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Sanitation and Reuse Sanitation and Reuse Experiences world-wide on reuse of different sanitation flowstreams Elisabeth Kvarnström (Urban Water Management, Inc.) Ron Sawyer, Magdalena Bulnes and Fabiola Garduño (SARAR-Transformación) October 2013 Acronyms BWSSB Bengaluru Water Supply and Wastewater Board CREPA Centre Régional d’Eau et Assainissement à faible coût EWS eThekwini Water and Sanitation GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ONEA Office National d’Eau et Assainissement UDDT Urine-diverting dry toilet UKZN University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Front page photos: Linus Dagerskog, CREPA, VERNA and SARAR-T. 1 Table of content 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 More on the characteristics of different wastewater flowstreams .............................................. 5 Urine and feces ................................................................................................................................ 5 Greywater ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Fecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks ............................................................................... 6 1.2 Technical information.................................................................................................................... 6 2. Cases .................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Context 1 – On-site water and sanitation, or no sanitation at all, with a high population density .. 9 2.1.1 El Alto, Bolivia ............................................................................................................................. 9 The technical system ..................................................................................................................... 10 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 12 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 13 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso..................................................................................................... 15 Technical system design ................................................................................................................ 16 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 21 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 24 2.1.3 Bengaluru, India ....................................................................................................................... 26 The technical system ..................................................................................................................... 26 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 28 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 28 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 30 2.1.4 Centro de compostero, Tepoztlan, Mexico .............................................................................. 30 Antecedentes ................................................................................................................................ 30 Technical system design ................................................................................................................ 31 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 31 Conclusiones y Lecciones aprendidas ........................................................................................... 31 2.2 Context 2 - On-site water and sanitation (or no sanitation at all) with low population density (rural to urban edge) ............................................................................................................................. 33 2.2.1 Durban, South Africa ................................................................................................................ 33 The technical system ..................................................................................................................... 34 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 36 2 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 37 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Aguié Province, Niger ............................................................................................................... 39 The technical system ..................................................................................................................... 41 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 42 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 44 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 44 2.2.3 Hölö, Sweden ............................................................................................................................ 45 Technical system design ................................................................................................................ 46 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 50 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 50 2.2.4 San Miguel Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico ................................................................................ 51 Technical system design ................................................................................................................ 52 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 54 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 56 Conclusions and lessons learned ................................................................................................... 57 2.3 Context 3 – Within an existing wastewater jurisdiction with centralized treatment available ...... 58 2.3.1 Kullön, Sweden ......................................................................................................................... 58 Technical system design ................................................................................................................ 58 Reuse ............................................................................................................................................. 59 Organization .................................................................................................................................. 59 Lessons learned from Kullön ......................................................................................................... 60 2.3.2 Sneek, The Netherlands ........................................................................................................... 60 2.3.3 Sao Paolo, Brazil ....................................................................................................................... 61 2.3.4 Interesting developments in Sweden ....................................................................................... 62 Royal Seaport Area in Stockholm, Sweden ................................................................................... 62 Helsingborg, Sweden ..................................................................................................................... 63 3. Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................................................... 64 3 1. Introduction Wastewater from a household is a mixture of three distinct and different flowstreams: (i) greywater from kitchen, laundry and showers, (ii) urine, and (iii) feces, Figure 1. As can be seen in this picture greywater by far
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