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Ola Ahlqvist CONTEXT SENSITIVE TRANSFORMATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Ola Ahlqvist I Context sensitive transformation of geographic information Ola Ahlqvist Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University ISSN 1104-7208 ISBN 91-7265-213-6 © Ola Ahlqvist 2000 Cover figure: Aspects of semantic uncertainty in a multiuser context Mailing address: Visiting address: Telephone: Department of Physical Geography Svante Arrhenius väg 8 +46-8-162000 Stockholm University Facsimile: S-10691 Stockholm +46-8-164818 Sweden II ABSTRACT This research is concerned with theoretical and methodological aspects of geographic information transformation between different user contexts. In this dissertation I present theories and methodological approaches that enable a context sensititve use and reuse of geographic data in geographic information systems. A primary motive for the reported research is that the patrons interested in answering environmental questions have increased in number and been diversified during the last 10-15 years. The interest from international, national and regional authorities together with multinational and national corporations embrace a range of spatial and temporal scales from global to local, and from many-year/-decade perspectives to real time applications. These differences in spatial and temporal detail will be expressed as rather different questions towards existing data. It is expected that geographic information systems will be able to integrate a large number of diverse data to answer current and future geographic questions and support spatial decision processes. However, there are still important deficiencies in contemporary theories and methods for geographic information integration Literature studies and preliminary experiments suggested that any transformation between different users’ contexts would change either the thematic, spatial or temporal detail, and the result would include some amount of semantic uncertainty. Consequently, the reported experiments are separated into studies of change in either spatial or thematic detail. The scope concerned with thematic detatil searched for approaches to represent indiscernibility between categories, and the scope concerned with spatial detail studied semantic effects caused by changing spatial granularity. The findings make several contributions to the current knowledge about transforming geographic information between users’ contexts. When changing the categorical resolution of a geographic dataset, it is possible to represent cases of indiscernibility using novel methods of rough classification described in the thesis. The use of rough classification methods together with manual landscape interpretations made it possible to evaluate semantic uncertainty in geographic data. Such evaluations of spatially aggregated geographic data sets show both predictable and non-predictable effects. and these effects may vary for different environmental variables. Development of methods that integrate crisp, fuzzy and rough data enables spatial decision support systems to consider various aspects of semantic uncertainty. By explicitly representing crisp, fuzzy and rough relations between datasets, a deeper semantic meaning is given to geographic databasses. The explicit representation of semantic relations is called a Geographic Concept Topology and is held as a viable tool for context transformation and full integration of geographic datasets. Key words:Geographic information, geographic context, semantic models, conceptual models, interoperability, uncertainty, scale, classification , rough sets, fuzzy sets, decision support, uncertainty III IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Apart from the support granted through the Department of Physical Geography at Stockholm University, this research was made possible by funding from the Swedish Council of Building Research (BFR), the Swedish Board for Co-ordination of Research (FRN), the Swedish Board for Engineering Sciences (TFR), the Swedish Board for Technological and Industrial Development (NUTEK), the Swedish Board for Communications Research (KFB) and the Swedish Defense Research Establishment (FOA) through the Centre for Geoinformatics, Stockholm. Additional funding from Knut and Alice Wallenberg's foundation through the Sweden-America foundation and from Lillemor and Hans W:son Ahlmanns fund for Geographic research made possible my fellowship at NCGIA, University of California Santa Barbara, during the final year of this project. Personally, I would like to thank my supervisor, ass. Prof. Wolter Arnberg. His never ending enthusiasm, his sharp intellect and him being at least ten years ahead of mainstream geographic information science has meant a lot to my work on this thesis. Rolf Ruben has also been a companion and discussion partner throughout this work and I owe him a lot for his concern for important details and all the interesting data he has provided for this treatise. I also want to thank Ivonne Anders, Jonas Lind, and Sabine Aflerbach for helping me with some of the figures and maps. To all staff, faculty and students who courteously hosted my 11-month visit at the National Center for Geographic Information & Analysis, Santa Barbara I direct my deepest thanks. I especially want to thank Prof. Mike Goodchild, LaNell Lucius, Abby Caschetta, Christian Brown, and Sum Huynh for your invaluable help. To my loving parents Sture and Vera, I owe more then can be expressed by words, thank you for everything. Finally to my family, my beautiful wife Åsa, and our wonderful sons, Mathias, Jakob and Isak. You are the center of my universe. V VI Contents CONTEXT SENSITIVE TRANSFORMATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION .........................I ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... V 1. FRAMEWORK AND OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 1 Framework..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Approach and thesis structure........................................................................................................................ 2 Expected scientific contribution..................................................................................................................... 3 2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SOURCES ........................................5 An applied perspective................................................................................................................................... 5 Models of the real world................................................................................................................................ 6 Real world models and Geography................................................................................................................ 8 Real world models and geographic information systems............................................................................. 11 3. DETAIL IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION MODELS ................................................................... 17 Quality – Detail, Granularity, Accuracy, Fitness-for-use and Uncertainty.................................................. 17 Spatial granularity........................................................................................................................................ 20 Temporal granularity ................................................................................................................................... 23 Categorical granularity................................................................................................................................. 24 Knowledge representation and uncertainty.................................................................................................. 27 A geographical concept topology ................................................................................................................ 29 4. DISCRETE METHODS FOR INTERPRETATION OF LANDSCAPE INFORMATION............... 33 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 33 Description of the study area ....................................................................................................................... 35 The National Forest Inventory..................................................................................................................... 37 Material and methods – the R-method......................................................................................................... 38 Results – R-data..........................................................................................................................................
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