 31 EVAs on the International Space Station . 37 Future Spacesuits. 39 Activities Designing Spacesuits for Mars. 43 Introduction. 44 Design Brief. 47 Interface Control Document (Master). 49 Interface Control Document (Sample). 50 Teacher Tech Briefs. 51 Exploration Briefs. 63 Idea Bank. 89 Glossary. 95 References. 97 NASA Educational Resources. 99 Go for EVA!. 101 Evaluation Reply Card. Insert Suited for Spacewalking—An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 1 1 2 - H Q v National Education Standards The activities set forth in this curriculum supplement address national standards for science and math- e m a t i c s , and the universals of tech n o l o gy for tech n o l o gy educa t i on . The matrices that foll ow specifica lly identify the standards by activity. The standards for science and mathematics in grades 4–8 and 9–12 have been com b i n e d . Universals of Technology International Technology Education Association, 1996* *The Standards for Technology Education are still under development Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 1 National Science Education Standards National Research Council, 1996 Grades 4–12 2 • Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 1 1 2 - H Q National Mathematics Standards National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1989 Grades 4–12 Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 3 Int r o d u c t i o n Spa c e walking has cap t u r ed the imagination of at other subject area s , te a c hers of physi c al science ge n e ra t i o ns of chi l d r en and adults since science- and mathematics will find the Explorat i o n Brie f s fi c t i o n authors first placed their cha r acters on the and the Idea Bank useful as a source of activity ideas. Mo on . But true spacewalking did not actually begin The guide begins with brief discussions of the until the mid-1960s with the exploits of Alexei A. space envi r onm e n t , the history of spacewa l k i n g , Leon o v of the Soviet Union and Edward H.White II NASA's current spacesuit, and work that astronauts do of the United Sta t e s . Since those first tentative du r ing spacewa l k s . These are follo wed by a techn o l o g y pr obings outside a space cap s u l e , as t r onauts and cos- ed u ca t i o n design brief that cha l lenges students to mo nauts have logged thousands of hours on extrav e- design and build a spacesuit prot o t ype for an extrat e r - hicular activities, and some have even walked on the res t r ial envi r onment no human has ever visited before. su r face of the Moon. The stories of their missions in In the process of doing this, students will have to inves - space are fascinating, but just as interesting is the tigate the prop e r ties of that envi r onment and determi n e spacesuit techn o l o g y that made it possible for them what prot e c t i v e measures must be taken to permit a to “wa l k ” in space. fu t u r e explorer to work there safel y.Once accomp l i s h e d , Tod a y, spacesuits are used by astronauts on students will choose materials and technologies that can ma n y missions such as servicing the Hubble Spa c e be used for cons t r ucting and testing the prot o t yp e .T h e Telescope and re t ri eving satell i t e s . The new design brief is follo wed by Tea c her Tec h Brie f s that In t e rn a t i o nal Space Sta t i o n will depend upon astro- pr ovide a source of ideas on how to build spacesuit test nauts and cosmonauts to conduct over 1,200 hours ap p a r atus and by Explorat i o n Brie f s that provide activ- of spacewalks over the next sever al years to assemble it y fram ew o r ks to help students understand importa n t and maintain Space Sta t i o n comp on e n t s . Al t h o u g h topics in spacesuit design. no firm plans exist, NASA hopes to ret u r n to the The guide conc ludes with a glossary of terms , Mo o n to establish a permanent base and later begin suggested reading list, NASA educat i o nal res o u rc e s human surface explorat i o n of Mars. Ea c h of these in c luding electronic res o u rc e s , and an eva l u a t i o n ven t u r es places distinct demands on spacesuits sys- qu e s t i on n a i re . We would appreciate your assistance in tems and the tools astronauts use. im p r oving this guide in future editions by comp l e t i n g This publicat i o n serves as a guide for techn o l o - the fee d b a c k questionn a i r e electroni ca l ly or mailing gy educat i o n teache r s . While not specifical ly aimed the form to us. Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 5 Me a s u r e m e n t unit for pressure may be unfamiliar to readers. A pascal is equal to a force of one newton exerted over This activity guide makes use of the metric system an area of one square meter. Because the pascal is a for measurement. However, British units for mea- relatively small unit, the more convenient unit of surement may be listed in materials and tools lists kilopascal (1,000 pascals) is used here instead. To when particular items are more easily found in convert kilopascals to the British-system unit of British measurement sizes. The pascal or metric pounds per square inch, divide by 6.895. 6 • Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1 9 9 8 - 0 3 - 1 1 2 - H Q Earth and Space If we define an astronaut as som e one who t ra vels through space, eve ryone on Earth is an a s t ron a u t .E ven though we may be standing still on E a rth's surf a c e, we are actually tra veling thro u g h space at speeds of thousands of kilometers per h o u r.